Author: Dr. Feng Lubo, Internet Research Institute, CCID Research Institute, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.
The development of e-government is an important starting point for the government to adapt to the changes in the information society and promote the reform and innovation of duty performance. The development level of e-government determines the government's ability to perform its duties in social management, public services, market supervision and macro-control. Vigorously promoting the development of national e-government is an important way to simplify administration and decentralize power, combine decentralization with management, and optimize services. It is also an important content to promote the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity. The development of e-government in China began with the "Three Gold" Project in 1990s. After more than 20 years of development, the development of e-government has made remarkable achievements.
1. Before the establishment of the leading group for informatization in the State Council (1996)
Keywords: Sanjin Project, National Economic Information Joint Conference
Institutional mechanism construction
Since the 1980s, with the establishment and development of information centers in various national institutions, a contingent of government information technology talents has gradually formed under the personnel management system of institutions. 1983 the former state planning commission set up an information management office, which was responsible for the planning and construction of the national information management system, as well as the research on related overall planning, regulations and standardization. 1986 the State Council approved the construction of the national economic information system and the establishment of the national economic information center. 1987 65438+1October 24th, the former calculation center, forecasting center and information management office of the State Planning Commission merged to form the National Economic Information Center, which was fully responsible for the planning and construction of the national information system. At the same time, other central government departments have also begun to build information systems. Since then, local governments at all levels and relevant departments have successively established information centers. 1988 65438+1On October 22nd, the National Economic Information Center was renamed as the National Information Center.
1993 a national joint conference on economic informatization was established, chaired by Zou Jiahua, then vice premier of the State Council, to lead, organize and coordinate the national informatization construction in a unified way, with an office under the leading group. The establishment of the national joint conference on economic informatization has strengthened the unified leadership of informatization work and established the guiding ideology of promoting the implementation of informatization projects and promoting industrial development with informatization. The following year, the national informatization expert group was established. As the decision-making staff body of national informatization construction, the expert group has put forward many important suggestions for building the national informatization system and promoting the national informatization process.
Development of technology application
During this period, the biggest sign of the progress of e-government construction is that China has started the construction of gold card, golden bridge and golden crown project. Following the information expressway plan put forward by the United States, the upsurge of building information expressway has been set off all over the world. In order to adapt to the trend of global information expressway construction, China has officially launched major information projects such as Golden Card, Jinqiao and Golden Crown, which has opened the prelude to national economic informatization. The goal of Jinqiao Project is to establish a national economic information network covering the whole country and connect it with the private networks of various ministries and commissions in the State Council. The Golden Crown Project is a foreign trade information management project that connects the national foreign trade enterprise information system, popularizes electronic data interchange technology and implements paperless trade. Gold card project is an electronic money project, which aims to promote the use of "information card" and "cash card".
Second, the overall promotion period of the State Council informatization leading group (1996-1999)
Keywords: government Internet project
Institutional mechanism construction
1996 1 month, the State Council informatization leading group was established. The leading group for informatization in the State Council is composed of more than 20 ministries and commissions, with Zou Jiahua, then vice premier of the State Council, as the leader. The leading group is the deliberation and coordination body in charge of national informatization in the State Council, with an office under it. The former office of the joint meeting of the national economic informatization was changed to the office of the leading group. The office is the daily office of the leading group and undertakes all the work assigned by the leading group. Since then, most provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and ministries have set up leading groups and their offices.
The leading group of informatization in the State Council established the definition of national informatization and six elements of national informatization system, which further enriched and enriched the connotation of informatization construction in China. Put forward the information construction "overall planning, state-led; Unified standards and joint construction; Interconnection and resource sharing "is the guiding principle of 24 words." The establishment of the State Council Informatization Leading Group is the demand of the country to adapt to the development of informatization. According to the special organization of government agencies in China, the inter-departmental informatization coordination group was established, which reflected the country's great attention to informatization, provided a powerful new way for inter-departmental informatization coordination, and opened a new chapter in national informatization.
1998, institutional reform in the State Council, establishment of the Ministry of Information Industry, revocation of the leading group for informatization in the State Council, and related work undertaken by the Ministry of Information Industry. The cancellation of the leading group for informatization in the State Council is an important decision made by the State Council according to the need of streamlining institutional reform. The work is undertaken by the professional Ministry of Information Industry, which on the one hand strengthens the professionalism of informatization promotion, and on the other hand, because the Ministry of Information Industry is the competent department of the industry, it does not have the ability of inter-departmental deliberation and coordination, thus weakening the inter-departmental informatization promotion.
Development of technology application
During this period, the government launched the government Internet access project, which was jointly planned and initiated by the information departments of more than 40 ministries (departments, bureaus) such as the China General Administration of Posts and Telecommunications and the Economic Information Center of the State Economic and Trade Commission. Telecommunications administrations of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, as supporting implementation units, unite all forces in the information industry (ISP/ICP, software and hardware manufacturers, news media). Promote governments and departments at all levels in China to establish official websites 163/ 169 on the Internet, provide information sharing and convenience services, and build e-government in China. The goal is that by 2000, 80% of governments and departments at all levels in China will establish official websites on the Internet and provide information services and convenience services, thus laying a solid foundation for building an efficient e-government and finally realizing the network society in China. In fact, before the "Government Internet Project" started, there were many pioneers in government departments at all levels in China. According to the statistics of domain name management office of China Internet Network Information Center, there are more than 800 domain names registered by government departments at all levels in China, of which more than 200 have been put into use.
Three, the national informatization (work) leading group to promote the overall period
(1) The period of the Ministry of Information Industry (1999 -200 1 year)
199 12 according to the instructions of the leaders of the State Council on resuming the leading group of informatization in the State Council, national leading group was established, headed by Wu Bangguo, then vice premier of the State Council, to continue the national informatization work. One year after the cancellation of the information work leading group in the State Council, the information work leading group was established again in the name of the state. This was a major decision made by the state leaders according to the needs of the information work situation at that time, which showed that the state attached great importance to information work and strengthened the state's leadership and guidance on information work.
National leading group not only has offices, but also the Ministry of Information Industry undertakes specific work. The relevant working bodies of the leading group are as follows: First, the Office of Computer Network and Information Security Management. Located in the established national computer network and information security management center, the inter-ministerial coordination group for computer network and information security management shall be abolished at the same time. Second, the National Informatization Promotion Office was established in the Informatization Promotion Department of the Ministry of Information Industry and was abolished at the same time. The third is the computer Y2K emergency office. Located in the electronic information product management department of the Ministry of Information Industry. After completing the task of solving the computer Y2K problem, the office cancelled itself. Fourth, the national informatization expert advisory group is responsible for making suggestions to the leading group on major issues in China's informatization work.
(2) the State Council Press Office (200 1 -2007)
Key words: two networks, one station, four warehouses and twelve gold 17 No.34 18 No.
Institutional mechanism construction
In August, 20001,in order to further strengthen the leadership in promoting China's informatization construction and safeguarding national information security, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council re-established the national leading group, with Zhu Rongji, then Prime Minister of the State Council, as the leader. With the establishment of the national leading group, the State Council Press Office (hereinafter referred to as the State Information Office) has also been established. Minister Zeng is the director of the State Council Press Office. The National Information Office is an office in the national leading group, which consists of five groups and a secretariat, namely: policy planning group, popularization and application group, network and information security group, e-government group, comprehensive group and secretariat of expert committee. The establishment of the State Council Information Work Office shows that the national leading group has a daily office, and the daily specific affairs can be effectively implemented. In the same month, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council approved the establishment of the National Expert Advisory Committee of the National Leading Group, which is composed of relevant experts and is responsible for making suggestions to the National Leading Group on major issues concerning China's informatization development.
The establishment of the National Information Office has greatly promoted the development of e-government in China. From 200 1 to 2006, the national leading group held five consecutive meetings. It issued the Guiding Opinions on E-government Construction in China (Zhongfa [2002]17), Opinions on Strengthening Information Security, Several Opinions on Strengthening the Development and Utilization of Information Resources (Zhongfa [2004] No.34) and National Informatization Development Strategy (2006-2020). Opinions on Promoting the Construction of National E-government Network (Zhongfa [2006] 18) and General Framework of E-government, etc. , involving e-government construction, information security, information resources, information strategy, e-government network and overall framework. The release of these important documents represents the basic framework for the development of e-government in China, points out the direction for the development of e-government in China and will promote the development of e-government in the future.
Development of technology application
During this period, China's e-government has developed rapidly around "two networks, one station, four warehouses and twelve gold". First, the construction of e-government intranet and extranet was started. The government intranet is formed by the interconnection of business networks of party committees, people's congresses, governments, CPPCC, courts and procuratorates, which mainly meets the needs of internal office, management, coordination, supervision and decision-making of government departments at all levels, and also meets the special office needs of government departments at or above the sub-provincial level; The government extranet mainly meets the social management, public service and other social-oriented service needs of government departments at all levels. The second is to comprehensively promote the construction of government websites at the central, provincial, municipal and county levels. Among them, the Chinese government website was officially opened on June 65438+1 October1,2006, and the government websites at all levels initially have simple functions such as government information disclosure, online inquiry of working procedures, and interaction between the government and the people. Third, the construction of four basic databases, namely, population, legal person, natural resources, spatial geography and macroeconomics, has been started. Fourth, launch the "Twelve Golden Projects" in an all-round way, improve four projects that have achieved initial results, such as office business resource system, gold customs, gold taxation and financial supervision (including gold cards), and launch and accelerate eight business system projects, such as macroeconomic management, gold finance, gold shield, gold audit, social security, gold farmers, gold quality and gold water affairs. In addition, during this period, government departments at all levels have started the construction of internal office OA, but due to the lack of integration of government affairs and information technology, the effect of government office OA is effective.
(III) Period of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (2008 -20 14)
Key words: information sharing, business collaboration, government affairs openness, government affairs service, e-government cloud platform.
Institutional mechanism construction
In 2008, the Information Office of the State Council was merged into the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the related functions of e-government were merged into the Information Promotion Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has undertaken the national e-government promotion work time, and has done a lot of work in e-government publicity and promotion, county-level e-government public service platform, e-government cloud computing platform, e-government development level evaluation, e-government personnel training and so on. Under the active promotion of the E-government Office of the Information Promotion Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, in September of 20 1 1, the National Leading Group for Openness of Government Affairs issued the Opinions on Strengthening the Pilot Work of County-level Government Affairs Openness and Government Affairs Services by Relying on the E-government Platform, proposing to select 100 counties (cities, districts) nationwide to carry out the pilot work, which will take about one year to establish. Make full use of the platform to comprehensively and accurately publish government information disclosure matters, standardize the handling of major administrative powers and convenience services in real time, realize full coverage of electronic monitoring, and lay a foundation and accumulate experience for comprehensive implementation throughout the country. In February of 20 1 1, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the first Twelfth Five-Year Plan of National E-government, which proposed that the scientific development of e-government should be the theme, with deepening application and focusing on results as the main line, the development mode of e-government should be changed, the national e-government should be accelerated, the application effect of e-government should be given full play, the construction of service-oriented and responsible government should be promoted, and the service economic structure should be strategically adjusted. In order to adapt to the development of cloud computing, in February of 20 13, the Information Promotion Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the Guide for Top-level Design of E-government Platform Based on Cloud Computing, proposing to actively promote the application of cloud computing mode in e-government, improve the utilization rate of infrastructure resources, build a new technical support system, reduce repeated waste, and avoid fragmentation and information islands. During the period of undertaking the national e-government promotion, the Information Promotion Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has carried out a large number of national e-government grassroots research and grassroots personnel training, which has played a great role in the development of grassroots e-government. Although the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has done a lot of work in promoting national e-government, it is difficult to promote the national e-government management system and mechanism, especially in the overall planning and implementation of major projects.
Development of technology application
During this period, the development of e-government presents the following characteristics: First, government information sharing and business collaboration have been vigorously promoted. With governments at all levels vigorously promoting the construction of smart cities, the demand for information sharing and business collaboration is increasingly urgent. Government departments at all levels promote information sharing and business collaboration in various modes around business themes such as municipal management, emergency rescue, public safety, community service, market supervision and parallel approval. Second, the application of new e-government technologies in government departments at all levels is quite remarkable. In order to adapt to the development of mobile Internet, most government websites have launched mobile versions of government websites, government Weibo and government service APP applications. Later, with the popularization and application of WeChat, government departments used WeChat official accounts to promote the openness of government affairs, which greatly promoted the openness of government affairs information. For example,1October 13+ 1 1, the Chinese government website officially launched Tencent Weibo and WeChat. On 20 13 12 18, Sina Weibo and People's Weibo were officially launched on the Chinese government website. In addition, with the development of cloud computing technology, many government departments use cloud computing platform to promote the intensive construction of e-government in government departments.
Iv. Overall period of the Central Leading Group for Cybersecurity and Informatization (20 14- present)
Keywords: Internet plus government affairs, decentralization.
Institutional mechanism construction
In order to promote the national network security and informatization as a whole, in February 20 14, the CPC Central Committee established the Central Network Security and Informatization Leading Group, which is responsible for promoting the national network security and informatization. There is an office under the leading group, which is responsible for promoting affairs. Since then, the functions related to the overall promotion of e-government have been transferred from the Information Promotion Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology to the Information Development Bureau of the Central Network Information Office, which is responsible for the overall promotion of national e-government development, and the development and promotion of national e-government has entered a new era.
Development of technology application
With the deepening of the national "internet plus" strategy and administrative system reform, the field of government affairs has become an important battlefield for implementing the "internet plus" strategy. All levels and departments vigorously promote the "internet plus" government service, constantly optimize service processes, innovate service methods, promote data sharing, open up information islands, and comprehensively promote the construction of an integrated online government service platform, so as to maximize the benefits and convenience of enterprises and make enterprises and the masses run less errands, handle affairs easily and not add congestion.
Over the years, China's e-government construction has made great achievements, but there are still some problems to be solved urgently: first, the fragmented development model of e-government construction has caused network segmentation and information islands, which has seriously hindered the information sharing and business collaboration of various government services and affected the construction of one-stop e-government service system; Second, the integration of e-government and e-government is not deep enough, and the economic and social benefits of e-government are not fully exerted, which restricts the improvement of national governance capacity. Third, redundant construction and investment waste still exist in large quantities, and an e-government investment and construction system of * * building * * sharing and intensive construction has not yet been formed. Fourth, the service of basic supporting resources such as basic database, electronic license, electronic contract and electronic invoice lags behind, which makes one-stop e-government service restricted by many conditions.
In the future, with the advancement of the national administrative system reform, the in-depth application of the new generation of information technology, and the improvement of the public's demand for the quality of government services, the construction of integrated e-government will be further accelerated, and the national governance capacity and governance system will be modernized.
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