First, the origin of Zhang:
During the Warring States Period, Shi Ben said, "The son of the Yellow Emperor bows and makes arrows, and his surname is Zhang." Yuan Heshi, the editor of the Tang Dynasty, said: "Qingyang, the fifth son of the Yellow Emperor, was born to swing, aiming at bowing and watching the arc stars, and began to make bows and arrows, mainly worshipping the arc stars, because of his surname Zhang." The Book of the New Tang Dynasty written by Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi in the Northern Song Dynasty? The genealogy of the Prime Minister says, "The five sons of Qingyang family, the son of the Yellow Emperor, wielded bows and arrows, and later generations gave them the surname Zhang." At that time, the rhyme book Guang Yun also said: "The fifth son of the Yellow Emperor, whose real name is Xuanyuan, began to compose strings, but actually set a net, and took charge of his duties, but later because of his surname." Later generations of Zhang used this theory more through music discs.
According to the above literature, it seems that we can draw some conclusions that Zhang is a descendant of the Yellow Emperor, and his ancestor is Zhang Wave, the inventor of bows and arrows and traps. His tribe has been responsible for making bows and arrows for generations, so his surname is Zhang.
Second, the distribution and migration of Zhang surname
Zhang is a family full of pioneering spirit. They failed to live up to the high hopes of their ancestor Xuanyuan Huangdi when he gave them the emblem of the longbow. For thousands of years, they have marched bravely and cheerfully on the land of China with firm steps and holding the banner that the family has military power. With bows and arrows, blood and fire, they shed hard sweat on this charming land of Asia and East Asia, described their family's magical pioneering blueprint, and wrote their magnificent history of migration and development.
The starting point of Zhang family migration in Han Dynasty is generally the Central Plains (including Hedong and Hanoi) and Guanzhong area. The Central Plains was formed by the radiation of ancient Jizhou, Zhang's ancestral home. Guanzhong has long been the seat of the central government and the political and cultural center of the country, so there are many prominent Zhang families. Family migration is influenced and restricted by various inevitable and accidental factors, especially accidental factors, sometimes with choice, sometimes with blindness, and more out of helplessness, so its actions are ever-changing. But looking at its history of more than 1000 years, the biggest feature of Zhang immigrants is that they radiate from the center to the periphery. Generally speaking, the general trend is to take the Central Plains and Guanzhong as the center, expand to the east, west, north and south, and radiate the whole country. In short, it is also true for a county, which is enough to become a town or a village and then expand to neighboring urban and rural areas. Another feature is that every great migration is related to politics, and most of the time it is helpless and passive.
Zhang was first active in Qingyang, and his hometown was in Puyang, Henan and Qinghe, Hebei. Since then, Zhang's surname is unknown, and the clan migration route is unknown. He may have quietly moved to Shanxi. It was not until the reign of the West (827 BC-782 BC) that Zhang's name reappeared in Shaanxi. There are Jaco and Zhong Zhang on the bronze plate of the Western Zhou Dynasty. They were nobles of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Zhong Zhang assisted Zhou Xuanwang in revitalizing the Western Zhou Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Jin was the most important area in Zhang's development history. "Jieyi" in Hedong is an important gathering place and birthplace of Zhang, which was located on the east bank of the Yellow River west of Linyi, Shanxi in ancient times. Zhang Bei is a matter of Jin, and Jin destroys the aftermath of Korea. Zhang Lao and (that is) are both doctors in the state of Jin. The descendants of North Korean aristocrat Zhang Lao became the first hero of the founding of the Han Dynasty, and were regarded as ancestors by some descendants of Zhang. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period, people surnamed Zhang mainly lived in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong and other regions.
The Qin and Han dynasties were an important period for the development and reproduction of Zhang's surname in various places. At the beginning of Qin Dynasty, Zhang entered Sichuan, a "land of abundance", and most of Zhang's people were descendants of Sanjin nobles. In the anti-Qin war and the subsequent dispute between Chu and Han, Zhang was named Hou because of his clear political inclination, wisdom and courage, and outstanding military achievements. As a result, Zhang quickly spread to Qi Lu Yan State, from Guanzhong to Sichuan, and to Gansu in the west. Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions, connected with the Silk Road, and settled Ningxia's border defense. As a result, Zhang's population activity area developed rapidly to the whole north, northwest and Sichuan, and its rapid development was unmatched by other surnames, becoming the first surname in the northern region at that time. At the same time, the descendants of Sean who stayed in the Western Han Dynasty set out from Shaanxi, waded into Jiangsu from Hebei, crossed the Yangtze River and entered Jiangnan for the first time. By the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang forces had penetrated into Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian and other places.
After entering the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to the war in the north, a large number of ethnic minorities entered the Central Plains, and Zhang moved to the south and southeast with other former residents of North China, and continued to develop to the northwest with a strong Zhang foundation. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Zhang people first set foot in the northeast through Bohai Bay, which became an important gathering place for the Zhang people, and this state has continued to this day. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, Zhang began to emigrate to Huguang and Yungui areas, and entered Taiwan Province Province from Guangdong in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty.
In the history of China, the Song Dynasty was a very important and special period. After the war in the northern region of the Eastern Jin and Tang Dynasties, the population and political center of China shifted from the north to the south for the first time. In the Song Dynasty (AD 960- 1279), there were about 4.9 million people surnamed Zhang, accounting for 6.3% of the national population, ranking behind Wang and Li, making it the third largest surname in the Song Dynasty. Shandong province is the province with the largest distribution of Zhang surname, accounting for 14.5% of the total population of Zhang in China and 10.2% of the total population of Shandong. The distribution in China is mainly concentrated in Shandong, Henan, Sichuan, Hebei and Shaanxi provinces, and the population of these provinces accounts for more than 55% of Zhang's total population. Secondly, it is distributed in Hunan, Hubei, Shanxi, Gansu and Jiangxi, and the surname of Zhang in these five provinces is concentrated by 27%. There were four gathering places of Zhang's surname centered on Bohai Bay, Henan, Sichuan and Shaanxi, while Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi were sparsely populated areas at that time, and the population of the three provinces only accounted for about 5% of Zhang's total population.
During the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1368- 1644), the population of Zhang was about 5.6 million, accounting for about 6% of the national population, and it was the second largest surname in the Ming Dynasty. In the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the net population growth rate was 20%, and the population growth rate of Zhang was lower than that of the whole country. Over the past 600 years, the total population growth rate of Zhang is only 14%, with a net increase of 700,000. The distribution in China is mainly concentrated in Jiangsu (13.4%), Zhejiang (12.7%) and Jiangxi (10%), accounting for about 36% of China Zhang population. Followed by Shanxi (9.5%), Shandong (7.7%), Hebei (6.8%), Shaanxi (6.2%) and Henan (5. 1%), the number of Zhang in these five provinces is concentrated at 35%. Jiangsu has become the largest province with the surname of Zhang, accounting for 13.4% of the population of Zhang in China and 6.8% of the total population of Jiangsu. In the past 600 years, the southern Zhang family has made great progress. The population of Zhang in Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian has surpassed that in Song Dynasty, and the three provinces account for nearly 9% of the total population of Zhang. Shandong, Henan and Sichuan, the provinces with Zhang surname in the Song Dynasty, declined by about half in the Ming Dynasty.
It can be seen that during the 600-odd years of Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the overall distribution pattern of Zhang's surname changed greatly, and the population mainly migrated to the southeast, while the population of Zhang's surname in Sichuan mainly migrated to Huguang. The whole country has re-formed two population gathering areas named after Zhang: Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanxi, Shandong, Hebei, Henan and Shaanxi.
Third, the current distribution
The population of contemporary Zhang has reached 85 million, which is the third largest surname in China, accounting for 7. 1% of the national population. In the 600 years since the Ming Dynasty, the population of Zhang has soared from 5.6 million to 84.84 million, an increase of 15 times. The average population of the Ming Dynasty was close to 93 million, and the contemporary population was 65.438+0.2 billion, an increase of 654.38+0.3 times. Zhang's population growth rate is higher than that of the whole country. This l? In 2000, Zhang's population growth rate showed an upward trend. At present, the distribution in China is mainly concentrated in Shandong, Henan, Hebei and Sichuan provinces, accounting for more than 36% of Zhang's total population; Secondly, it is distributed in Jiangsu, Hubei, Liaoning, Guangdong, Anhui and Heilongjiang, and these six provinces are concentrated by 28%. Shandong is 10.4% of the total population of Zhang, and it is the largest province of Zhang, accounting for 9.5% of the total population. The whole country has formed a high proportion of the northern Zhang surname area and a low proportion of the southern Zhang surname area with the Yangtze River as the boundary; The northern region is bounded by Taihang Mountain, with high-density Zhang surname area in the east and low-density Zhang surname area in the west. The areas with the highest population density per unit area are Liaoning Peninsula and Shandong Peninsula.
In the past 600 years, the degree and direction of Zhang's population movement are quite different from those in the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, especially the migration from the east to Central China and North China has always been greater than the migration from the north to the south and east, especially to Shandong and Bohai Bay. At the same time, people named Zhang, who are north of the Yellow River, also immigrated to the northeast.
Zhang surname is widely distributed, but it is not balanced. Zhang is one of the most common surnames in the north, and Zhang accounts for 7- 1 1% of the local population. Shaanxi, Ningxia, eastern Gansu and Wuwei, Xining, Qinghai, central Inner Mongolia, Hebei, northern Shandong, Liaoning, central Jilin and southwestern Heilongjiang reached 15% or more. In the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region of North China and Northwest China, the proportion of Zhang's surname in the local population is generally as high as 9- 1 1%, which is the highest in the border areas of Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia provinces, with the proportion above1%. Northwest China and Tibet are vast and sparsely populated, and only distributed among immigrants from Urumqi and Kashgar in Xinjiang. Zhang is the main surname group among the local Han nationality. In the provinces along the Yangtze River and Fujian, Zhang accounts for 5-7% of the local population. In southern Hunan, southeastern Guizhou, western Yunnan, northwestern Guangxi, central and eastern Guangdong, southwestern Jiangxi, Taiwan Province Province and other regions, Zhang accounts for 3-5% of the local population. Hainan, southwestern Guangdong and central and eastern Guangxi have the lowest proportion, only 1-3%.
In big cities, Zhang's population distribution is also very uneven. According to statistics, in Beijing, the Zhang family accounts for 9. 1% of the total population, ranking third, while in Shanghai, the Zhang family only accounts for 6.46% of the total population, but ranks first.
According to experts' research, there is a certain relationship between Zhang's population and blood type, but this distribution is mainly manifested in regional characteristics. Three northeastern provinces, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui and southeastern Inner Mongolia are the high-density distribution areas of Zhang. The population of Zhang in this area is about 37 million, accounting for less than 43% of the total population. Among them, the proportion of type B is 26-35%, about120,000 people; The proportion of type A is 26-30%, about100000 people; The proportion of type O is 29-34%, about 1, 654,38+00,000 people.
Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, most of Gansu, most of Inner Mongolia and eastern Qinghai are another areas with a high proportion of Zhang. The population of Zhang in this area is about190,000, accounting for 22% of the total population of Zhang. ? The proportion of type B is 27-33%, about 6 million; The proportion of type A is less than 27-3 1%, about 5.5 million people; The proportion of type O is 30-34%, about 6.2 million people.
Sichuan and Hubei are another major gathering areas of Zhang, with a population of about 1 1 10,000, accounting for more than 13% of Zhang's population in China. The proportion of type A is 3 1-35%, about 3.6 million; The proportion of type O is between 33 and 36%, which is about 3.8 million. The proportion of type B is 25-27%, and the population of this part of Zhang is about 2.9 million.
Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou and Yunnan on the south bank of the Yangtze River are areas with low population density. The population of Zhang in this area is about100000, accounting for more than 12% of Zhang's total population. Its blood type is characterized by higher type A and O and lower type B. The proportion of type A is 29-33%, which is the highest in northeast Hunan, feeding gradually from east to west, with a population of about 365,438+10,000. The proportion of type O is between 35 and 40%, and the population is about 3.8 million. The proportion of type B is 24-28%, and the frequency gradually increases from east to west, with a population of about 2.6 million.
Most of Fujian and Guangdong are southern provinces with a relatively large population, with a population of more than 5.2 million, accounting for more than 6% of Zhang's total population. In this area, Zhang's blood type is mainly O type, and the proportion of O type has reached 38-42%, about 265,438+10,000; The level of B-mode display is low, only 23-26%, and the population is about 6.5438+0.3 million. The level of type A display is low, only 26-30%, and the population is about 6,543.8+0.5 million.
Taiwan Province, Hainan, Guangxi, western Guangdong and southeastern Fujian have the smallest population of Zhang, and the population of Zhang in this area is only 1.6 million, accounting for less than 2% of the total population of Zhang. The blood type is mainly O type, the proportion of O type reaches 39-47%, and the population is about 700,000. Type A accounts for 27-29%, with a population of about 400,000. Type B is the lowest in Taiwan Province Province, accounting for less than 25%, about 26% in Guangxi and western Guangdong, and 28% in Hainan, with a population of less than 400,000.