The first stage (1949 65438+ 10-1950 June) is the embryonic stage of the planned economic system. By the end of 1949, we confiscated 2858 bureaucratic capitalist industrial enterprises, established state-owned industries (accounting for 78.3% of the national industrial fund), grasped the lifeline of the national economy, and began to establish socialist public ownership. Soon, non-public and private industry and commerce were adjusted, and private enterprises were initially brought into the track of planned production. In terms of organizational structure, 1949 and 10 set up a central financial and economic committee. Later, other central institutions specialized in planning and management were established one after another. For example, the National Organizing Committee, the National Warehouse Material Clearing and Allocation Committee, and the People's Bank of China are designated as the national cash dispatching headquarters. Through these institutions, the state began to directly manage economic activities through administrative instructions. In the winter of 1949, the central government decided to implement a unified national financial and economic management policy, and through the national financial conference held in February of 1950, the "six unifications" were forcibly put forward: the unification of fiscal revenue and expenditure, the unification of public grain, the unification of taxation, the unification of establishment, the unification of trade and the unification of banks. During this period, some plans and measures for developing the national economy were put forward. Such as grain, cotton wool, coal, etc. , arrange the planned production index 1950. During this period, some annual plans were also tried out. For example, at the end of 1949, the draft national fiscal revenue budget of 1950 was compiled, and in May of 1950, the outline of the national economic plan of 1950 was compiled on a trial basis, including more than 20 projects such as agriculture, industry, culture, education and health, which explored the experience for the later preparation of medium-and long-term national economic plans. 1The Third Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held in June 1950 held that during this period, the old social and economic structure was reorganized to varying degrees, and at the same time, the old liberated areas, especially the Northeast, had begun planned economic construction. However, in the newly liberated areas, "the conditions for planned economic construction have not yet been achieved."
The second stage (1June 950-1August 952) is the initial stage of the planned economic system. After the Third Plenary Session of the Seventh CPC Central Committee, it began to create conditions for planned economic construction throughout the country. 1950 In August, the Central Committee held the first national planning work conference to discuss the preparation of the 195 1 year plan and the three-year goal. All departments are required to formulate three-year goals and 1 year plans first, and then the central government will comprehensively draw up the outline of the national plan. After the meeting, although the three-year goal did not form a plan document, it has initially formed the embryonic form of the decision-making level of China's planned economic system. That is, the decision-making power belongs to the state, and the distribution of decision-making power adopts administrative methods, forming a hierarchical structure of compartmentalization. After that, the central government first strengthened the planning and management of state-owned industrial production and capital construction. "In the factory, the unified leadership of the party and government trade unions is implemented with the implementation of the production plan as the center." In terms of capital construction, the construction units are divided into "above the quota" and "below the quota", and traffic construction is determined as the main task. Secondly, in the planning and leadership of agriculture and handicrafts, at the first meeting of mutual assistance and cooperation held in September 195 1, it was proposed that in areas where land reform was completed, the difficulties of farmers' decentralized management could be overcome through mutual assistance and cooperation to ensure the realization of the national agricultural production plan. And actively promote the experience of "joint contracting" system between production mutual aid groups and supply and marketing cooperatives, so that mutual aid groups can produce and consume in a planned way, and supply and marketing cooperatives can operate in a planned way. Contrary to industrial production, the central government requires all localities to incorporate the plan of organizing and developing handicraft production cooperatives into local industrial plans, and take accepting orders from the state and superior cooperatives as the focus of developing handicraft production. Third, on the basis of 1950 adjusting private industry and commerce, private industry and commerce are required to follow the production and marketing plan formulated by the government. At that time, one of the purposes of the "five evils" struggle was to "thoroughly understand the situation of private industry and commerce, so as to unite and control the bourgeoisie and implement the planned economy of the country. If the situation is unknown, it is impossible to carry out a planned economy. " Fourth, in the market management, the national directive requires state-owned trading companies to correctly implement the price policy. In short, the decision-making structure of China's planned economy system was initially formed after the Third Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Under the centralized and unified leadership of the state, all aspects of the national economy began to be comprehensively planned and managed in the form of mandatory economic development plans, and the planned economic system was initially formed. By August 1952, the tasks put forward by the Third Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee had been completed ahead of schedule. Mao Zedong announced at the Standing Committee of the First National Committee of the China People's Political Consultative Conference: "After two and a half years of struggle, the national economy has now recovered and the planned construction has begun."
The third stage (1September 1952-1February 1956) is the basic formation stage of the planned economic system. 1952 September, Mao Zedong put forward the goal of "basically completing socialism from 10 to 15". In order to achieve this goal, the planned economic system has been further improved and confirmed by law. On the basis of various special planning management institutions that have been established, the State Planning Commission 1952 1 1 was established in June, and the Central Committee set up a working group to prepare the draft five-year plan 1954 in April. On the basis of several tests since 195 1, the team formed the first draft of the five-year plan under the guidance of the general line during the transition period. After the statutory examination and approval procedures, the "First Five-Year Plan" was issued by the State Council, requiring all regions and departments to comply with it. 1954, China formulated and promulgated the first constitution. Article 15 of the Constitution stipulates: "The state uses economic plans to guide the development and transformation of the national economy in order to continuously improve productivity, improve people's material and cultural life, and consolidate national independence and security." This shows that the planned economy system has become the legal economic system of China.
In short, in the early days of the People's Republic of China, after socialist transformation, the pursuit of the goal of socialist public ownership was basically realized; In terms of the management form of economic activities, the first five-year plan for national economic development was formulated and promulgated by administrative order, and most of the targets set in the first five-year plan were completed ahead of schedule at the end of 1956. This planned economic system, which operates in real economic life, has been clearly recognized by the people of China and the Constitution of China as a legal economic system of the country. Therefore, by the end of 1956, China's planned economic system was basically formed and had its own characteristics.
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