Someone asked, "What are you crying about after what happened to General Yu Ruozi?" He said: "Wu Qi absorbed his father's creation and his father died. Now he is giving and dying. I am crying. " What kind of person is Wu Qi from the text? Wu Qi entered Zhongshan as a general of Wei State, and his soldiers were ill. Wu Qi knelt down to suck pus from his wound, and the soldier's mother cried when she saw it. Others asked, why are you crying when the general is so kind to your son? The soldier's mother said: "When his father was ill, the general treated him like this, and his father died to repay the general's kindness." Today, the general treats my son like this, and he will die. " "
2. "Gu" in ancient Chinese means Gu.
(1) I know. From ten, from the mouth. Original meaning: ancient times. Generally divided into Archean, Archean, medieval and modern.
(2) The original meaning is the same
Ancient and Old —— Xu Shen's Shuowen in the Eastern Han Dynasty
Great ancient crown cloth-Li. Note: "Dagu is above Tang Yu.
Take it as the Modern —— Three-year Biography of Huan Gong in Gu Liang. Note: "Ancient refers to the Five Emperors.
Thinking about the past for a long time —— Selected essays of Zhang Heng's prose in Tokyo
Don't seek to hear Gao Kang's books from ancient sages.
Therefore, you can know people by looking at yourself, and you can know the past by looking at today. People in ancient and modern times share my ears-Lu Chunqiu's investigation
Therefore, in ancient times, the people were king, and those who didn't want to enter were allowed to do things-Yuan Jun of Huang Qingzong Xi.
(3) Another example: ancient times (distant ancient times); Ancient Chinese characters (referring to ancient Chinese characters before Lishu); Antiques (ancient artifacts that can be appreciated; Ancient musical instruments); Antiques (ancient coins); Ancient sages (ancient sages)
(4) ancient things, especially the legacy and orthodoxy of ancient philosophers. Ancient laws and documents.
Yu Jiaqi can follow the ancient road and write Shi Shuo to make it last forever-Tang Hanyu's Shi Shuo.
As wide as Luoyang, it got the ancient meaning from Wang Sun of Zhou Dynasty, and named it "The Biography of Zhou Family"-"The Biography of Ding Han".
(5) Another example: antiques; Archaeology; Imitation of ancient times; Love the past; Nostalgia; Ancient meaning (meaning of ancient books); Ancient friendship (meaning of ancient books); Ancient meaning (refers to unedited ancient poems, etc.)
(6) The ancients
The ancients said, "Serving Qin with the earth is more important than carrying firewood to put out the fire, and the salary is endless, and the fire will not go out" —— On the Six Kingdoms by Su Song Xun.
Chen Gu stabbed the present, but he was lewd and immoral —— Preface to Poem Zheng Feng and Woman's Cockcrow
With Huang Mao in court, dare to forget the ancients' intention and seek the old —— Qian Ming Qian Yi's "Shangbao Temple Shao Qing Yuan Keli awarded the straight doctor"
(7) Another example: the ancients (the ancients); Ancient meaning (the reason why the ancients stood and acted; The traditional interpretation of classics by the ancients); Ancient festivals (the moral integrity of the ancients); Friendship of ancient times (the wind and righteousness of ancient sages).
(8) days
Heaven is the past-Zhou Shu Zhou Zhu
Looking back-Yao Dian
It was connected in the Middle Ages-Yi Zhuan.
(9) Another example is the ancient emperor (referring to the Emperor of Heaven); After ancient times (former king, former emperor)
(10) The abbreviation of classical poetry. Such as: ancient style (ancient poetry. There are four words, five words, six words, seven words and so on. In every sentence, rhyme is also free. Five ancient words; Seven words are ancient.
(1 1) Short for Cuba. For example, China established diplomatic relations with Cuba.
(12) Onomatopoeia. Such as: ancient thorns (the sound of flags flying or whipping); Gurulu (Gurulu). Describe the rotation of an object; The sound of peristalsis of the duodenum in the abdomen or fluid ejection); Ancient capital (describing the sound of water flowing out constantly)
Fold [shape]
(1) a long time ago; Ancient-used to refer to things that existed long ago.
Ancient and lasting jade articles
A place where the past is not ancient —— Poem Style, Sun and Moon
The old adage is form-poetry, elegance and people.
The present is the ancient —— Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals
The old vine is a faint crow, the small bridge is a flowing family, and the old road is a thin horse —— Tianjingsha Qiu Si in Zhiyuan, Ma Yuan.
In ancient times, there were sages and sages, and there were diseases in their deeds —— Tang Du Mu's book "Sleeping on a boat in a storm, flattering relatives and friends in southern Hunan with 36 rhymes"
(2) Another example: ancient civilization; Ancient dynasty; Castle (an ancient castle in the frontier; Camp); Gudu (Gudukou); Since ancient times (ancient times); Ancient ceremony (ancient ritual system).
(3) simplicity. Such as: ancient animal husbandry (simple and dignified); Ancient bridge (simple and simple; Simple and simple); Gu Jian (simple and vigorous); Ancient (simple and ordinary).
(4) strange, different from the secular; stubborn
(5) Another example: sticking to one's own opinions. Stubborn); Antique (dialect. Metaphor is stubborn and conservative); Old-fashioned (describing sentences that are old and difficult to read)
(6) old and original.
In ancient times, February and August were mostly used to collect herbs, which was extremely inappropriate-Song Shen Guo's "Meng Qian Bi Tan".
Lovers only love the past, but they are useless to benefit the former Sui Dynasty —— Nineteen Ancient Poems
3. People who are concerned also play an idiom, and people who are concerned also play an idiom: People who are concerned also pay attention.
To make matters worse [zh and h zh yě]
translate freely
"Zhi", "Hu", "Zhe" and "Zhe" are also commonly used function words in classical Chinese. Four-character conjunctions are often used to describe people who like ancient Olympics when they talk and write articles.
tidy
"Dunhuang Five Tables with Zero Sighs": "I don't even know; Now the sigh begins to lament. "
example sentence
Qing Wu Jingzi's "The Scholars": "A business family will get tired of watching these people talk nonsense for more than a day."
synonym
This is also a matter of speaking like a book.
antonym
Is it?
4. Poetry, ancient prose, what is classical Chinese? The original meaning of "ancient poetry" is poetry written by ancient people. Before and after Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there appeared a number of five-character poems written by scholars before Wei and Jin, which had no title and no author. Most of them are lyric poems with unique expressive techniques and artistic styles, which are collectively called "ancient poems". Shen Deqian in Qing Dynasty said, "Nineteen ancient poems are not the words of one person. I abandoned my wife at a high rate, my friends were rich, I wandered abroad, and I felt a sense of death and new things. Or fable, or express, or repeat. There is no whimsy at the beginning, and every sentence is thrilling. The ancient poems of Xijing are all under it. " During the Jin and Song Dynasties, these "archaic poems" were regarded as models of five-character poems. Lu Ji once imitated 12 sentence by sentence. Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Bao Zhao in the Song Dynasty. There are "quasi-classical poems" that study the skills and styles of "classical poems". In the Liang Dynasty, Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long and Zhong Rong's Shi Pin theoretically summarized and evaluated the artistic characteristics and value of "ancient poetry", and discussed its author, era and origin, which were generally recognized as works of the Han Dynasty. At the same time, Xiao Tong's Selected Works and Chen's Xu Ling Yutai's New Poetry define the scope of "ancient poetry" from the classification of poetry: all works without clear titles are called "miscellaneous poetry" by the author and "ancient poetry" by anonymous people. Therefore, after Liang and Chen, "ancient poetry" has formed a special name with a specific meaning. It is the same as the two Han Yuefu songs, referring to the five-character poem written by Wu Ming in the Han Dynasty, which has developed into a poetic style with the artistic characteristics of "ancient poetry". Nineteen Ancient Poems occupies a representative position in the history of literature, and this title has also become a topic name.
The ancient poetic style before the Tang Dynasty is a poetic style that does not pay attention to meter and has no limitation on the number of words and sentences. After the Tang Dynasty, due to the appearance of modern poetry, poets deliberately imitated the writing style of ancient poetry in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties in order to distinguish ancient poetry from new metrical poetry, and restricted it in some aspects, thus forming a fixed pattern of ancient poetry in the Tang Dynasty. As a result, the completely free poetic style before the Tang Dynasty was changed into a semi-free poem between metrical poetry and free poetry.
The number of words and lines in classical poetry;
Classical poetry has no fixed verse and style. All ancient poems are classified according to the number of words in the poem. Four-character ancient poems are referred to as four-character ancient poems for short; Five-character ancient poems are referred to as five-character ancient poems for short; Seven-character ancient poems are referred to as seven-character ancient poems for short. Four-character poems were adopted by people as early as the Book of Songs. But it gradually declined in the Tang Dynasty, and few people wrote it. Therefore, ancient poetry is still expressed in five words and seven words.
Five-character ancient poetry is the orthodoxy of ancient poetry, and many people write it.
Seven-character ancient poetry is not the mainstream of classical poetry, because it originated late. Therefore, the seven-character style is greatly influenced by the seven-character modern poetry.
Five-character ancient poems and seven-character ancient poems are both ancient poems with neat words. There is also a kind of ancient poetry with mixed words, and the length between the lines is different and uneven.
In terms of time, it refers to 1840 China's poems before the Opium War. From the perspective of meter, ancient poetry can be divided into ancient poetry and modern poetry. Ci was invented by Song people, also called long and short sentences. Ancient poetry is also called ancient poetry or ancient style; Modern poetry is also called modern poetry.
Poetry in ancient style
Classical poetry is written in the style of ancient poetry. In the eyes of the Tang people, everything from the Book of Songs to Yu Xin in the Southern and Northern Dynasties is ancient. Therefore, there is no certain standard for the so-called ancient poetry style. However, the ancient poems written by poets are consistent in one thing, that is, they are not bound by the rhythm of modern poetry. A kind of metrical poem, which began to form in the early Tang Dynasty, has strict rules on the number of words, rhyme and antithesis, which is what we call modern poetry. Modern poetry is relative to ancient poetry. Poets in the Tang Dynasty and beyond still wrote classical poems. We can say. Anything that is not bound by the near-body meter is an ancient poem. Classical poetry is divided into four-character poems, five-character poems and seven-character poems. Modern poetry is divided into quatrains and metrical poems.
"Modern Style" Poetry
Modern poetry is divided into metrical poems and quatrains. The difference between metrical poems and quatrains mainly lies in the number of sentences. There are four quatrains and eight rhyming poems. There are eight metrical poems, one or two of which are the first couplet, three or four are the parallel couplet, five or six are the neck couplet, and seven or eight are the tail couplet. Quatrains are also called "sentence cutting". Sonnets may or may not be antagonistic, but they must be antagonistic to each other. Both quatrains and quatrains require even numbers. A metrical poem with more than eight sentences is called arrangement.
There are several interpretations of classical Chinese. Classical Chinese is the most basic written language form in China ancient literature.
Its characteristics mainly include the following aspects: First, the separation of language and writing. Linguistic research holds that written language is produced and developed on the basis of spoken language, and they influence and promote each other and have a very close relationship.
Classical Chinese was formed on the basis of pre-Qin oral English, but with the passage of time, it gradually widened the distance from later oral English. From the Han and Wei Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the official implementation and the need of imperial examinations, scholars deliberately imitated the language of the "Four Books and Five Classics" to write poems and articles, focusing on elegance and integrity.
In this way, the distance between classical Chinese as a written language and the language actually used by people is getting bigger and bigger, resulting in the phenomenon of separation of language and text. Second, it lasts for a long time.
Until the May 4th Movement, classical Chinese, as the dominant written language, was handed down from generation to generation, and its language components remained basically unchanged. For example, the usage of some basic sentence patterns and commonly used function words in the pre-Qin period has been preserved in classical Chinese, and even the most active words in the three elements of language have strong stability in classical Chinese: the ancient meanings of some words have long disappeared in spoken English, but they can still be used in classical Chinese.
Although later generations will inevitably mix some spoken language at that time in imitation, which will bring some subtle changes to classical Chinese, on the whole, classical Chinese has basically maintained its original appearance in vocabulary system and grammar system. Third, the writing is concise.
Most of China's important ancient books are written in classical Chinese, and many immortal works have always been known for their conciseness. It can be said that classical Chinese itself contains concise factors: first, classical Chinese is dominated by monosyllabic words, with few disyllabic words and disyllabic words; Second, classical Chinese is often omitted, and it is very common to omit subjects, objects, predicates and prepositions.
In addition, the famous writers of past dynasties paid more attention to the tempering of language and emphasized "the great meaning of small words", thus forming the style of classical Chinese. Fourth, the ancient Olympic Games were difficult to understand.
Due to the age, it is more and more difficult to understand classical Chinese without spoken English. Crooked sentences, uncommon ancient characters, and many strange names and regulations … all these have become elusive "myths" in the eyes of beginners.
Therefore, annotating ancient books and solving difficult problems has always been one of the tasks pursued by scholars. In the long historical process, classical Chinese has played an important role.
It is classical Chinese, which unifies our multi-ethnic country with a vast territory and complicated dialects in written language. Classical Chinese, as a common written language form, records the splendid civilization of ancient China for thousands of years.
Classical Chinese is a huge treasure house. The Chinese nation's long-standing culture has been passed down, and classical Chinese has contributed a lot.
On the other hand, classical Chinese also has very serious defects, which have caused some negative effects in history. This can be seen from the fierce attack on classical Chinese during the May Fourth Movement: one of the defects of classical Chinese is that it is not conducive to the popularization of culture and education.
Because classical Chinese is far from the language people actually use, learning and using classical Chinese has become a "patent" for a few scholars, which contributed to the ignorance and backwardness of old China to some extent. Lu Xun said in Luanjieting Essays: A New Life of China Language: "China's so-called Chinese characters and China language are no longer everyone's things in China."
The second defect of classical Chinese is not conducive to the free expression of ideas. Language is the most important thinking tool for human beings.
However, it is hard to think that classical Chinese is an "internal language". Moreover, rigid words also seriously bound people's minds. During the May 4th Movement, Mr. Ye Shengtao wrote: "The main reason why Chinese characters are difficult to learn is the difference between language and writing.
At the beginning of Fang Wei's writing, he searched for materials and arranged them in order. His thoughts are consistent with his mouth, but if he wants to write on paper, he must translate it into classical Chinese, so what he writes is not what he thinks. Meanwhile, the process of translation is extremely difficult. "
6. Characteristics of Ancient Classical Chinese Classical Chinese is the ancient written language of China, mainly including the written language based on spoken language in the pre-Qin period. The first "Wen" means beauty. "Speech" means writing, expressing and recording. "Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "spoken language", which is also called "vernacular". The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , which means genre.
First, the separation of language and writing. Linguistic research holds that written language is produced and developed on the basis of spoken language, and they influence and promote each other and have a very close relationship. Classical Chinese was formed on the basis of pre-Qin oral English, but with the passage of time, it gradually widened the distance from later oral English. From the Han and Wei Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the official implementation and the need of imperial examinations, scholars deliberately imitated the language of the "Four Books and Five Classics" to write poems and articles, focusing on elegance and integrity. In this way, the distance between classical Chinese as a written language and the language actually used by people is getting bigger and bigger, resulting in the phenomenon of separation of language and text.
Second, it lasts for a long time. Until the May 4th Movement, classical Chinese, as the dominant written language, was handed down from generation to generation, and its language components remained basically unchanged. For example, the usage of some basic sentence patterns and commonly used function words in the pre-Qin period has been preserved in classical Chinese, and even the most active words in the three elements of language have strong stability in classical Chinese: the ancient meanings of some words have long disappeared in spoken English, but they can still be used in classical Chinese. Although later generations will inevitably mix some spoken language at that time in imitation, which will bring some subtle changes to classical Chinese, on the whole, classical Chinese has basically maintained its original appearance in vocabulary system and grammar system.
Third, the writing is concise. Most of China's important ancient books are written in classical Chinese, and many immortal works have always been known for their conciseness. It can be said that classical Chinese itself contains concise factors: first, classical Chinese is dominated by monosyllabic words, with few disyllabic words and disyllabic words; Second, classical Chinese is often omitted, and it is very common to omit subjects, objects, predicates and prepositions. In addition, the famous writers of past dynasties paid more attention to the tempering of language and emphasized "the great meaning of small words", thus forming the style of classical Chinese.
Fourth, the ancient Olympic Games were difficult to understand. Due to the age, it is more and more difficult to understand classical Chinese without spoken English. Crooked sentences, uncommon ancient characters, and many strange names and regulations … all these have become elusive "myths" in the eyes of beginners. Therefore, annotating ancient books and solving difficult problems has always been one of the tasks pursued by scholars.
(A) the characteristics of the classical Chinese ellipsis sentence pattern: the ellipsis of the subject inherits the previous subject, and echoes the ellipsis behind, and the subject is often omitted in the dialogue.
(2) The characteristics of inverted sentences in classical Chinese: the subject and predicate are inverted prepositions, the object and the attributive prepositions are used as adverbials.
(3) Characteristics of passive sentences in classical Chinese: one is marked passive sentences, which are expressed by some passive verbs, and the other is unmarked passive sentences, also called ideational passive sentences. Marked passive sentences generally have the following forms: the preposition "Yu" is used after the verb to indicate passivity, and "Yu" plays the role of guiding the initiative. For example, "So, I was confused by Zheng Xiu internally and bullied by Zhang Yi externally." (Biography of Qu Yuan in Historical Records) The actions of "confusing" and "bullying" here are what Zhang Yi did after "Yu". Sometimes "shou" is added to the preposition "Yu" or a verb to form the form of "shou ... Yu ..." which is passive.
(D) Characteristics of sentence patterns in classical Chinese: basically, the judgment word/"yes/"is not used, but nouns or noun phrases are often used as predicates to judge the subject, and the sentence pattern is: "……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. What are the characteristics of classical Chinese? First, the separation of language and writing. Linguistic research holds that written language is produced and developed on the basis of spoken language, and the two are closely related. Classical Chinese was formed on the basis of spoken English in the pre-Qin period, but with the passage of time, it gradually widened the distance between classical Chinese and spoken English in later generations. From the Han and Wei Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the official implementation and the need of imperial examinations, scholars deliberately imitated the language of the "Four Books and Five Classics" to write poems and articles, focusing on elegance. In this way, the distance between classical Chinese as a written language and the language actually used by people is getting bigger and bigger, resulting in the phenomenon of separation between words and characters. Second, it will remain unchanged for a long time. Until the May 4th Movement, classical Chinese, as the dominant written language, was passed down from generation to generation and remained in use. Its language components remain basically unchanged. For example, the usage of some basic sentence patterns and commonly used function words in the pre-Qin period has been preserved in classical Chinese, and even the most active words in the three elements of language have strong stability in classical Chinese: the ancient meanings of some words have long disappeared in spoken English, but they can still be used in classical Chinese. Although later generations will inevitably mix some spoken language at that time in imitation, which will bring some subtle changes to classical Chinese, on the whole, classical Chinese has basically maintained its original features in vocabulary system and grammar system. Third, the writing is concise. Most of China's important ancient books are written in classical Chinese, and many immortal works have always been known for their conciseness. It can be said that classical Chinese itself contains concise factors: first, classical Chinese is dominated by monosyllabic words, while disyllabic words and disyllabic words are relatively few; Second, it is common to omit subjects, objects, predicates and prepositions in classical Chinese. In addition, the famous artists of past dynasties paid more attention to the tempering of language and emphasized that "words must be done", so they formed a rigorous and concise classical Chinese style. Fourth, ancient Austria is difficult to understand. Because of the long time, it is more and more difficult to understand classical Chinese without spoken English. Twisted sentences are not common.
8. What are the characteristics of classical Chinese? 1. The separation of language and writing. Linguistic research holds that written language is produced and developed on the basis of spoken language, and the two are closely related. Classical Chinese was formed on the basis of spoken English in the pre-Qin period, but with the passage of time, it gradually widened the distance between classical Chinese and spoken English in later generations. From the Han and Wei Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the official implementation and the need of imperial examinations, scholars deliberately imitated the language of the "Four Books and Five Classics" to write poems and articles, focusing on elegance and integrity. In this way, classical Chinese, as a written language, is getting farther and farther away from the actual spoken language, and there is a phenomenon of separation of words and texts.
Second, it will remain unchanged for a long time. Until the May 4th Movement, classical Chinese, as the dominant written language, was handed down from generation to generation, and its language components remained basically unchanged. For example, some basic sentence patterns and the usage of commonly used function words in the pre-Qin period have been preserved in classical Chinese throughout the ages, and even the most active words in the three elements of language have strong stability in classical Chinese: the ancient meanings of some words have long since disappeared in spoken English. You can use classical Chinese, but still use it. Although later generations will inevitably mix some spoken language at that time in imitation, which will bring some subtle changes to classical Chinese, on the whole, classical Chinese has basically maintained its original appearance in vocabulary system and grammar system.
3. concise words. Most of China's important ancient books are written in classical Chinese, and many immortal works have always been known for their conciseness. It can be said that classical Chinese itself contains concise factors: first, classical Chinese is dominated by monosyllabic words, with few disyllabic words and disyllabic words; Second, it is common to omit subjects, objects, predicates and prepositions in classical Chinese. In addition, the famous writers of past dynasties paid more attention to the tempering of language and emphasized "expressing meaning with implicit words", so they formed a rigorous and concise classical Chinese style.
Fourth, ancient Austria is difficult to understand. Because of the long time, it is more and more difficult to understand classical Chinese without spoken English. Wrinkled sentences, uncommon words in ancient Austria, and many strange names and regulations ... have become elusive "myths" in the eyes of beginners. Therefore, scholars have always annotated ancient books and solved difficult problems.