Basic introduction Chinese name: Sansi Pinyin: Sansi Interpretation: the general name of the three most distinguished official positions: the detailed explanation and source of the quotation in Shangshuzhuan, the brief introduction of the dynasties, Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties, Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, and the detailed explanation of the quotation refers to the three fairs, namely Taiwei (Sima), Situ and Sikong.
"The History of Shun Di in the Later Han Dynasty": "The choice of two thousand stones today belongs to the third division." Li Xian's note: "Three divisions and three publics, namely Taiwei, Sikong and Master Situ."
In the Jin Dynasty, "The Biography of Jin Wengong Meng Qian" Tao Qian "Yuan Ming asked from his father Tai Changkui (Tao Kui),' If you are here, will you be an official?' Answer:' This book is from the Third Division.' "
Zhang Tang's "Inscription on the Princess Tombstone": "Therefore, if you sit down and talk about teaching, you will win in the third division; If there are branches, there are six types of documents. " . In the Tang Dynasty, Imperial Physician, Zhongshu and Menxia were the three departments in charge of prisons. Since Yonghui, Wu Zetian has been in power, and the punishments of Shangshu, Yushitai and Dali Temple are mixed, which is called' Three Divisions'.
"The Official History of the New Tang Dynasty III": "Those who are wronged and have no complaints will be criticized by the Third Division. The third subject is called Imperial History, Chinese Book and Menxia. "
"New Tang Book Criminal Records": "Since Yonghui, Wu Shi has made meritorious deeds, but he has been punished. At that time, the prison was called' three divisions' by Shangshu, Yushitai and Dali Temple. " During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Salt and Iron Division, the Expenditure Division and the Household Division were three divisions in charge of financial management.
"Zi Tongzhi Tang Jian Zhao Xuantian lived in seclusion for three years": (March) Wuyin, with Zhu Quanzhong as the envoy of salt, iron, tax and household. The name of the third division began here. "
"Continued Tongzhi Guansi": "The three divisions began in the late Tang Dynasty, and the five dynasties paid special attention to their duties. In the Song Dynasty, they were in charge of wealth and taxes, all led by important officials. " In Song Dynasty, foreign trade companies were established in Guangzhou, Mingzhou and Hangzhou, which were collectively called three companies.
"Eight Chapters of Song History and Food": "In the ninth year of Xining, Jixian Hall wrote that Cheng Shimeng was invited to Hangzhou and Mingzhou, and all the ships were transferred to Guangzhou No.1 Company. Let Shi Meng talk with the third division in detail. "
Fan Wenlan and Cai Meibiao's General History of China, Chapter 2, Section 2, Part 4: "In 197 1 year, Emperor Taizong destroyed the Southern Han Dynasty, that is, he set up a trading company in Guangzhou. Later, urban shipping companies were established in Hangzhou and Mingzhou. Together with Guangzhou, they were the main foreign trade ports in the Northern Song Dynasty. " The three divisions of Jin Dynasty advised agriculture, salt, iron and expenditure, and abolished chastity. In the Ming Dynasty, there were headquarters departments (headquarters departments), chief secretaries (propaganda and deployment departments) and inspection departments (sentencing inspection departments) in all provinces, which were divided into three departments, namely, military, civil affairs and justice.
"Official History of Ming Dynasty": "The periphery is divided into three divisions: capital, cloth and press, and soldiers are fined for money, and their assessment is subject to officials." At the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was also called "Three Divisions" with Buzheng (or Civil Affairs), Provincial Judge (or Jinshi) and Jinshi.
After Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty, the prime minister was abolished in the central government, and six ministers directly obeyed the emperor. Locally, the provinces of the Yuan Dynasty were abolished, and the Chief Secretary, the Inspection Department and the Ministry of War were established, which were in charge of civil affairs, finance, prisons and military affairs respectively. The origin of the three divisions, before the Tang Dynasty, was the same as the three official positions, and it was the collective name of the three most distinguished official positions in the ancient court of China. This word has been used in the Zhou Dynasty, and scholars in the Western Han Dynasty believe that the three fairs refer to Sima, Situ and Sikong (the three divisions) according to books such as The Great Biography of Shangshu and The Book of Rites. According to Zhou Li, the classical scholars in ancient China believed that teachers, teachers and Taibao were three. There were no three fairs in the Qin Dynasty. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, the people who inherited the Qin system and assisted the emperor in governing the country were mainly prime ministers and censors. There is also the highest military attache Qiu, but I don't buy it often. Since Emperor Wudi, influenced by Confucian classics, Prime Minister, Imperial Advisor and Qiu have been called "Three Fairs". In order to strengthen centralization of authority, Liu Che weakened the power of the prime minister. During the reign of Zhao Kuangyin, Huo Guang served as assistant minister of General Fu. Later, important officials in power, such as Zhang Anshi, Shi Gao and Wang Feng, all held the post of General Fu. So the great Sima Quanling rode above the Prime Minister. In the first year of He Sui (the first eight years), He Wu's suggestion was adopted, and the scholar in the imperial examination was changed to Dasikong, and the salary of Fu and Dasikong was raised to be equal to that of the prime minister, thus establishing a three-metric system in which Fu, Dasikong and the prime minister were the three pillars. I loved Emperor Yuanshou for two years (1), and the name of the Prime Minister was changed to Da Situ, which is exactly the same as the three names mentioned in this article. And put the original Taifu and the newly added Taifu and Taibao above the three fairs, with high titles and no real power. Although there were three pillars at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Fu was still the most important. Dong Xian and follwed, for example, both held this position and were good at politics. In the new era, the three metric systems of the Western Han Dynasty were used. There were three officials in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu (AD 5 1), it was rebuilt to Qiu, Da Situ and Gai Situ. Each of the three fairs has a history of thousands of stones, and each has dozens of people. Take Taiwei as an example. Cao, Cao Dong, Cao Hu, Cao Zou, Cao Ci, cao thief and Cao Cang are in charge of everything. Sangongfu was referred to as Sanfu for short at that time. Taiwei still ranks first in the three fairs. Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, carried out a more extreme centralization of imperial power, and did not make power belong to ministers. In name, he set up three senior officials, but the real power gradually returned to Shangshutai. The emperor, the golden palace, consorts and eunuchs changed their authoritarian power. Dou Xian and Liang Ji, consorts, are all worshipped as generals, and generals have official positions, ranking three. The three fairs are not only subject to ministers, but also to consorts, eunuchs and some even their confidants. According to scholars, the prime minister assisted the emperor in managing Yin and Yang, and when arranging the four seasons, both the emperor and the prime minister would blame themselves for all kinds of disasters. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the emperor put the blame on Sangong, so whenever disasters such as floods and droughts occurred, Sangong was often exempted. Therefore, Zhong Changtong said that the three fairs exist in name only, and they are just "staff members". At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dong Zhuo was the prime minister, ranking above the three fairs. In the 13th year of Jian 'an (208), Cao Cao went to Sangong to buy off the Prime Minister and imperial envoys, and Cao Cao became the Prime Minister himself. The three metric system, which lasted for 200 years, was implemented in the Han Dynasty and ended from then on. Cao Wei restored the three public systems. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sangong was still in the best position, and the government set up aides. However, the real power was further transferred to the Shangshu institution. In the Sui Dynasty, the three official positions were no longer open, and all the assistants were revoked, which completely became a virtual position or "upper position". After the Song Dynasty, Taishi, Taifu and Taibao were often called "Three Fairs", but their nominal titles remained unchanged, and they were shamefully transformed into officials and gifts. Ming and Qing are the same. The "three divisions" in the Tang Dynasty were Jinshi, Zhongshu and Menxia. In the Five Dynasties, salt, iron, household and branch were collectively called "three divisions". Gold is based on the "three divisions" of agriculture, salt, iron and nutrition. In the first year of Changxing in the late Tang Dynasty (930), there were three divisions (Salt and Iron Division, Household Division and Expenditure Division) in charge of the national finance. In the early Song Dynasty, the three divisions, together with the old system, became the prime minister's finance, second only to Zhongshu and the Privy Council. Known as the provincial planning, the third division chief is known as the phase planning, and his position is slightly lower than that of participating in politics. In the eighth year of Taiping and the eighth year of Xingguo (983), three ambassadors were abolished and divided into three institutions: Salt and Iron Department, Household Department and Expenditure Department. In May of the fourth year of Chunhua (993), it was merged into the Third Division, and the Third Division was a member. In the sixth year of Xianping (1003), there were three deputy envoys in the Third Division, namely, the Salt and Iron Division, the Household Division and the Expenditure Division, who were in charge of the Third Division respectively. They have more than 20 cases such as military affairs, logistics and business tax to manage affairs. Yuanfeng was restructured and the Third Division was abolished. Most of its departments were owned by Shangshu Provincial Ministry of Industry, and the Third Division made it the abbot and was led by the Prime Minister. Briefly explain the three divisions of each dynasty. The third division is the collective name of the three financial departments of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Salt and Iron. In the third year of Emperor Taizong's reign, Zhao Xuan appointed Zhu Wen as the Three Secretaries of Salt, Iron, Taxation and Housing, which was the first time that the name of the Three Secretaries appeared. After Zhu Wen usurped the Tang Dynasty, Jianchang Academy was established, which made him in charge of the world's money, grain, salt, iron and spending money. , can be regarded as the predecessor of the three secretaries. After Li destroyed Liang, Jianchang Academy was abandoned, and the national plan was put in the first place, and then the matter of the three divisions was attributed to the princes. It was not until the late Tang Dynasty and the first year of Changxing in the Ming Dynasty (930) that Li Siyuan unified the three departments for the first time and appointed Zhang Yanlang as the envoy of the three departments. Since then, the functions and powers of the three departments have been combined into one, becoming the country's highest financial chief, directly responsible to the emperor. Because the third division holds the financial power of the whole country and has a high position, it has become an important official in the DPRK after becoming a prime minister and a Tang dynasty, and is called the second phase or the second phase. During the Tang Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty, the Ministry of Finance of Shangshu Province was the central financial organ, with four divisions: Division, Division and Division, "in charge of the difference between land, people, money, grain and tribute." "At that time, the frontier was wide and there were a lot of funds. I didn't know that there was a right to distribute profits, so I changed the amount of money, but the military supplies were sufficient." However, since Xuanzong, a large number of officials began to emerge, "set officials to learn from the classics and set latitude." However, the establishment of financial posts has destroyed the original financial system, and the positions of salt and iron, expenditure transshipment and household department have become increasingly prominent, marking the gradual formation of a new financial system with these three departments as the core. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the salt and iron marketing and branch offices became independent financial institutions, among which the salt and iron marketing was the most important, and the branch office of "Monopoly Salt, Copper and Iron Mining and Metallurgy" was both a minister and a household department. Coordinate fiscal expenditure, set up subordinate institutions such as salt supervision and saltworks all over the country, and form an economic supervision network directly under the grass-roots level. The Ministry of Housing has four divisions, namely, the Ministry of Housing, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Warehouse. Except for the fact that the household department consists of two practitioners and two foreign ministers, the practitioners and foreign ministers of the other three departments are each one. In addition, there are 2 inspectors, 4 directors, 2 directors, 3 directors and 3 directors. There were also three points in the Five Dynasties, which changed greatly compared with the three points in the Tang Dynasty. First, in the first year of Tiancheng (962), three ministries were arbitrary by the Prime Minister, and second, three secretaries were appointed. In the first year of Changxing (930), Zhang Yanlang took the Minister of Industry as the third envoy. Third, his functions have changed. During the Five Dynasties, the functions of the three divisions mainly included: collecting and reducing taxes and managing the affairs of salt koji. Responsible for the supply of military wages and military materials. Participate in the management of horse affairs. Participate in the management of farm affairs Manage finance and officials' salaries. Put a pile of money and sacrificial things in the palm of your hand. Participate in other military and judicial affairs. However, it should be noted that the establishment of "Five Dynasties and Three Divisions" made the national finance highly centralized, but it did not change the phenomenon of multi-politics in financial management. In other words, the national finance has not been unified into three divisions, all officials still have greater financial power, and the local financial distribution system for supply, development and stay in the state remains unchanged. Before the reform of 1 and Yuanfeng in the Song Dynasty, the three-division system was established at the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty to centralize financial power, in order to better coordinate the national financial revenue and expenditure, so as to return financial interests to the court. Su Zhe said: "The ancestors took into account the appropriateness of the past and the present, and set up three divisions to command half of the world's affairs, and their power was more important than other divisions. Push the original intention, not for personal gain. When power is divided, wealth is scattered. Although you want to get rich, there is no reason. " The first volume of "The Origin of Ancient and Modern Times" and "Financial Planning" said: "Rights and interests should be combined without distinction, and the source of interests should be public rather than private. It is also a good idea to establish three divisions in this country. " In addition, most of the three ambassadors in the Northern Song Dynasty were confidants of the emperor, and the emperor controlled the three ambassadors to master the financial power. The emperor also controlled the wealth in the treasury, limited the excessive expansion of the power of the three divisions, and achieved the purpose of balancing power. In fact, in the early Song Dynasty, the official position of the Third Division was constantly changing. In Song Taizong, three ambassadors were fired and three ambassadors were appointed, namely Salt and Iron, Du Zhi and Hudu. During the reign of Emperor Zhenzong, the three envoys were stopped, and one of them was re-established, with salt and iron envoys, multi-ambassadors and household envoys. Among them, the 265,438+0 years (976-997) under Song Taizong's rule was the period with the most and greatest organizational changes. During this period, the reasons, reasons and suggestions of the Third Division were intermittent, and the positions of the Deputy Division and the Third Division were intermittent. In December of the first year of Taiping Xingguo (976), he was appointed as the deputy envoy of the third division. "The third division set up an assistant envoy since Yan began." In March of the eighth year of Taiping (983), the three-part division was divided into three governance affairs, and the "three divisions were separated", following the initial state of the three-part system; In May of the fourth year of Chunhua (993), the three departments merged into three. "One member has been reassigned and three departments have been in charge." The post-Tang three-division system was adopted. In the same year 10, the third division was changed to the chief division. Soon, the whole country was divided into ten divisions, which belonged to the left and right divisions. Tokyo was Zuo Shi and Xijing was the right division, and the left and right divisions were responsible for each other. A general division was established soon to judge the left and right divisions. At the end of the second year, the strike was divided into three parts: salt and iron, household department and branch, which were distributed separately. In the sixth year of Xianping (1003), it was merged into the third division again, and in December of the following year, it was divided into three divisions. In the sixth year of Xianping (1003), in June, because "the three departments have their own embassies, which are not in harmony with the president, they help each other to promote things." As for the cashier's transfer, it is unnecessary, so it will be stingy to stamp, which is against the crime; Or pay for treatment, in order to take credit and make progress. I get tired of hearing rumors in the newspaper every day. The characters and symbols are mutual and I don't know how to follow them. So "salt and iron, branches and households are one." "Taking Kou Zhun as the ruling power, I thought it would be merged with the general three departments", but later it was divided or merged, but most of the time the three departments were merged into one. According to the records in Manuscript of the History of Song Dynasty and Official History of Song Dynasty, the specific division of labor of the three divisions in Song Dynasty is as follows: First, the division of salt and iron. Its chief official is the ambassador of salt and iron. He "is in charge of the wealth of mountains and rivers in the world, and closes the city, canals and military equipment to help the country." Deputy envoy 1, contracting officer and judge of the Ministry of Salt and Iron 3, Confucius official 1, both 1, contracting officer 4. According to the different work details, it can be divided into seven situations: salt and iron. Specifically, the first is the military case, which is "in charge of the names of generals, generals and soldiers in the four treasuries", as well as the monthly account of treasury affairs, the monthly system of good and bad luck, the retention of officials, the relocation of state officials, the merits and demerits of Xu's officials, the names of three small officials, criminal prisons, shipbuilding, catching thieves, evading household funds and banning money. "Second, Zhou case" I am responsible for repairing canals, giving famous weapons, and weapons crossbow workshop materials for the four seasons. "Third, the business tax case is responsible for the collection of industrial and commercial taxes. On the fourth day, it was the salt case of the viceroy, which dealt with the exploitation and sale of salt. Wuyue tea case, palm tea planting and sales. On the sixth day of the iron case, the chief judge was "palm gold, silver, copper, iron, cinnabar, Carboniferous, tin and drum casting", and on the seventh day, "palm ten-day fixing, saving materials, collecting money, meals, sheep, rice and wheat, firewood, pottery, etc.", and the subordinates were Kong officials, supplemented by hook officials. Second, the branch. Its chief executive officer is an ambassador, who "controls the amount of wealth in the world, whether it is available in every era or not, and controls its entry and exit to count the use of the country." "Deputy envoy 1, branch secretary, judge 3, hole officer 1, hook officer 1, hook officer 4. According to the different details of the work, it is divided into eight cases and eight things. Specifically, the palm ceremony case, "palm ceremony, gift, ritual, food, spring and winter clothes inside and outside, time clothes, silk, yarn, cotton, cloth shoes, mats, paper, dyes, property rights, officials of the three governments." Second, the case of money and silk, "in charge of the army's spring and summer clothing, officials' salaries, left money and silk, and exchanged incense medicine. "Three, the grain case" is in charge of the grain of the three armed forces, the food of the military academy, the millet of each state, the luck of the royal river, and the businessmen flying money. Fourth, the Changping case, "Zhangzhou is flat." On the fifth day, the maritime case, "Zhangbian River, Guangji River, Caihe River Transportation, Bridges, Discount and Welcome, Three Taxes". On the sixth day, the horse riding case, "in charge of the affairs of salt institutes around the country, raising cattle, sheep, horses and market horses." On the seventh day, the nonsense in the case said, "Take charge of two warehouses in Beijing, and measure the food in Tokyo and the food in the kitchen. "On the eighth day, the case of a hundred officials", the officials in charge of the Beijing-DPRK screen presented materials, the shrine presented gifts, and the States posted materials. The chief of each case is a judge, and his subordinates are Confucius officials, assisted by hook officials and hook officials. Finally, the family affairs department. Its chief executive is the special envoy of the Ministry of Housing, who is "responsible for household registration, taxation, drinking, work and clothes storage for national use". Deputy envoys 1, clerks and judges 3, Confucius 1, Hookers 1, Hookers 4. There are five cases in the Ministry, one is a household tax case and the other is a "summer tax". Second, the confession case, "Zhang Zhou silks for money. "On the third day, Jianan" was in charge of the work in Beijing, the eight works in Taowa, the workshops in the bank, the thin accounts in various warehouses, and the check of the state camps, official rafters, bridges, bamboo and rafts. Fourth, the Song case, "Zhang Que, Guan Song. "On the fifth day, I have no worries about food and clothing." Zhang hooked up with schools, officials and the army, providing materials, spring clothes and winter clothes, millet, tea, salt, sauce, food and so on. "The chief of each case is the judge, and the subordinate is the Confucius officer, supplemented by the hook officer and the hook officer. In order to better manage the three subordinate divisions, the three divisions reorganized themselves into 15 divisions to help them overcome their shortcomings and inspect, supervise and supervise their work. These 15 divisions are: (1) all grinding and prospecting divisions, and the presiding judge is 1. " Check three accounts to check the differences. "
(2) The capital is in charge of the collection department, and the chief executive is 1 judge. "The things in charge are not divided, and the places that Hou Zhi loves are sealed by the company."
(3) The detention department, the chief executive, "examines the grinding and prospecting department and examines the palm", and its duty is "those who have not stopped collecting money and profits must be supervised by the name".
(4) The manager owes the company, presiding 1. The manager owes official property to Beijing and the whole world, which is to set limits to promote the market. It was established in the second year of Yongxi (985) and abolished in the fourth year of Jingdezhen (1007).
(5) Because of Yusi, the chief executive "owes all the money to the officials" and is in charge of the broken things of Beijing officials.
(6) The directors are 1 judges, who are "in charge of the issuance of the three volumes of the state application, as well as the issuance, removal, supervision and acceptance".
(7) the distribution department, "the palm is handed down to three departments."
(8) Tick and chisel, "check the three official books".
(9) Rushing Department, "in charge of the treasurer's final accounts in Beijing, the monthly accounts of Dongji warehouse vault, and the salary payment inside and outside the three departments".
(10) Correspondence Department, "Hand in names of various colors in order to send three copies".
(1 1) Yas, there are two officials in charge of the palace, who are "in charge of the generals and their names, and the first one is to work for him".
(12) Business Department, headed by two officials, "responsible for inspection, decision, spot check, re-inspection and evaluation of left and right compartments".
(13) Third Division, general manager, 1 person, "in charge of the affairs of various departments".
(14) There are 1 officers in charge of various activity departments, who are "in charge of receiving materials, approving books and calendars, and assigning cases to various civil and military departments and armies".
(15) Yes 1 officers are in charge of special horses. "They are in charge of the escape and merger of the military and horses, and the treasurer's affairs have been collected, and they have been cheating on the school and sending them to the Grain Research Institute." It can be seen that the three divisions have wide powers and complicated affairs. The emperor directly controlled the national financial power through the three departments, but the establishment of the three departments destroyed the functions of the six departments and the temple supervisor. It can be said that the third division of the Song Dynasty was in charge of financial power, and was directly responsible to the emperor, making the emperor truly rich in the world. 2. In the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), Song Shenzong personally presided over the official system reform, which lasted for three years. The purpose of this regulatory reform is to save money, eliminate redundancy and change the chaotic situation of the institutional system. This adjustment not only in the form (institutional setup), but also in the content, received the effect of functional regression, which changed the disadvantages of the early Song Dynasty to some extent. After the restructuring of Yuanfeng, the three divisions were completely revoked and merged into the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. "The right to send Tao An, the three secretaries, to try to be the minister of the Ministry of Finance", and Tao An was the last three secretaries in the Song Dynasty. Zong Shen said: "The household department is around Cao, which is the Third Division and Sinong Temple." The official position of the Third Division was temporarily changed to that of Shangshu Province. At this time, all financial power belongs to the Ministry of Finance, directly subordinate to the three provinces and placed under the leadership of the Prime Minister. Volume 5 of Lu Shui Yan Tan Lu Official System summarizes the evolution process of the first three divisions of Yuanfeng Reform: at the end of the Tang Dynasty, it was divided into salt and iron, expenditure, household division, and specialized division received money. Don started the third split, always with an ambassador. This dynasty either sentenced to three divisions, or sentenced to power, or investigated three divisions. In the process of opening treasure, two officials involved in government affairs inspected three departments, and then the prime minister was promoted. In Xingguo, two ambassadors were sentenced to three divisions, and after more than a year, they were reanalyzed as three ambassadors. In Chunhua, the three divisions are combined, and the world is taken as ten roads, and the second Beijing is around. Put two plans and divide them into ten roads. Don't order the three divisions to be judged together, and the three divisions will remain unchanged. In the last years of Xianping, the three divisions each set up a deputy envoy, whose official name was sent, but Yuanfeng was not abolished at the beginning. Today, I was told that it belongs to Shangshu Province. It is slightly different from the historical facts before the Song Dynasty, so it is more accurate to summarize the historical facts of the Song Dynasty. After the merger of the three divisions into the Ministry of Commerce and the Provincial Accounts, the courtiers felt the rationality of the centralization of financial power under the old three-division system and started discussions. At the beginning of the first year of Yuan You (1086), Sima Guang, the prime minister, discussed the irrationality of abolishing the three-point system, arguing that the financial power was scattered and "inconsistent", which was not conducive to centralization. But the three-point system has never been restored. The "three divisions" of the Ming Dynasty undertook the publicity department and the legal department, all of which directed the headquarters to strengthen the imperial power! The viceroy was a general military organization in the Ming Dynasty, with 1 viceroy (second class), 2 viceroy (third class) and 4 viceroy (third class), belonging to experienced viceroy (sixth class) and viceroy (seventh class). There are 1 judges (grade six), deputy judges (grade seven) and officials. The supervisor (from do) has a warehouse, a ranch, an ambassador and a deputy ambassador. All line commanders, envoys, officials and all commanders are the same. One of the officials is in charge of a department called handprint, which is called Dusi for short, and is higher than the deployment and information department. "Official History of the Ming Dynasty V" said: "All the officials are in charge of the military and political affairs of one side, and each of them leads his own guards to the five houses and listens to the words of the Ministry of War." Wei DuDu ordered the department to set up officials and Jing Wei. External guards are unified in the capital and the tourist capital. There are thousands of households under guard, and thousands of households govern hundreds of households. Every thousand households have 1,000 households 1 person (positive level 5), 2,000 households (from level 5) and 2 people in Zhen Fu (from level 6). Belongs to 1 official. It has jurisdiction over 1,000 households 10, * * 100 households 10 (positive six products), 20 people in the general flag and 0/00 people in the small flag. The mayor is in charge of this prison. All the guards were transferred to the headquarters, and the headquarters was transferred to the Governor's Office of the Fifth Army. In terms of self-defense, its officers and men are mostly hereditary, which is one of the special systems in the Ming Dynasty. The name of the governor in the governor's mansion later became an empty official title, and the officers in charge of the army must add the names of the general commander, deputy commander, participating generals, guerrilla generals, garrison generals and general commanders. "Official History of Ming Dynasty V": "Those who live in the town of General are guarded, those who live alone are guarded separately, those who each hold a city and a fortress are guarded, and those who keep a city with the Lord are guarded together. There are also names such as prefect, transfer, patrol, establishment, foreman and establishment. All positions of company commanders and deputy company commanders must be held by men, Hou, Bo and Governor. Company commanders are called generals: Yunnan, Datong, West, Huguang, Pingman, Guangdong ... Those in Zhen Ji Town, Huguang, Sichuan and Yun Huai 'an in Guizhou cannot be called generals. Between Xuande and Xuande, there are two company commanders in Shanxi and Shaanxi. From Jiajing to Jiajing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and Huguang commanders were divided into four, Fujian and Baoding commanders were relieved, and Zhejiang commanders were added. Wanli, and in Lintao, Shanhai added company commanders. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, the total number of soldiers was impressive. In the Ming Dynasty, the company commander was a power of attorney with no grade difference, while in the Qing Dynasty, it was a formal Wu Zhi with two grades. In addition, there are military government counties and prefectures, and their official system settings are the same as those of prefectures and counties. According to Mr. He, the highest official in charge of Tianjinwei is Commander Tianjinwei, a military attache with three qualities. Professor He said that there were three central institutions (Taishi, Taifu and Taibao) and three orphans (Shaofu and Shaobao) in the early Ming Dynasty. But these are basically honorary titles rather than actual awards. Zhongshu Province, established by the central government, deals with specific government affairs and affects six affairs of the prime minister: officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments and workers. In 1380, Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the system of Zhongshu province and prime minister, and the power of Zhongshu province and prime minister belonged to six ministries, and the six ministers (equivalent to ministers of various ministries) were directly responsible for state affairs. In addition, there are some functional departments, such as Dali Temple and Duchayuan, which have judicial functions, which are equivalent to the current discipline inspection departments. Locally, the Ming Dynasty set up chief secretaries in the provinces, left and right envoys 1, who were the highest officials in the provinces. 1 person was sent to the provincial judge to take charge of judicial affairs; The responsibility for military defense in this province falls on the commander. It can be said that the three divisions of labor are clear.