1894165438+10 (October of the 20th year of Guangxu), Sun Yat-sen established the Zhong Xing Society in Honolulu. 1In February, 895, Sun Yat-sen set up the headquarters of the Zhong Xing Society in Hong Kong, stipulated the oath of expelling the Tatars, restoring China and establishing a coalition government, and clearly put forward the first program of China's bourgeois-democratic revolution.
1896, after the failure of the Guangzhou uprising, Sun Yat-sen was wanted by the Qing court, deported by the Hong Kong authorities and exiled overseas. On September 23 of the same year, the Qing court found out from the submarine cable that Sun Yat-sen had sailed from new york, USA to Britain, and Sun Yat-sen was a criminal at that time. A week later, he landed in Liverpool, England. 65438+1October 1 1, Sun Yat-sen was captured by the residence.
From 12 to 14, Sun Yat-sen tried to get in touch with his teacher James Cantline, but all failed. The little note he threw was not thrown into the street for geographical reasons, but was found. The Qing embassy decided to send Sun back to China by sea in the name of "sending a madman". However, on 17, the matter of chartering was spread among the servants in the mansion. Mrs. He Wei, a Christian housekeeper, felt sorry for this and sent a letter to the Kang family. After learning about this, Condley found Counsellor Magli to report the case overnight, but Magli was not here and the police didn't care. The next day, I reported the case to Scotland Yard Police again.
The earliest English version of the case "The Tragedy of London" was not found. Kang and Meng went to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to report the matter, and they also reported it twice. Condley is worried that the legation will get rid of Sun overnight and monitor the movement of the legation. 19, the Ministry of foreign affairs began to act-Kang and Meng didn't know about it until the 20th. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs records confessions, applies for court hearings and supervises water transportation.
On the 22nd, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs turned from defensive to offensive. Magli said that it is necessary for the minister to let people go, and it is really difficult for him to get caught in the middle. But Gong refused to let people go. At that time, British Prime Minister Salisbury ordered the China Embassy to release Sun Yat-sen, otherwise the ambassador to Britain Gong and a group of diplomats would be deported. The Earth newspaper exposed this news, and public opinion forces intervened. So far, some studies have said that the British court released Sun Yat-sen because of public pressure. 10 years1On October 23rd, Sun Yat-sen was finally released. Condley funded Sun Yat-sen with 50 pounds and published Suffering in London.
"Suffering in London" became a political persecution case that shocked the world at that time, and it was a turning point in Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary activities, which made him become a world-class political exile from obscurity. Since then, in the revolutionary camp against the Qing government, no one has surpassed Sun Yat-sen in prestige.
1896, the Qing government signed the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty with Japan as its imaginary enemy, which made the Japanese government feel great panic. In order to deal with the Sino-Russian alliance, Japan felt an urgent need to support China's anti-Qing forces. First of all, we must win the support of reformists as soon as possible. After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, the Japanese government turned to the revolutionary party represented by Sun Yat-sen, and it was during this period that Sun Yat-sen was also used.
Distribution Map of Revolutionary Groups in the Late Qing Dynasty In the early days of the founding of the Zhong Xing Association, there were very few people with rich literary talent among the revolutionaries. Their propaganda materials are only the harmony in Ten Days in Yangzhou, Ji of Jiading Slaughterhouse and Waiting for an Interview by Huang Zongxi.
Compared with the propaganda of the royalist reformists such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, it is simply dwarfed. However, it still left a deep impression on young people and had a great influence, even affecting the Southern New Army and Beiyang Army. After 1900, the international students in Tokyo were gradually influenced by the theory of freedom and equality, and the number of people who accepted the theory of revolutionary exclusion gradually increased.
During the period of 1905, 1903, before and after the Subao incident in Tokyo, revolutionary books and newspapers entered their heyday.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the word "full platoon" appeared for the first time in the publications founded by students studying in Japan, and some publications clearly advocated subverting the Qing government. From 65438 to 0903, the thought of studying abroad in Tokyo became more and more active, and publications promoting nationalism and civil rights theory came out one after another.
Shanghai intellectuals also have a new atmosphere, openly advocating revolution. Organizing revolutionary groups is an important symbol of the revolutionization of bourgeois and petty-bourgeois intellectuals. 1903, 165438+ 10, Huang Xing established Huaxinghui. Later, Shanghai established the Guangfu Association with Cai Yuanpei as its president, and Jiangsu, Sichuan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui and other provinces also established revolutionary groups.
1July, 905, Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing, More than 70 people, including Chen Tianhua, gathered in Tokyo and decided to set up the China League as the national revolutionary leadership center. Members of small groups such as Zhong Xing Club, Huaxing Club and Guangfu Club joined in succession.
In mid-August, Sun Yat-sen delivered a speech entitled "China should build a harmonious country" at the welcome meeting for international students. On the 20th of the same month, the League held its inaugural meeting, in which Sun Yat-sen was promoted to the position of Prime Minister and Huang Xing was appointed as the general manager of the Executive Department. The meeting decided on a 16 program, expelling the Tatars, restoring China, establishing the Republic of China, and sharing land rights. In June, 1 1, the People's Daily, the organ newspaper of the League, was published. Sun Yat-sen put forward the Three People's Principles with nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood as the core content for the first time in his publications.
1905 After the inaugural meeting of China Alliance was held in Tokyo, a group of Japanese people actively supported Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary activities, such as Miyazaki Hayao who supported China's revolutionary cause all his life; Another example is the rich man in Nagasaki, Meiwu Zhuang Ji.
Being close to China and an island country, Japan has become a good place for the revolutionary party to avoid repression, contact comrades, establish organizations, raise funds and cultivate strength, attracting many local people to help the China revolution. After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao went into exile, still calling for royalism. After the People's Daily was founded, Wang Zhaoming started a debate with Xinmin Cong Bao edited by Liang Qichao. As a result of the debate, the revolutionaries gained the upper hand and the political influence of the reformists decreased greatly.
Revolutionaries actively launched many armed uprisings. Although all the uprisings failed, which caused great losses to the essence of the Chinese League, they strongly impacted the rule of the Qing Dynasty and expanded the influence of the revolution. A part of the national bourgeoisie, because of the conflict between their vital interests and imperialism, participated in and led the movement to recover the rights of railways and mines and the movement to boycott American goods.
At the beginning of 1907, Sun Yat-sen received funds from the Japanese government and businessmen, leaving little funds for running newspapers at the headquarters, which finally caused resistance within the China League. Zhang Taiyan, Tao, and others demanded that Sun Yat-sen resign as the prime minister of the China League and appoint Huang Xing as the prime minister. Song Jiao Ren supported Zhang Taiyan and others.
Later, because Huang Xing and Liu tried to dissuade him, Song changed his attitude for the sake of the overall situation. However, the split of the revolutionary camp has emerged, which worries Song. On February 28 of that year, when he heard that Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing had been fighting for the national flag (Sun insisted on using the blue sky and white flag, Huang thought that the national flag was similar to the Japanese flag and should never be used. Sun refused to give in, and Huang offered to resign.
In February, after the defeat of the new army in Guangzhou, pessimism and disappointment enveloped the whole revolutionary camp, and the revolutionaries' confidence was greatly reduced and their morale was low, while Sun Yat-sen, the leader of the League, was determined to revolutionize. Perseverance. In order to save the revolution, in May of that year, Sun Yat-sen came to Japan, and Song, Song, Han and others asked Sun Yat-sen to reform the conference, expand democracy and reduce decision-making mistakes. However, Sun Yat-sen bears a grudge against Song for supporting Zhang Taiyan, and his attitude is very savage and irresponsible. He coldly said to Song: "The league has been cancelled, and the strong can be different."
Song and others were completely disappointed with Sun Yat-sen. In order to prevent the revolution from giving up halfway, Song and others decided to set up the central headquarters of the China League in Tokyo in June of that year, adjust the revolutionary strategy and reorganize the revolutionary ranks, with a view to the early success of the revolution.
At the meeting, with the courage of a politician, Song completely denied Sun Yat-sen's piecemeal suicide gathering strategy along the coast of Guangdong and Guangxi. After the Central Headquarters of China League was established in Shanghai, Song, as the soul of the Central Headquarters, led the revolutionaries to focus on the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, strengthened their ties and alliances with various revolutionary groups, and formulated a strategic plan for the Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi Incident in 19 13.
1911March, every standard battalion of Wuhan new army established a literary club organization. * * * The meeting mainly focused on the development of members in the 32nd bid of the Eight Towns of the New Army 16 Association. During the Wuchang Uprising, more than 5,000 soldiers joined the Literary Society and the * * * Society, accounting for about one third of the total number of recruits. The Literary Society and the * * * Progressive Association are revolutionary organizations of emerging intellectuals, and the new army soldiers are the potential forces to launch the revolution. The Literary Society and the * * * Progressive Association have always taken the soldiers of the new army as their main working objects.