June 65438+1October 65438+May 20XX went to Hangzhou Jinxiu Mantang Commercial Housing Project for internship, which gave me an excellent learning opportunity and accumulated practical experience, paving the way for future work. 1. Project Description: Hangzhou Jinxiu Mantang Commercial Residential Project has a total construction area of about 34,760 square meters, with the main building 18 floors, two underground floors and an underground garage of 890 1 square meter. The safety level of the building structure in this project is Grade II, and the seismic level of the frame is Grade IV. +/-0.000 of this project is the elevation of the Yellow Sea of 6.950m, the underground garage adopts bored piles, the pile body concrete is C25, and the impermeability grades of the bottom plate, reducing wall and top plate are S6 and C30. C25 is used for foundation and main concrete. Decoration project: C20 fine stone concrete is used for the ground, and white latex paint is used for the interior wall; Waterproof coating is used for the external wall, and granite surface is hung on the back of light steel dragon ridge; The roof is made of 40-thick SBS waterproofing membrane and C20 fine stone concrete. The contractor of this project is as follows: construction unit: Hangzhou Yulong Enterprise Development Co., Ltd. Design unit: Hebei Architectural Design and Research Institute Survey unit: Hangzhou Marine Geological Survey Geological Exploration Engineering Company Supervision unit: Hangzhou Construction Engineering Supervision Co., Ltd. Contractor: Nantong Shen Yong Construction Engineering General Contracting Co., Ltd. Quality Supervision Agency: Hangzhou West Lake Quality Supervision Station II. Internship content: 1, template 1) Types and manufacturing methods of templates 2) Installation quality standards of various structural templates 3) Installation quality standards of cast-in-place structural templates 4) Dismantling time and sequence of cast-in-place structural templates 5) Precautions for dismantling templates 6) Methods and requirements for cleaning, stacking and maintenance of templates. 2, concrete 1), type, specification and mixing principle of mixer, 2), type and application scope of vibrator, 3), conversion and marking content of construction mixture ratio, 4), design and treatment method of construction joints, 5), maintenance method and requirements of concrete, 6), causes and treatment methods of surface defects of concrete, and 7. Quality inspection content of concrete engineering. 3. rebar 1), types and appearance characteristics of rebar, 2), welding methods and quality requirements of rebar, 3), cold working methods and techniques of rebar, 4), binding methods and quality requirements of rebar, 5), lap length requirements of rebar binding, 6), control methods of protective layer thickness of various components, 7), and mastering the recording methods and main contents of concealed works. Three, the harvest and experience through nearly two months of practice, internship in the construction site, not only can basically understand the drawings, but also participated in the blue prints.the design. In the process of joint review of drawings, under the guidance of several engineers, we not only found the deficiencies and defects in drawings, but also mastered the skills of joint review of drawings. There are the following points: before the project starts, it is necessary to understand and review the drawings, and then the blue prints.the design. If you have experience in reading and examining drawings, and master some key points, you will get twice the result with half the effort. Now I will talk about my experience in drawing and examining drawings for reference. The procedure of drawing recognition and drawing review is: be familiar with the function of the proposed project, the plane size of the project, and the elevation size of the project. Check the error-prone parts of the construction drawing and check whether there is any improvement. First, after being familiar with the functional diagram of the proposed project, first understand what the function of this project is, is it a factory building or an office building? Is it a mall or a dormitory? After understanding the function, think of some basic sizes and decorations. For example, the floor of the bathroom is generally made of ceramic tiles, and the floor elevation of the bathroom and balcony buildings is generally a few centimeters lower; The scale of the workshop must meet the needs of production, especially the needs of equipment installation. Finally, read the architectural description and be familiar with the project decoration. Second, be familiar with and review the size of the project plan. Generally speaking, the construction plan of a building project has three aspects. The first dimension is the detail dimension, the second dimension is the axis dimension and the third dimension is the total dimension. Check whether the sum of the first dimension is equal to the second dimension, whether the sum of the second dimension is equal to the third dimension, and pay attention to whether the edge axis is the center line of the wall. The drawing habit in Guangdong Province is that the side axis is the outer line of the external wall. Look at the size of the project plan, first understand the construction plan, then understand the construction plan of this floor, and finally understand the construction drawings of water, electricity and air conditioning installation, equipment technology and secondary decoration, and check whether they are consistent. After being familiar with the size of the apartment, check whether it meets the use requirements, such as checking whether the apartment is convenient to use and whether the lighting and ventilation are good. When reading the dimensions of the next floor plan, check whether there is any inconsistency with the upper floor plan. 3. Be familiar with and review the engineering elevation dimensions. The construction drawings of general construction projects include elevation, section elevation and stair section, all of which have the information of engineering elevation size; The elevation of this floor is generally marked on the building plan and construction plan; In the beam table, there is generally beam surface elevation; Basic details and other details are generally marked with elevation. Through these construction drawings, we can master the elevation dimensions of the project. Generally, the facade has three dimensions, the first is the detailed dimensions such as the height of windowsill, doors and windows, the second is the height dimension, and the facade is marked, and the third is the total height. The inspection method is the same as the size of each lane on the inspection plane, that is, whether the sum of the first lane sizes is equal to the second lane size and whether the sum of the second lane sizes is equal to the third lane size. Check whether the elevation of each floor in the elevation view is consistent with that in the building plan, and then check whether the elevation of the building is consistent with that of the building. The elevation of each floor in the construction drawing should not be exactly the same as that of the corresponding floor in the construction drawing, because the floor elevation in the construction drawing is the elevation after the project is completed, and the floor elevation in the construction drawing is only the elevation of the structural surface, excluding the height of the decoration surface. The construction drawing elevation of the same floor should be several centimeters higher than the construction drawing. Special attention should be paid to this point, because in some construction drawings, the construction icon is marked high on the corresponding construction drawing paper. If you don't pay attention, you will make mistakes in the construction. Familiar with the elevation, mainly check whether the elevation of the top of doors and windows is consistent with the elevation of the bottom of the upper beam; Check whether the horizontal dimension and elevation of the stair tread are wrong, and check whether the vertical clearance size under the ladder beam is greater than 2. 1 m, and whether there is a meeting phenomenon; If there is a terrace on the middle floor, check whether the elevation of the terrace is lower than the indoor level; Check whether the floor of the bathroom and bathroom building is a few centimeters lower, if not, check whether there are measures to prevent overflow; Finally, combined with the installation of water, electricity and air conditioning, equipment technology and secondary decoration construction drawings, check whether the building height meets the functional requirements. 4. Check the error-prone places in the construction drawing. After you are familiar with the size of the construction project, check the mistakes in the construction drawing. The main inspection contents are as follows: 1. Check whether the slope direction of parapet concrete coping is inward. 2, check whether there is a beam under the brick wall. 3, beam on the structural plane, whether all the reinforcement in the beam table. 4. Check whether the height of the main beam is lower than that of the secondary beam. 5. Beams, slabs and columns are similar in the same span, but there are great differences in reinforcement. If there are any, they need to be re-inspected. 6. When the beam and shear wall are arranged on the same straight line, check whether the width of the beam exceeds the thickness of the wall. 7. When the beam is supported on the shear wall and column respectively, check whether the center line of the beam is parallel or coincident with the axis, and check whether the width of the beam extends out of the wall or column. If yes, it shall be submitted for design treatment. 8. Check whether the minimum spacing of reinforced beams meets the requirements of construction acceptance specifications. When ribbed threaded steel bars are used in this project, because the workers bend the steel bars when processing them, the diameter of the steel bars should be the original steel bar diameter plus the rib thickness of about 21mm. 9. Check whether there is an awning on the door of the indoor balcony, and check whether the center of the awning on the structural plane coincides with the center line of the door of the construction drawing. 10, when the design requirements and construction acceptance specifications are different. As often mentioned in the list, on the same section, the number of columns that can overlap on each side is less than 4 columns. However, the construction acceptance specification requires that the overlapping area of steel bars in the same section shall not exceed 50%. 1 1. Check whether there is any contradiction between the structural description and the structural plane, details, content and construction description in the beam-column table. 12, the single foundation system is stressed in both directions, and the reinforcement along the short side is generally placed on the reinforcement along the long side. Check whether the reinforcement in the foundation details of the construction drawing is wrongly drawn. 5. Review whether the original construction drawing has been improved, and put forward suggestions for improvement from three aspects: it is beneficial to engineering construction, it is beneficial to ensuring building quality and it is beneficial to engineering aesthetics. 1. Suggestions for improving the construction drawing are put forward from the perspective of engineering construction. ① The adjacent span of continuous frame beam on the structural plane will be very large. When the negative moment reinforcement of the intermediate bearing is anchored separately, the reinforcement at the beam-column joint will be too dense and the concrete will not be compacted easily. It can be suggested to designers that negative reinforcement can be connected as much as possible. (2) When the negative reinforcement of the bearing is full-length, it will cause the beam surface reinforcement with small span and small beam width to be too dense to pour concrete. It can be suggested that under the premise of ensuring the negative reinforcement of the beam, the Liang Kuan of each span should be kept consistent as far as possible, and only the height of the beam should be adjusted, so as to facilitate gluten connection and concrete pouring. (3) When the structural modeling is complex, it is difficult to complete the structural construction of a certain part at one time, how to keep the concrete construction joints is proposed to the designer. (4) After the elevation of the floor is lowered, if there is a beam in the middle of the floor, and this beam is connected to the room, whether the reinforced bar of the beam is bent or anchored separately at the lowered place, please design and deal with it. 2. Put forward opinions on modifying the construction drawing from the aspects that are beneficial to the quality of the construction project. (1) When the ceiling plastering and wall plastering are designed as 1: 1: 6 mixed mortar, it can be suggested to change the ceiling plastering to 1: 1: 4 mixed mortar to increase the cohesive force. (2) When the requirements for waterproof construction of elevator pit, bathroom sink and fire pool are not indicated on the construction drawing, it is suggested to add cement mortar waterproof layer on the outer wall of the pit and the inner wall of the sink to improve the waterproof quality. 3. It is suggested to improve the construction drawing from the aspect of architectural aesthetics ① If the parapet of the terrace is connected with the external window, check whether the height of the parapet is higher than the window sill. If there is, the joint is not beautiful, and it is recommended to design and handle it. (2) Check whether the color separation line of the exterior wall facing is connected. If not, it is recommended to converge at the internal corner; When there is no obvious dividing line between the outer wall and the inner wall, ask the designer whether the wall decoration extends to the position of the inner wall and whether the top surface and bottom surface of the protruding part of the outer wall are used as the outer wall decoration. (3) When the column section size decreases gradually with the rise of the floor, if the column protrudes from the external wall and becomes an elevation decorative line, it is suggested not to reduce the column section of the protruding part to make the width of the line consistent. (4) When the column is arranged at the corner of the brick wall in the building plane, and the corner of the brick wall is less than 900, if the square column is still used in the structural design, it can be suggested to change the square column into a polygonal column according to the building plane to avoid the column angle protruding from the wall and affecting the use and beauty. ⑤ When there is a frame column protruding 10 ~ 20 cm from the left wall of the elevator hall (foreroom), check whether the right column protrudes by the same size. If not, it is suggested to modify it to symmetry. According to the procedures and ideas of "be familiar with the functions of the proposed project, the plane dimensions of the project, the elevation dimensions of the project, check the error-prone parts in the construction drawing, and check whether there is any need for improvement", carry out the drawing approval work in a planned and comprehensive way. In the process of engineering construction, concrete is an important part of the whole project, and the quality of concrete plays a key role. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the concrete strength and its main influencing factors: 1, concrete strength and its main influencing factors. One of the main indexes of concrete quality is compressive strength. It is not difficult to see from the expression of concrete strength that the compressive strength of concrete is directly proportional to the strength of cement used in concrete. According to the formula, when the water-cement ratio is equal, the compressive strength of concrete prepared with high-grade cement is much higher than that prepared with low-grade cement. So don't use the wrong cement label in concrete construction. In addition, the water-cement ratio is also directly proportional to the strength of concrete. High water cement ratio, high concrete strength and low concrete strength. Therefore, when the water-cement ratio is constant, it is wrong to try to improve the strength of permafrost by increasing the amount of cement. At this time, it can only increase the workability of concrete and increase the shrinkage and deformation of concrete. To sum up, the main factors affecting the compressive strength of concrete are cement strength and water-cement ratio. To control the quality of concrete, the most important thing is to control the water-cement ratio of cement and concrete. In addition, there are other factors that can't be ignored that affect the strength of concrete. Coarse aggregate also has a certain influence on the strength of concrete. When the strength of stone is equal, the surface of crushed stone is rougher than pebble, and its adhesion with cement mortar is stronger than pebble. When the water-cement ratio is equal or the mixture ratio is the same, the concrete strength of crushed stone is stronger than that of pebble. Therefore, we generally control the coarse aggregate of concrete at about 3.2cm, and the variety of fine aggregate has less influence on the strength of concrete than coarse aggregate, so the soft effect of sand species is not reflected in the concrete formula, but the quality of sand also has a certain influence on the quality of concrete. Therefore, the quality of sand and gravel must meet the requirements of the quality standards of each grade of concrete. Because the quality of sand and gravel on the construction site changes greatly, the site construction personnel must ensure the quality requirements of sand and gravel, and adjust the water-cement ratio in time according to the moisture content of sand on the site to ensure the concrete mixture ratio, and the test mixture ratio cannot be confused with the construction mixture ratio. The normal development of concrete strength can only be guaranteed under the conditions of temperature and humidity, and it should be maintained according to the provisions of construction specifications. Temperature has a certain influence on the development of concrete strength. Keep warm in winter to prevent frostbite, and prevent exposure and dehydration in summer. Comprehensive heat storage method and steam curing method are generally used in winter construction. 2, the relationship between concrete grade and the average strength of concrete and its standard deviation. The concrete grade is determined according to the average value of the overall distribution of concrete standard strength minus 1.645 times the standard value. In this way, the assurance rate of concrete measurement can reach 95%, and the probability of being lower than the standard value is not more than 5%, which fully guarantees the safety of buildings. It can be inferred that the average measured concrete values of several groups of samples must be greater than or equal to the concrete design label, and its value depends on the construction quality -J90 order of magnitude, that is, depends on the size. Through formula calculation, it can be seen that the constructors should not only make the average concrete measured value greater than the concrete label, but also do everything possible to reduce the variability of the concrete measured value, that is, try to reduce the standard deviation of concrete to a lower value, which not only ensures the engineering quality, but also reduces the engineering cost. 3. The key link of concrete quality control Concrete quality control includes two basic contents: (1) making concrete meet the quality standards required by the design. (2) Under the premise of meeting the quality index of the design requirements, try to reduce the cost. These two requirements are actually to minimize the standard deviation of concrete. The strength of concrete is discrete, which exists objectively, but it can be controlled to reach the minimum value through scientific management, so the standard deviation of concrete can reflect the actual management level of the construction unit. The higher the management level, the smaller the standard deviation. It can be said that the quality control of concrete is essentially the control of standard deviation. In fact, we should control the standard deviation from the following aspects. (1) Reasonable design of concrete mixture ratio. Reasonable concrete mixture ratio is determined by laboratory tests, which should meet the requirements of certainty, durability and saving raw materials, and should have the workability of construction requirements. Therefore, in order to design a reasonable proportion in the laboratory, qualified cement, sand and stone must be provided. Cement controls strength, sand controls fineness, moisture content and silt content, and stone controls moisture content and silt content. Only when the materials meet the qualified requirements can we make a reasonable concrete mixture ratio, carry out construction normally and reasonably, and reach the design and acceptance standards. (2) Correct construction according to the design and construction mix proportion. One is to determine the moisture content of sand and gravel in time and convert the design mixture ratio into the construction mixture ratio. Secondly, the volume ratio should be replaced by the weight ratio. Finally, it is necessary to check whether the raw materials are consistent with the designed raw materials in time. This requires the supplier to provide two copies of the same materials, one for the laboratory and one for the construction site. On-site receiving personnel shall receive materials according to samples. If the incoming materials are not in conformity with the samples, they should immediately report to the superior and change the mixture ratio in time (except that the materials are unqualified and do not receive the goods). (3) Strengthen the management of raw materials, the variation of concrete materials will affect the strength of concrete. Therefore, the receiver should strictly control the quality, not allow unqualified products to enter the site, and report the nonconformity with raw materials in time, and take corresponding measures to ensure the quality of concrete. (4) To determine the strength of concrete, we will take the strength of 28 days as the standard. In order to facilitate construction and ensure quality, we usually do 7-day test blocks, etc. In order to determine the development of concrete strength according to its age as far as possible, so as to clearly determine its quality. To sum up, the quality of concrete should be controlled from all aspects to ensure the quality of the whole project and the reputation and development of the enterprise. Through nearly two months' practice, I realized the role played by the blue prints.the design in the whole project. If problems are found in the joint review of drawings, it will reduce the problems existing in the subsequent construction process and play a key role in effectively controlling progress, quality and investment. In the process of concrete construction, it must be effectively controlled to ensure the quality of concrete, that is, to ensure the quality of the whole project.
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