There was no concept of "logistics" in ancient China. We ancients called it Hou, which is also a deduction. If it is extended, it may be a continuous stream. There is endless communication. Selected Works of Ma Rong: "Fan Cai's words are also." Shan Li's Note: "Rhetoric is complex and continuous." Zhang Xi's note: "The flute sounds are numerous and connected, such as those of Fan Ju and Cai Ze." "Biography of Wu Huan in the Later Han Dynasty": "When the four foreigners congratulated each other, there was an endless stream." Ming History: "When you were old, civil engineering flourished, heresy prevailed, monks flowed endlessly, and corrupt officials crisscrossed." Shen Congwen's mud painting: "The woman thinks of her son with acne rash at home, and when she is old, she thinks of back pain, which is endless and never comes back." Also known as "endless stream". Describe people, horses, cars, boats, etc. Constantly. "The Biography of Liu Qiang, the Duke of Donghai in the Later Han Dynasty": "Her Majesty the Queen Mother was deeply moved by her pity. There are several messengers who have ordered Cheng to practice Taoism, coming and going, and there are countless. " Song Sima Guang's Biography of Sushui, Volume 8: "The royal families and the two houses set up sacrifices along the road, from the right gate to Fengxian Courtyard, and there was an endless stream." Episodes 5 and 3 of A Dream of Red Mansions: "Make trouble all night, laugh all night and set off firecrackers all night."
The purpose of picking out the above historical materials is that the endless supply of nouns not only reflects the appropriateness of words, but also reflects the prosperity of "logistics" in ancient China. As for the further extension of postal service, we call it postal service, post office, delivery office or post office. Simply put, it is a place where officials who receive and deliver official documents and visiting officials rest and change horses on the way. Later, their functions gradually expanded and were finally replaced by the concept of new life.
The Development History of "Logistics" in China
According to China's earliest Oracle Bone Inscriptions records about communication, organized communication activities appeared in the period of Yin, Shang and Pan Geng. Generally speaking, China's postal communication began in the Pan Geng era of Shang Dynasty and ended when 19 12 postal service was abandoned.
Nuo Biography in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
In Shang Dynasty, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the frontier signal soldiers "Nuo" transmitted military information, which was the earliest written communication information in China. The earliest way of military communication in Shang Dynasty in China was to beat drums and transmit sound. When I arrived in Zhou Wang, there was a record of using bonfires. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, in the process of transmitting the border emergency military intelligence, there appeared a communication mode combining sound and light, namely beacon drum. The military traffic in China in the Zhou Dynasty includes two parts: one is frontier traffic, mainly beacon towers; The second is campaign communication, that is, acousto-optic communication of offensive and defensive stations. Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, China's communication organization has been continuously improved, and two sets of organized communication have gradually formed: one is an early acousto-optic communication system based on bonfires, and the other is a postal communication system based on riding. The Zhou Dynasty experienced frequent wars and accumulated rich experience in military exchanges. The most famous are Yin Fu and Yin Shu, which are the earliest secret letters in ancient times. By the Zhou Dynasty, China's postal delivery system, which used mail carts and fast horses to deliver official emergency "short books", had developed greatly and became a household name. With the continuous improvement of transportation in the Western Zhou Dynasty, cars were first used for communication. In the Zhou Dynasty, in the mode of communication, except that the border communication (such as beacon signal) was an obvious relay communication, the messenger mode was mainly adopted. In order to issue military orders and government decrees accurately and quickly, the Zhou Dynasty established a postal network centered on Fenghao, the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Festival is a kind of voucher used to convey orders and dispatch troops in ancient China. There were many festivals in the early days, including the Dragon and Tiger Festival, the Moon Festival, the Symbol Festival, the Seal Festival and the Beijing Festival in the Zhou Dynasty. Later, they were gradually simplified into road festivals for messengers or businessmen to use on their way. After Jeff appeared, it became a sign that the feudal regime concentrated on the monarch. In Zhou Li, it is stipulated that the tiger festival is used in mountain countries and the dragon festival is used in Zeguo countries. After entering the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the beacon tower evolved into a continuous Great Wall, which was a leap in early acousto-optic communication.
Museums and pavilions in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
During the Spring and Autumn Period, due to the frequent communication between correspondents, museums and pavilions were set up on the main roads for the use of people. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the main communication tool was automobile transmission. Confucius, a famous thinker in the Spring and Autumn Period in China, used the speed of communication to compare the implementation of moral policy. He said: "the popularity of virtue is faster than the delivery of mail." During the Warring States period, the feudal economy continued to develop and the monarchy was constantly strengthened. When countries send envoys, the monarch will issue a token-a festival. At the end of primitive society, organized mass communication began to appear. In the Spring and Autumn Period, postal biography had "Yanji in the north, Chu and Wu in the south, China in the west and Qilu in the east." Jeff is a communication symbol, which was widely used in the development of postal transmission from ancient China to the Warring States Period. Military symbols are symbols of the deployment of troops during the Warring States period. The establishment of the Qin Dynasty brought about a revolutionary change in communication mode, namely relay communication from the past.
Postal kiosks in Qin and Han Dynasties
In Qin dynasty, postal kiosks were the main communication institutions. Postal communication in Qin Dynasty has the characteristics of relay communication, fixed route and legal guarantee. From 65438 to 0974, a large number of Qin bamboo slips were unearthed in Yunmeng County, Hubei Province, among which there were records about postal law, which was the earliest "postal law" in China. In order to solve the possible problems in many relay links of communication, the Qin Dynasty formulated the first law on communication in China-calligraphy. Wooden slips are ancient letters and documents written on wood chips. 1976 The Black Symbol and the Jingmuxi, unearthed from the Qin Tomb in Yunmeng County, Hubei Province, is the earliest surviving family letter of the Muxi in China. Post stations and postal kiosks were the main transportation organizations in Han Dynasty. The three major requirements of postal communication in Han Dynasty are speed, accuracy and security, which are consistent with the requirements of modern postal services. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to strengthen international economic and cultural exchanges, an international postal route was established, the most famous of which was the Silk Road. The important historical materials of the post office in Han Dynasty come from unearthed wooden slips. Beacon communication in Han Dynasty is an important part of military communication, with strict regulations and inspection system. Generally speaking, it is five miles and one whistle, ten miles and one pier, thirty miles and one fort, and a hundred miles and one city. In the sealing of official documents, the method of mud sealing was adopted in the Han Dynasty, that is, special clay was sealed on the knot outside the bamboo slips, and the mud was sealed to prevent leakage. Posthouse is a communication organization for delivering official documents in Han Dynasty, but it is limited to delivering urgent and important official documents. The transmission mode is mainly light and fast, and one is set every 30 miles on the main traffic line. According to the unearthed Han bamboo slips, the specific workflow of the post office in Han Dynasty includes sealing, delivering, time limit and inspection. In addition to receiving past officials and transporting goods, the post office in Han Dynasty was mainly responsible for the delivery of official documents and letters. Sending urgent papers to Ma Chuan, or using the post office, or sending special personnel, is called "late trip" for short in Chinese. After China entered the Eastern Han Dynasty, wars were frequent, the communication tools were replaced by fast horses, and Jia was gradually renamed as Yi or Yi Jia.
The forerunner of the integration of post station and postal service
Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties ended the separation of post and post in Qin and Han Dynasties, and initiated the integration of post and post in Sui and Tang Dynasties. This occupies an important position in the postal history of China. The so-called "east-west postal service, facing each other from top to bottom, forming a good alliance and creating new things" is the grand occasion of postal service in Shu and Wu. In the aspect of spreading symbols, Cao Wei not only inherited the bronze dragon symbol and bamboo ambassador of Han Dynasty, but also created another token-letter flag. The post office in the Jin Dynasty was a transitional period, which was run by Facao and gradually changed to be run by soldier Cao or coachman Lang. In Jeff's traffic, from the central to the local, although the Southern Dynasties still kept the symbol of Jin Hu and the symbol of bamboo elephant, they relied more on the symbol of Shangshu and imperial edict. The communication organizations in the Northern Dynasties basically developed towards the trend of postal integration. In the early years of Sui Dynasty, the centralized state machinery was strengthened. In terms of communication, there were libraries, post offices and stations. The post station in the Sui Dynasty was called Post Biography, which belonged to the Ministry of War, and was changed to the driving department in the Tang Dynasty. Song dynasty generally followed the method of Tang dynasty, adding emergency delivery shops to deal with emergency military mail. The biggest difference between the postal service in Sui and Tang Dynasties and the previous generation is that postal service and postal delivery are completely integrated. The domestic post road in Sui and Tang Dynasties is the most important post road from Chang 'an to Jianghuai via Luoyang. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, a network of post roads with Chang 'an as the center and extending in all directions was built. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the post offices were laid on the post roads, which were generally both communication offices and official guest houses. The nature of documents in Sui and Tang Dynasties can be divided into two types: one is imperial edicts and documents issued by the central government to local governments; The other is the documents submitted by local governments to the central authorities. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the communication between the border and the wartime was mainly bonfire communication, which was closely related to the post station. In mainland China, military documents are generally delivered by mail except by hand. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, after the establishment of local governments, the northern minorities also had their own communication institutions. For example, when there are no characters, Turks use gold arrows as letters and seal them with wax. The postal system in Sui and Tang Dynasties formed a complete management system, including administration and supervision. The central management organization of the post office in Tang Dynasty was Shangshu Province. Documents in Sui and Tang Dynasties are usually sealed with envelopes, stationery or bamboo tubes, and the delivery personnel put them in their back pockets for delivery. The famous "Mrs. Song's Travel Map" is a precious mural depicting a messenger carrying letters with a bag on his back. The scale of post offices in Sui and Tang Dynasties was different, and there were strict regulations in the Six Codes of Tang Dynasty: Duting Post Office could have 75 horses and 25 postmen; A first-class post office can have 60 horses and 20 postmen. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Baocheng Post Station in Liangzhou (now Baocheng County, Shaanxi Province) was once called "the first post station in the world" in history. The central management organization of the post office in the Tang Dynasty was the Ministry of Military Affairs of Shangshu Province, which changed the system that the post office was managed by Facao in the Han and Wei Dynasties.
The post office in Sui and Tang Dynasties was quite large. In the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, there were 1 0,639 post stations, including 297 land posts 1 0,297 water posts and 86 land posts, and more than 20,000 people were engaged in post stations. In the communication organization of the Tang regime, there was a team mainly composed of camels, called "camel messengers", which was used for the emergency transmission of military aircraft in the frontier. Due to frequent exchanges between China and Japan, the organization of church associations was also introduced to Japan. The tasks, equipment, tools and methods of post offices established in Japan are generally based on this; By the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Japan had 4 14 post stations. In the Tang dynasty, there were post stations all over the country, including 70 miles by land and 30 miles by car, and 300 miles by Japanese for urgent delivery. In the Tang Dynasty, the earliest newspaper in China, Kaiyuan Zabao, appeared, which was directly delivered to all the states or our times. The basic principles of postal organization communication in the Song Dynasty are "limited rice" and "limited transmission".
In the Song Dynasty, there were two postal agencies: the Ministry of War and the Privy Council. In the Song Dynasty, all the documents sent by special personnel or horses were sealed in a tube in front of officials, which was called "sealed delivery". In the Northern Song Dynasty, there were four basic delivery quotas: 200 Li, 300 Li, 400 Li and 500 Li. The book "Comfort in Today" collected in Yongle Dadian is a compilation of laws and regulations on service in Song Dynasty, and it is also a relatively complete communication method in ancient China so far. In the Song Dynasty, due to the emperor's attention and the need of war, military communication was very developed. Shen Kuo wrote in the book Meng Qian Bi Tan: "Urgent delivery is the fastest, and only the army can use it." Gold-plated express delivery was originally established in Song Shenzong to serve military needs. The golden signboard in Song Dynasty is a kind of communication signboard. It is made of wood, carved with red paint, and engraved with the words "Imperial character, no entry into the store", and the transmission speed is faster than that of ordinary express delivery. A set of relatively sound delivery institutions, especially urgent delivery institutions, established in the Northern Song Dynasty were inherited by later dynasties and continued until the late Qing Dynasty. The post station is an institution that delivers government documents, and private messages are prohibited for a long time. It was not until 985 AD that Emperor Song Taizong issued a decree to his officials, allowing them to deliver letters to the post office from home. The existing site of a pavilion in Gusu, located in Suzhou, was built in Shaoxing in the Song Dynasty, 14. The famous couplet inscribed for this postal kiosk in the tenth year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty is "The guest has the right to make tea in the inn, and the lamp is hung on the Mingyue postal kiosk to reflect the distant Xujiang River". In order to ensure the delivery speed of postal service in Song Dynasty, the organization was "geographical unity" (according to geographical conditions); In terms of time limit, it requires "caution"; In terms of layout, it is necessary to "spread across libraries"; In terms of supervision and inspection, the system of "divided patrol jurisdiction" is relatively perfect. In Song Dynasty, delivery was a direct communication organization. There were also delivery shops in Song Dynasty, which can be divided into three types: step delivery, horse delivery and express delivery. Compared with the post office in the Song Dynasty, the delivery shop has three advantages: first, the distance is short and there are many institutions; The second is all-weather relay transmission; The third is to go deep into the mainland and form a large-scale communication network extending in all directions. In order to communicate between the central and local governments, and between the rear and the front, the Southern Song Dynasty successively set up "reprimand" and "deployment" in the southeast coastal and border areas, and issued emergency documents. The earliest ancient local post office in China was a shop for delivering documents and personal letters, which was founded in the Southern Song Dynasty. In China's historical biography, Hao Jing in the Southern Song Dynasty was the first person who successfully used Hongyan to deliver letters.
The Yuan Dynasty inherited the old system and the Ministry of War managed the post station. At the same time, the Yuan government set up a specialized agency within the central government-the General Political Institute, which was in charge of the national post offices. In the Yuan Dynasty, a post station was set up with Dao (Zhou) as the hub. In the Yuan Dynasty, the agency specialized in delivering official documents was the Express Shop. The symbols of Chiyi brand commonly used in the Yuan Dynasty include Jinyinyuan brand, Christina brand and imperial edict of spreading horses.
Disadvantages of postal service in Ming dynasty
The central organ in charge of postal services in the Ming Dynasty was the Ministry of War, which was a driver and cleaner. In the Ming Dynasty, besides the Ministry of War, there was also an institution closely related to postal services, namely the General Political Department. Station, delivery and shop are closely combined and complement each other, which has become the three basic organizational forms of postal services in Ming Dynasty. "Yan Fu" is the proof (certificate or passport) that the tolerance personnel have passed the post. It is strictly forbidden to pass through the post without strict reply. In the Ming Dynasty, there were three types of Fu Yan, Fu Yan and Huo Yan. Ming Post, which was founded during the Hongwu period of Ming Dynasty, started from the following aspects: correcting the name of the post, opening the postal route, caring about postal delivery, formulating the postal system, strictly enforcing the law and discipline, and punishing corrupt officials. The express delivery network in Ming Dynasty centered on the general shops in front of the county (state) and radiated in all directions, one by one, forming a nationwide delivery network and connecting with Shuima Post Station. Under the dual leadership of political envoys and provincial judges, the postal service in Ming Dynasty was dominated by provincial judges. In the early Ming Dynasty, Huitong Pavilion in the capital was the hub of the State Post Bureau. The disadvantages of postal services in Ming Dynasty are mainly manifested in two aspects, namely: first, collecting postal money, levying exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees, and harming the people; The second is to support the postman in extortion, corruption and bribery. In Qing Dynasty, postal service was composed of six organizations: postal service, station, pond, station, station and shop. The basic principles of determining the postal time limit in Qing Dynasty are: defining the time limit on time and delivering according to the time limit; According to local conditions, treat them differently; Choose a shortcut, secretions will compete. The communication in Qing Dynasty was carried out through two channels: flood and drought post network with post station as the main body and BBK post network with post station as the main body. Huanghuayi in Qing Dynasty was the post station where the capital was located, and also the general hub of postal delivery in China.
Provisions on expediting goods in Qing dynasty
In the Qing dynasty, ordinary official documents of government agencies at home and abroad were delivered by express delivery. According to its nature and content, official documents in Qing dynasty can be divided into three ways: one is mailing, the other is express delivery, and the third is express delivery. In order to achieve higher delivery efficiency on the ancient post road, the Qing government carried out a series of changes and transformations on the post office. First, "cut off the post office and return it to the county." Rolling a list is a list, which is a single form attached when sending an urgent document. It was first used in Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty. In order to solve the contradiction between the universality of communication demand and the limitation of postal delivery, the Qing government generally set up "county delivery" in counties without postal services to contact local communications and make up for the shortage of trunk postal routes. The establishment of post offices in Qing dynasty was more common than that in previous dynasties. The organization of the State Post Office in the Qing Dynasty was composed of nearly 2,000 post offices, more than 70,000 postmen, more than 40,000 delivery shops and more than 40,000 soldiers. Its scale and number of outlets exceeded that of any previous dynasty in breadth and depth. In the Qing Dynasty, the appearance of "flying at once" changed the function of the post station from indirectly serving the messenger to directly undertaking the communication affairs, accepting and delivering urgent items, thus greatly changing the function of the post station. Two official communication systems in Qing dynasty, one is the delivery communication system with "post" as the main body; The other is a step-by-step communication system based on "shops". After the semi-paralysis of postal communication institutions in the Qing Dynasty, a large number of ordinary official documents flocked to Malaysia, so the so-called "postal transmission" appeared. The basic principles of official document delivery in Qing Dynasty are "giving priority to each delivery" and "giving priority to the postal journey according to the seriousness of the matter". Shufuya was an institution that delivered documents during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Chen wrote in Jinling Chronicle Poem: "Only the sloping wall, when the documents are riding, they will come and go on credit. I am anxious about Ma Yun, and my heart is like a servant. " This is a vivid portrayal of Shu Fuya and Yi Cha. Our National Information Bureau was born in the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, and all the national information bureaus in China stopped at 1935, 1. People's Information Bureau can be divided into two categories according to its different transmission scope. One is the bureau that mainly delivers domestic letters and remittances, and the other is the bureau that mainly delivers communications and remittances of overseas Chinese and their families.
The "logistics" organization form of escort agencies that can not be ignored
In the history of China, it is similar to the nature of postal delivery. It can be said to be an escort agency, but the post office is dedicated to escorting some letters for the court. It can be seen that the limitations of the post office are limited to the imperial court, while some commercial exchanges between the people have no security mechanism. So in the early Qing Dynasty, with the rise of China's financial industry, escort agencies gradually appeared. Escort agency, also known as escort agency, is an organization that protects people's property or personal safety with money and martial arts. In the old society, the traffic was inconvenient, and tourists were hard and unsafe, so there was a escort, which was the embryonic form of bodyguards in escort agencies. With the increasing complexity of social life, escort agencies undertake more and more extensive work. Not only will ordinary private property be guaranteed, but the reimbursement paid by local officials will also be transported by escort agencies. Because the escort agencies have connections with various places or have semicolons, some remittance services are also undertaken by the escort agencies. Later, guards, banks, etc. And the escort agency sent someone. The post station we mentioned just now is specially used to escort some letters coming and going from Chaoshan, forming the earliest letter dart; By the middle of Qing Dynasty, with the rise of financial industry (the appearance of draft banks), the main business of Escort Agency was to escort silver escorts for draft banks, forming two escort departments of Escort Agency. Silver darts and ticket darts; By the end of the Qing Dynasty, with the gradual decline of the ticket number, the main business objects of the Escort Agency were changed to some rich and distinguished guests who escorted some clothes, goods, jewelry and personal safety, and three dart systems, namely grain dart, material dart and personal dart, were formed, which was the six dart system adopted by the Escort Agency. There are six kinds of darts: letter darts, ticket darts, silver darts, grain darts, physical darts and human darts.
Escort bodyguards mainly include land and water. When an escort goes on the road, he must not only know martial arts, but also know the lip code in the Jianghu, that is, jargon, so as to deal with the fugitives who rob the escort. When you run, if you find thorns on the road, you must be prepared to meet the robbers. If we climb to the origin of friendship and agree with each other, we can pass it smoothly. Otherwise, you have to rely on martial arts.
Escort agencies not only rely on the existence of bandits in Jianghu, but also have close ties with Jianghu. Some Jianghu rangers targeted by the government can't be caught if they live in the escort agency after entering the city. On the one hand, escort companies are very powerful, on the other hand, escort companies often have supporters. For example, Li Hongzhang is the backstage of Beijing Huiyou Escort Agency. After the social development, with the opening of trains, cars and ships, the escort agencies gradually became unsustainable, and the eight major escort agencies in Beijing closed down one after another. Friends escort agency with a history of more than 300 years closed on 192 1.
The Introduction of Modern Logistics after the Late Qing Dynasty
Although the concept of "logistics" is different in different countries, different institutions and different times, the earliest document record of modern logistics activities is in Britain. 19 18, Lord Hamm of Unilivre, England, established "Instant Distribution Co., Ltd." to deliver the goods to wholesalers, retailers and users all over the country in time. During World War II, the United States used the term "logistics management" for the first time in wartime arms supply to comprehensively manage the transportation, supply and stationing of arms. After World War II, the word "logistics" was borrowed by Americans into enterprise management and called "business logistics". Enterprise logistics refers to the comprehensive management of supply and marketing, transportation, warehousing and other activities of enterprises.
According to the records of Japan Logistics Management Association, since 1950s, Japan's economy has basically recovered to the level before World War II, and enterprises have made large-scale equipment investment and transformation, and their technical level has been continuously improved and productivity has been greatly improved. 1955, the production headquarters was established. In order to improve the logistics information network of production efficiency in the circulation field and ensure the smooth operation and development of the economy, the group organized a large-scale investigation team headed by Izawa Daoxiong to visit the United States in the autumn of 1956. At that time, the word "logistics" did not exist in Japan, and the name of the delegation was "professional investigation team of circulation technology". During the delegation's stay in the United States, Mr. Kembas, a famous American professor, said that one of the reasons for the smooth development of the national economy in the United States in the past 30 years is that it attaches importance to both production efficiency and circulation efficiency.
After returning to China, the Japanese delegation proposed to the government to attach importance to logistics, and set off the PD Enlightenment in the industry. Established PD research institute in Japan Energy Association, and invited Mr. Naoki Hirahara, director of loading and unloading research institute and president of Japan Loading and Unloading Association, who is known as the "father of logistics" in Japan, as the president to hold PD seminars every month; In the Institute of Circulation Economics, Professor Lin Tuer, an authoritative Japanese logistics scholar, also organized a PD seminar and actively carried out various forms of enlightenment education activities.
After eight years of efforts, the Japanese government finally began to pay attention to PD from 65438 to 0964. The Ministry of International Trade and Industry has invited Mr. Naoko Pingyuan to government agencies for many times to explain the importance of PD and give lectures to government officials. In July of the same year, when the Ministry of International Trade and Industry decided to discuss the logistics budget, it was worried that the news media said that PD Japanese people could not understand it, so it invited Mr. Naoki Pingyuan to discuss with Mr. 90,000 Neishan, the special director of Japan Express Company.
The Origin of China Logistics Terms
The Japanese delegation visiting China in 1970s introduced the concept of "logistics" to China. Since then, the earliest logistics records in China have gradually faded out of the sight of Chinese people, and logistics (first party logistics, second party logistics, third party logistics, fourth party logistics and fifth party logistics) has gradually become the focus of research and application. China's logistics terminology standard also defines logistics as: logistics is a process in which the functions of transportation, storage, loading and unloading, handling, packaging, distribution processing, distribution and information processing are organically combined to meet the requirements of users during the physical flow of goods from suppliers to receivers. Since then, the history of the post station has completely disappeared from the sight of modern people, and China logistics has been transformed. The history of flashing wisdom has also changed in blunt textbooks. We can't help asking why the distribution management, logistics management and supply chain management of logistics have not solved the problem that the total logistics cost accounts for a high proportion of GDP in China in the past 30 years. You can only show off under the guise of logistics supply chain management consulting services, third-party logistics services and fourth-party logistics, otherwise it may be considered as "antiques"!
However, although China people can't solve the core problem of engines in a short time, they won't feel inferior enough to deny that they are from China! We believe that the power of justice still exists, the behavior of justice still exists, and the sense of national hardship swept by the "tide" still exists, as long as we treat them well and make good use of them.