What are the advantages and disadvantages of artificial blood?

Artificial blood is a kind of milky white, fully synthetic resuscitation DA, which replaces hemoglobin that transports oxygen in human blood. 1933, the first batch of artificial blood research has achieved results. 1966 Gerakl and Gao Lan, two professors from the University of Cincinnati in the United States, gave a demonstration performance. A mouse was completely immersed in perfluorocarbon solution and still alive. This is because rats can still get the oxygen necessary for survival in this solution, so they will not suffocate. However, this perfluorocarbon solution cannot be mixed with blood. Clark and Gao Lan found that fluorine carbide can absorb oxygen in the air like blood. In 1966, the two scientists put some mice into a bucket of liquid and completely submerged them under the liquid surface. It is said that mice should die in a few minutes, but they live for several hours. The liquid in the barrel contains fluorine carbide and water, and the molecules of fluorine carbide combine with oxygen in the water and enter the blood of mice. Clark and Gao Lan took the first step on the road of inventing blood substitutes. Figure: This kind of artificial blood contains artificial hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a molecule that can carry oxygen in the blood. When hemoglobin carries a lot of oxygen, blood is bright red. The following year, another American, Henry Sloviter, injected some rabbits with a mixture of fluoride and egg white. He found that rabbits can survive if the mixture does not exceed one third of the total blood. The first person to receive artificial blood was Japanese scientist Kenji Naito. 1979, he injected himself with 200 ml of artificial blood. Now, doctors have used artificial blood with different formulations for emergencies. Artificial blood can only be used in blood transfusion. It is often used for patients who need a lot of blood transfusion, such as third-degree burn patients. 1967, Henry Slawitt, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, finally emulsified the perfluorocarbon solution under the condition of supplementing protein. However, this emulsion still has the risk of blood coagulation and may block some capillaries. Japanese doctor Naito met an emergency patient with a rare blood type at Fukushima Central Hospital in Japan. Because there was no way to give him blood transfusion, he had to be injected with artificial blood, which succeeded. On June 1980, 19 and June 30, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Shanghai First Medical College gave blood transfusion to two patients respectively, and all patients recovered without any adverse reactions. This kind of artificial blood was successfully developed by Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Third Military Medical University after five years' efforts. It is milky white, regardless of blood type, and can be used by anyone, thus avoiding cross infection of blood transfusion. But also has stable chemical properties, can be produced in batches in factories, and the shelf life is longer than that of blood. Artificial blood has the main properties of blood, which is different from ordinary alternative plasma that can only maintain blood pressure. Its oxygen carrying capacity is about twice that of blood. In the case of massive blood loss, it can maintain the survival of tissues and treat many diseases. Therefore, the successful clinical application of fluorocarbon artificial blood has aroused widespread concern in the international medical community. However, the fluorocarbon artificial blood made in Japan and China does not have the function of transporting nutrients like ordinary blood, which needs further research and improvement. [Edit this paragraph] Advantages of artificial blood At present, hospitals all over the world need a lot of blood every year, but the blood donated every year around the world is far from meeting this demand. Studies and experiments show that "artificial blood" has high air solubility and can carry oxygen and exclude carbon dioxide from blood vessels. It has the following characteristics: first, it is not limited by blood type and can be used for people of all blood types. There will be no serious hemolysis reaction after blood transfusion, especially in the case of rescue, time is life, and it can be used immediately without blood type check and cross matching test, which is simpler and faster for large-scale on-site first aid; Second, it is easy to store, and it does not need to be stored in a refrigerator at 4℃-6℃ like blood of a blood donor. Artificial blood can be stored for several years. Third, cross-infection will not occur. Usually, if the blood transfusion examination is not strict, some bacteria and viruses will be brought into the recipient's body, and cross-infection will occur. Artificial blood is made in industry, and there will be no bacteria or viruses mixed in. [1][ Edit this paragraph] Artificial blood will replace blood donation According to the British "Times" reported on August 20th, scientists from the American Advanced Cell Technology Company announced that they have made human hematopoiesis from stem cells in the laboratory. If this research result can continue to be popularized, human beings will stop donating blood and blood can be continuously created. It also eliminates the risk of deadly virus transfusion infection. Avoid the tragedy of insufficient blood supply. Uruguayan dwarfs are immune to cancer. A group of dwarfs in Ecuador may be cancer saviors, because they lack a hormone possessed by others, which may help repel the cancer demon. Women had better shave their pubic hair (Figure). Scientists published a research report in the academic journal Blood, announcing that they have successfully cultivated aerobic red blood cells from embryonic stem cells. Theoretically, this kind of red blood cell is no different from normal people, and it can transport oxygen to all parts of the body. The medical community will start the clinical trial of this artificial blood as soon as the end of next year. In the long run, this kind of blood will replace the blood and blood products donated by enthusiastic people and be supplied to those who need blood transfusion. In other words, blood donation will become unnecessary one day. Hospitals all over the world need a lot of blood every year, but the blood donated all over the world is far from meeting this demand. Dr. Robert Lanza, the head of this experiment and the American Advanced Cell Technology Company, said: "For patients who have lost a lot of blood, the lack of blood source often leads to some irreparable tragedies. Using stem cell artificial blood can avoid tragedy to a certain extent, because artificial blood can be supplied in unlimited quantities. " The experiment also attracted some scientists to join voluntarily. Alex Medivh, an expert in blood cell research at the University of Edinburgh, said: "Relying on blood donation has great disadvantages. How to produce a large number of red blood cells is the biggest problem. " There is no blood type matching problem. Researchers say that human blood can be divided into four types: A, B, O and AB. For example, people with type A blood can only donate blood to people with type A or AB blood; If people with type A blood need blood transfusion, they can only accept blood donation from people with type A or O blood. Only type O blood can be transfused to patients of any blood type, which also causes the shortage of type O blood. Artificial blood made of stem cells does not have the problem of blood type matching, and can be used for people of any blood type, which not only avoids possible blood type confirmation errors, but also saves the process of blood type testing. In addition, artificial blood can effectively avoid infection of various diseases during blood transfusion. Hepatitis, AIDS, Jakob disease and other diseases are often cross-infected through blood transfusion, while artificial blood can avoid pathogen invasion. Dr. Robert explained: "Artificial red blood cells have no core carrying genetic information, thus cutting off the risk of cancer." Researchers say that using stem cells to make blood has great therapeutic potential, and artificial blood can completely meet the needs of patients all over the world, which is one of the biggest breakthroughs in the clinical application of embryonic stem cell research. They will also study how to use embryonic stem cells to grow into other tissues to treat diabetes or Parkinson's disease.