In the past, the funds needed for geological exploration in Russia mainly came from the federal budget, the federal main budget and the funds of the Reproduction Committee of the mineral raw material base. After several years of reform, the Reproduction Committee of mineral raw material base was completely abolished in 2002. At present, it is mainly composed of three parts: federal budget funds, funds from the federal main budget funds and funds from underground resource users (Table 3- 1).
Table 3-1geological exploration fund unit from 2003 to 2006: 100 million rubles
From Table 3- 1, it can be seen that in 2005, compared with the previous year, the funds allocated by the federal budget for geological exploration actually increased by nearly 2 times, and the funds for users of underground resources increased by more than 70% compared with 2003, while the funds allocated by the federal main budget decreased greatly. Table 3-2 Various sources of funds for different types of geological exploration.
Table 3-2 Geological Exploration from Various Sources of Funds
In 2005, according to the work direction, geological prospecting itself accounted for 70%, followed by production-project work 18%, and marine geological prospecting work accounted for 9% (Figure 3-3).
According to the minerals of solid minerals, precious metals and diamonds account for 57%, followed by uranium 14%, nonferrous metals 10% and ferrous metals 9% (Figure 3-4).
Figure 3-3 Composition of Geological Exploration Expenses of Solid Minerals in 2005
Figure 3-4 Distribution of Geological Prospecting by Solid Mineral Types in 2005
In 2005, according to the distribution of federal entities, Siberia and the Far East accounted for more than half of the federal budget allocation for solid minerals, of which Siberia was 6.5438+0.0632 million rubles, accounting for 32.2% of the federal budget allocation; The Far East is 874.9 million rubles, accounting for 26.5% of the federal budget allocation; Followed by the world ocean, 324.9 million rubles, accounting for 9.8% of the federal budget allocation (Figure 3-5).
Oil and natural gas have always been the focus of Russian geological work. In 2005, the total expenditure of the federal budget for oil and gas geological exploration reached 4.5 billion rubles, nearly double that of 2004 (2.3 billion rubles in 2004).
Second, the distribution of geological survey work by the Ministry of Natural Resources in recent years
In 2004, the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation allocated a total of 654.38+64 billion rubles for geological survey and special work, accounting for 23% of the total federal budget in 2004, which was used for the production of mineral raw materials bases, of which 255 million rubles were used for the regional research of the Russian continental shelf and the Antarctic Sea. The work was carried out at 137, and the summary report was completed at 47.
Figure 3-5 Distribution of Federal Budget by Federal District and World Ocean in 2005
The work plan for 2005 includes 65,438+065 goals, of which 90 are continuous and 75 are new. It is necessary to allocate 654.38+0.3 billion rubles for continuing work and 980 million rubles for new projects, totaling 2,365.438+0.465.438+0 billion rubles.
See Table 3-3 for the distribution of funds and expenses in these two years.
Table 3-3 Allocation of Geological Exploration Funds of Russian Ministry of Natural Resources in 2004 and 2005
About 50% of the funds are used for high-value raw materials, about 25% for raw materials in extreme shortage, and the remaining 25% is used to complete the supporting tasks of the existing mineral raw material bases (including placer gold) of mining enterprises, as well as to meet local needs and the work of the same subject.
Three. Progress of regional geological work of the Ministry of Natural Resources in 2004
The main task of the National Geological Survey in 2004 is to predict, discover and evaluate the mineral raw material resources in areas with low research level, meet the demand of relevant industrial departments for information on underground resources, and predict the geological effects that endanger human life and health.
Guarantee the geological research of underground resources and the reproduction plan of mineral raw material base in Russia with reliable and highly predictable general geological information; According to the results of regional geological and geophysical work, establish a database of ore-forming points that are recommended for further study, including establishing a comprehensive geological information package for special purposes to show the prospective areas of census work; Using multi-purpose geological data (first of all, the national geological map) to ensure the general economic activities of the country.
The above tasks were completed by the Bureau of Geological Foundation, Scientific Research and Information under the Underground Resources Utilization Bureau of the Federal Ministry of Natural Resources established in 2004, which is mainly responsible for geological survey and special work. The results can be divided into four categories: geological survey, geological prediction, general survey and economic management.
1. Geological survey work
In 2004, more than 20 sets of rough geological maps, geochemical maps, geophysical maps and structural maps were compiled and published, describing the global, regional and regional metallogenic classification models. The most important thing is the comprehensive map of geological contents of Central Asia, southern Eastern Europe platform and Ural-Mongolia fold belt.
The key link in the comprehensive formulation of the unified system of regional geological and geophysical information is to map all the geological contents of the federal area and the federal subject into GIS.
As a result of these efforts, modern geological and geophysical models and prediction models have been developed in geophysical profiles of European Russia, central Siberia and northeast China, and it is suggested to arrange the prediction and general survey of various minerals.
Due to the work of ultra-deep wells in Kola and Ural, brand-new deep metallogenic data have been obtained. Tracking the change of physical field greatly expands the depth of mineral prediction.
The total cost of geological survey in 2004 was 493.3 million rubles.
2. Predicting geological work
Predicting geological information is helpful to discover metallogenic regularity, which is mainly concentrated in 1 ∶ 1 10,000 national geological map. Forty such maps have been completed, covering a total area of about 3 million square kilometers. Advanced and synchronous geochemical, geophysical and remote sensing work has greatly improved the information content of geological maps.
According to these results, 72 ore-forming bodies are divided, and it is suggested that the next stage of work should be carried out and these ore-forming bodies should be positively evaluated.
In Buryat and Chita, the prospect of discovering gold industrial deposits has been greatly improved, and more than 400 tons of gold predicted resources have been evaluated.
A new type of copper mineralization containing platinum, palladium and gold was discovered in Jamard-Nenets layered intrusive complex in the Urals region of the polar region, and detailed prediction and exploration work is planned to continue here.
In the hydrogeologic survey conducted in Avon Autonomous Region and southern China, the human action zone of groundwater pollution was divided in an area of 50,000 square kilometers, and the protected drinking water source was delineated.
According to the small-scale geochemical work completed in North Urals, Karelia, East Baikal, Binhai, Kamchatka and East Siberia, metal metallogenic belts, mining areas and ore nodules with potential high resources are divided, and the next stage of geological exploration in these areas is ready.
The total annual cost of producing various geological maps of1:110,000 is 202.4 million rubles.
3. Census work
The national geological map of1∶ 200,000 was mapped at 22 points. Twenty-eight sets of maps based on previous years' measurements were submitted to the Scientific Editorial Committee.
In addition, the gravity survey of1∶ 200,000 has been completed and 26 national gravity maps will be published.
In the process of mesoscale investigation, combined with the data of previous work, important achievements have been made, dozens of prospective areas have been discovered, and the predicted resources of gold, diamond, platinum group elements, titanium, zirconium, silver, chromite and other minerals in these areas have been calculated. The most important ones are Karelia with diamond prospect and Sol Tabar mine in China. There is a gold prospect in the Volgutin area of the tin Bortsov mine; A series of ore occurrences in Bashi Kiriya * * and Yumagajin areas of China have the prospect of manganese, copper and phosphate rock; Diamond-producing areas in Upper Kamm, Perm; Buryatia and the gold-bearing exploration areas in the country.
Advanced geochemical work has been carried out in Hantmansi Autonomous Region and northern Urals, China, and three geochemical regions have been divided, which have a golden prospect.
Sahayakut * * and the Mesoscale Gravity Survey of the Republic of China divided four scenic spots, and arranged gold and silver prediction and general survey.
The competitive results of medium-scale geological survey are delineated prediction resources, which have been depicted on the comprehensive map.
In 2004, the total appropriation for producing medium-scale geological survey maps was 6,543,800+68,500,000 rubles. Working at 35. Experts from this institute suggested that more than 0/000 national geological maps of Tu Tu1∶ 200,000 be compiled.
4. Operational geological work
Business geological information is a necessary condition for normal business activities and effective development of national economy. Maps with geological contents are used for civil and industrial construction, geological environment monitoring, dangerous effects and phenomena prediction, improving land use efficiency, protecting underground resources and maintaining national defense capabilities.
In 2004, based on the monitoring of hydrological ground deformation and geophysical fields in the North Caucasus, Sakhalin, Primorsky Krai, Altai-Sayan, Kamchatka and Bin Amur, the evaluation of geological environment and geodynamic conditions in major earthquake-prone areas in Russia was completed. Send a report to the earthquake prediction information analysis center every 10 day.
According to the resolution of the government of the Russian Federation, military geological work is carried out within the framework of implementing national defense orders.
Geological environment monitoring has been carried out in all major territories of the Russian Federation. Routine observation was carried out at 5500 hydrogeological observation points and 1 150 observation points for the development of dangerous exogenous geological processes. This information is sent to other relevant federal ministries and administrative agencies of federal entities.
15 to carry out the national geological information security work. The data of the Federal Geological Information Bureau, the original data files, the national mineral reserves balance table, and the geological research registration of underground resources have all been guaranteed and supplemented. Groundwater development reserves registration, national geological exploration work registration. A database has been established, analytical reports and statistical reports on scientific and technical information have been compiled, a set of scientific methods and an annual report on the international market of mineral raw materials have been published, and a "national report on the present situation and utilization of mineral raw material bases in the Russian Federation" has been compiled.
Within the framework of the international plan, basic geological research has been carried out in the Arctic and Antarctic, Finland, Scandinavia, Central Asia and Caucasus. These studies have been highly praised internationally and promoted the arrangement of new work according to the national plan. The leaders of the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Underground Resources Utilization Bureau held working meetings with foreign natural resources utilization leaders at a series of international conferences.
In 2004, * * * spent about 776 million rubles to obtain operational geological information.
Table 3-4 lists the workload completed by the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources in 2003 and 2004 and the workload planned for 2005.
Table 3-4 Main types and workload of work completed and planned by Russian Ministry of Natural Resources in 2003-2005
sequential
Four. Regional geological work of the Ministry of Natural Resources in 2005
The Bureau of Geological Foundation, Science and Technology Information under the Federal Underground Resources Utilization Bureau of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation is responsible for completing regional geological work. In 2005, work was carried out in eight directions and 169 targets, with an allocation of about 2.3 billion rubles.
One of the main work directions of the bureau is to carry out regional geological-geophysical and geological surveys. The main achievements of the Bureau in 2005 are:
1) updated and expanded the GIS maps of seven federal districts;
2) 40 templates of modern geological basic maps have been compiled, of which 20 have been published;
3) Complete the evaluation of metallogenic potential at the scale of 5000 km2 1: 1 10,000;
4) Completed the geological survey and detailed investigation within 55,000 square kilometers1∶ 200,000;
5) A set of national geological maps of Zhang Lu Shelf Area 1 ∶ 1 100 million has been compiled;
6) Put forward suggestions on the general survey layout of 45 scenic spots;
7) Templates have been made for the small-scale geological map of the Ural-Mongolia fold belt and the following Russian land maps: Russian cosmological map, Russian geophysical map, Russian geochemical map, Russian land metallogenic prediction general map, Russian-Chinese oil and gas pipeline area preliminary prediction geochemical map, and several sets of digital maps of mineral raw material resources geology, present situation and utilization in CIS and other countries;
8) Commencing the compilation of digital spatial geological maps of Russia, exclusive geochemical maps of ore bodies at all levels, and GIS maps of neighboring areas of Russia, CIS countries and other countries;
9) Provide methodological support and other accompanying work for regional geological geophysical work and geological survey, formulate multi-objective comprehensive geological research strategy for Russian territory, divide high-resource metallogenic technologies, provide isotope-geochemistry and geochronology support, establish a registration and monitoring system for metallogenic potential and predicted resources, and systematize and organize the preservation of data, files and cartographic materials;
10) has completed the study of underground geological structure and the evaluation of oil and gas prospect in the Mosen Sea, and obtained new information on mineralization in the eastern Antarctic.
1. Geological survey and mapping work
In recent years, the demand for national geological survey 1∶ 1 Wanhe1∶ 200,000 surveying and mapping data has been increasing.
According to the survey data on the scale of 1 ∶ 1 10,000, it is suggested to arrange 27 maps and 22 lots in the next few years, including precious metal 14, ferrous metal 2, nonferrous metal 3 and nonmetal 3.
According to the survey data on the scale of1∶ 200,000, it is suggested to predict and evaluate 27 lots, including precious metal lot 18, non-ferrous metal lot 5, rare metal lot 2 and diamond lot 2.
The establishment of national geological-geophysical profile network, parametric well network and ultra-deep well network is another important direction of regional geological work, and the research of sea area is carried out in the 12 continuation project and eight competition projects.
The data of deep crust profile are obtained by Gong××× depth point method, refraction correlation method and magnetotelluric sounding method. These materials have become the geological and geophysical basis for metallogenic prediction and demonstration of the new development direction of mineral raw material bases in many areas.
The most brilliant achievement is to determine the deep structure of the Mendeleev Mountains in the Arctic Ocean, which is very important for understanding the characteristics of the continental shelf in this area.
2. Special geological work
It is carried out in two directions: gravity survey and military geology.
Four continuation projects and four competition projects continued to work, and 1 project completed the closing report.
Compile and prepare to publish 26 national gravity maps with the scale of1∶ 200,000, which will serve as the geophysical basis for the prediction and survey of various minerals and oil and gas; The electronic version of 60 original national gravity maps with the scale of1∶ 200,000 was compiled. The reinterpretation of gravity survey data was completed in1∶ 200,000 national gravity survey map 163. Gravity survey was carried out in Sayakout, krasnoyarskiy kray and Novosibirsk within 2 1600 square kilometers with the scale of1∶ 200,000.
The military geological work carried out according to the resolution of the Russian Federation government was carried out in the 1 project, including 45 small projects, and the national defense order task was completed and the report was compiled.
3. Geological and geophysical work of earthquake prediction
Mainly in the earthquake danger zone. In 5 continuation projects and 2 new projects. Two projects have finished their final reports.
Based on the observation data of geodynamic field (65 wells), gas-water geochemical field and geophysical field (4 target areas), the hydrogeologic deformation basis and geophysical basis for short-term earthquake prediction and evaluation of seismic geodynamic activities in earthquake danger areas are established.
Based on the data of seismic converted wave method (905 km) and magnetotelluric sounding method (850 km), the deep geophysical foundation for establishing deep seismic structural zoning in North Caucasus, Altai-Sayan region and Far East region has been completed.
According to the prediction of the Russian Academy of Sciences that a strong earthquake may occur in kamchatka peninsula, the information of hydrogeological deformation field in the Far East is reported to the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations every quarter.
4 national hydrogeology, engineering geology and ecological geology survey.
This work was carried out in 8 continuation projects and 12 competition projects. Two projects have finished their final reports.
The templates of hydrogeology, engineering geology and geo-ecological map with scale of1:2.5 million, 1: 1 10,000 and1:500,000 in Russia were compiled. Preliminary geological environment assessments were conducted in Volga, Hobil, Azov-Kuban, Leningrad, Volga, Sur gravity flow basin and Vitruz gravity flow basin, and basic hydrogeological templates of 65,438+0 ∶ 65,438+0,000,000 and 65,438+0 ∶ 500,000 were established. The hydrogeological research area increased by 50,000 square kilometers.
The most remarkable achievement is to evaluate the geological environment in areas with strong human activities (Kursk magnetic anomaly area, Kuznets coal basin, Krasnoyarsk industrial zone in central China, Russian coastal black soil belt and Sakhalin Island (sakhalin island)), and to predict the changes of groundwater quality and resources.
5. Geological environment monitoring and protection
In 2005, the plan and method of this work have changed greatly. New targets and 1 comprehensive targets in seven federal districts were monitored. Greatly improved the work efficiency and achieved the following results:
The geological evaluation of Russian territory, North Sea and southern continental shelf was completed in the national benchmark network and the federal target area.
The geological environment reports of 89 federal entities and continental shelf in 2004 were compiled.
In 2006, the regional prediction of the development of dangerous geological processes was completed;
The seasonal variation of groundwater level in 2005 ~ 2006 is predicted.
6. National geological information security work
1 point, and the final geological report will be completed.
The main results are as follows:
Establish, preserve and organize the utilization of national geological, underground resources utilization and mineral resources information;
Manage and supplement the national register of mineral deposits and occurrences, compile and publish the national balance table of mineral reserves, and manage and supplement various documents and charts of geological research in Russia;
Developing and using the national geological information database;
Manage geological exploration work books, license materials and underground resources utilization licenses, and prepare reports submitted by local authorities on underground resources utilization and achievements.
7. The subject and experimental design of geological research of underground resources and reproduction of mineral raw material base.
Two new targets. Therefore:
Formulate, negotiate and implement the plan of the Federal Underground Resources Utilization Bureau to participate in the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum (June 200513 ~16);
Organize and ensure the Federal Underground Resources Utilization Bureau to participate in the exhibition "Mineral Raw Materials Resources of CIS" within the framework of St. Petersburg International Economic Forum;
Prepare a set of exhibition information materials of the Federal Underground Resources Utilization Bureau, and compile and publish a series of international activities of the Federal Underground Resources Utilization Bureau;
Organized a series of planned international conferences attended by leaders of geological departments of various countries.
In 2005, the Ministry of Natural Resources made a breakthrough in geological prospecting.
In 2005, the federal budget funds tripled, the funds allocated to each project were stable, and the technical equipment could be fully met. The main achievements of solid mineral investigation and exploration were as follows.
1. South Russia
1) to divide stavropol Ti-Zr ore-bearing areas. According to the obtained data of sand deposits, it is better than the known deposits in China. Under the condition of active development, the import of this mineral can be completely stopped.
2) Previous information about gold mineralization in the North Caucasus was scattered, but it was not until 2005 that we had a systematic understanding of the gold-bearing nature of black schist formation and volcanic rock formation. According to the types of geological structures, the gold-bearing belts in the North Caucasus can be divided. Previously, the prospect of the North Caucasus was traditionally considered to be related to the development of non-ferrous metal deposits. Now, the new data of industrial gold content accumulated in many areas show that it is expected to find 30-50 tons of economically recoverable gold reserves here.
3) The Dnieper-Donets gold belt similar to the North Caucasus gold belt was discovered, and the Dnieper-Donets basin was traditionally considered to be related to coal mining.
Considering the recently discovered components (titanium zirconium placer, gold, bentonite, various nonmetallic minerals, polymetallic materials and oil and gas raw materials), it is suggested to establish a new regional industrial complex in southern Russia and comprehensively develop underground resources in this area.
2. Southern Siberia
1) divides the northern Altai gold belt in southern Siberia, which fundamentally changes the traditional concept of polymetallic mineralization specificity in this area and greatly improves the overall value and investment attraction of this area. According to the results of geochemical exploration and local investigation in the whole region, a new promising gold target area was discovered in 2005, and the predicted gold resources are 20 ~ 80 tons. In addition, in 2005, it was found that there were low-temperature hydrothermal gold and silver-rich deposits in Devonian volcanic rocks.
2) Continue to demonstrate that the potential of the post-Baikal antimony-bearing ore area can be compared with that of the only Saarela-Khe deposit in Yakutia. The discovery in Soronzov area confirms the expected diversity of antimony mineralization and ore-bearing building types, and creates conditions for designing modern mining and metallurgical enterprises here to meet domestic and export needs.
3) The discovery of new uranium-rich sites in Akit Kan and Buerbukhting mining areas in Irkutsk region can re-evaluate the strategic significance of the post-North Baikal uranium mining area and shift the focus of uranium geological exploration work plan to exogenous mineralization. Further increasing the workload of geological exploration here will fundamentally change the crisis situation of uranium reserves in the country.
3. Eastern Russia
1) Xiyangyang silver mine has gradually become a powerful reserve base, which can completely replace the deposit being developed by Magadan and become another silver mine development center in China. According to the number of silver-rich ores discovered in 2005, it can be said that there is still great potential in the Far East, including non-traditional deposits.
2) After two years of investigation, the border gold mines in Primorsky Krai have been listed as attractive areas for investment. For a long time, geological work has been difficult to reach this area. At present, with the discovery of mineralized gold sulfide timely rich ore on May 1 day, it can be said that new promising mining areas will appear on the Russian metallogenic map.
3) The Yang-Kerem gold mine was reborn. Super-large gold mining areas with serious output decline are gradually returning to large mining areas. On the one hand, the work carried out by Polar Joint-stock Company in Natalkin can guarantee gold mining for 30 ~ 40 years; On the other hand, the research conducted in Magadan and Yakutia with the federal budget has greatly expanded the scope of gold deposits and increased their potential by dozens of times.
As a result of the 2005 census, nine new prospective metallogenic areas appeared on the Russian metallogenic map, which is of great significance for consolidating the national mineral raw material base.
In addition, the most important achievement of geological prospecting with the funds of underground resource users is that from the last year 15 to 2005, the gold reserves finally increased greatly, almost twice as much as the previous year. This is because the new deposits-220 tons of Bragodat deposit in krasnoyarskiy kray ("Polar" joint-stock company) and 90 tons of Kuboer deposit in Chukchi Autonomous Prefecture have been provided to the national reserve balance sheet.
In addition to the above achievements, another important achievement in 2005 was to continue to develop the potential of known mining areas.
In recent years, the main problems existing in Russian geological exploration are:
1) The easy-to-mine deposit has been mined, so it is necessary to look for hidden solid deposits that are not exposed to the surface; Oil and gas exploration is concentrated in eastern Siberia and undeveloped areas of continental shelf, and deep resource potential evaluation is being carried out in oil and gas exploration areas.
2) Discovered, extremely small and high-value mineral raw materials are basically underground resources. The exploitation of underground resources by users does not fully meet the conditions of the licensing agreement, nor does it meet the overall economic needs of the region and the country.
3) The formed geological production management system does not meet the requirements of funding and the tasks of the Geological Bureau. Not only in the management link, but also in the quality of the unit personnel who undertake the national ordering task, there is no great potential to be tapped.
4) Implement consumption mechanism in geological exploration and production, especially in geological exploration and production with budgetary allocation. Its performance is to try to complete physical workload without paying attention to the discovery of mineral deposits. Funding is based on the amount of work done, not the result of the work. Most work is done where it is easy, not where it is needed.
5) Some minerals (manganese, barite, bentonite, uranium, chromium, tungsten, etc. ) is very short because of the lack of large discovered deposits.
6) The raw material bases of many existing enterprises have dried up.
7) The mining volume of super-large deposits has declined.
8) The average grade of ore decreases, the flow of oil wells decreases, the number of open-pit mines decreases, and the quality structure of mineral reserves under development deteriorates.
9) The balance between new mineral reserves and mining capacity is destroyed. In fact, the new reserves of all minerals cannot even guarantee simple reproduction.
10) The comprehensive utilization level of mineral raw materials is low, and the mining and processing technology is backward.