In four years, Hongwu mobilized migrant workers and soldiers from Wei, Xin and Yan to build the Great Wall. In the sixth year of Hongwu, General Xu Da was ordered to prepare Shanxi and Peiping. He also ordered Shanxi to defend itself in Yanmenguan, Taiheling and Plastic Valley. All 73 passes are guarded by soldiers. Nine years ago, he and other eleven men were guarding around Yanshan Mountain, divided their forces to guard Gubeikou, Juyongguan, xifengkou and Songtingguan, and joined the North and South Sergeant. In fifteen years, he was stationed in the pass under the jurisdiction of the Beiping Dusi for 200 miles, and was guarded by guards from all walks of life. Twenty-five years later, Dongsheng City was built in the east of Hedong House, with 16 guards facing Datong. From western Liaoning, thousands of miles away. five
During the period of Wen Jian, from Xuanhua to the Great Wall of Shanxi, high walls and deep pools were built along the border, and beacon towers continued.
In the 13th year of Yongle, Osamu Yamaguchi, north of Juyongguan, became a fortress, and a smoke pier at Kaiping Station was added, belonging to the Army of the Fifth Academy of Mountains and Seas. Forts were built at all the passes outside the customs, and soldiers were stationed. In seventeen years, the smoke pier outside the Milky Way was established. six
In the first year of Xuande, the Great Wall was overhauled. DuDu Shanyun and DuDu Zhang Wang were ordered to build a dangerous pass between Shanhaiguan and Juyongguan. Three years to repair Juyongguan City. seven
In the first year of orthodoxy, I asked Chun Zhu to repair the city wall. At the beginning of orthodoxy, Zhao was isolated from Ningxia and went to Suide 2000 Li in the east. It's hard to keep your distance. Please build a sentry horse camp in Huamachi, add a beacon tower, hit the speed territory directly, and prepare for Dagu at the same time. In May of the following year, the Orthodox Church ordered to go to Datong and Fu Xuan to rectify the order. ..... (Wei Yuan) ..................................................................................................................................................................... built Weiyuanwei, Kaiping and Longmen City, and the stones alone reached Fu Xuan, adding piers. 10 orthodox three years, Fu Xuan and Datong castles were built, and Datong Weiyuanwei was established. In seven years, he repaired the tunpu in Datong and Fu Xuan. 1 1
In the seventh year of Chenghua, Yu Zijun, Governor of Yansui, built a border town. The side is well trimmed. 12
In the spring of Zheng Deyuan, Yang Yiqing, the general manager of the Three Kingdoms Empire, asked him to defend Dongsheng ... because of six things, such as building a border camp. 13
In the early years of Jiajing, Qiu invited Xiao He and others to talk about different places in order to seize its importance. In eighteen years, he moved to Huamachi, Sanbianfu Town. Twenty-two years, the imperial edict announced Enemy at the Gates. (Thirty years of Ministry of War) Please build more than a thousand miles of mysterious and large flat walls and 363 beacon towers. In thirty-four years, Bai Yang, Minister of Military Affairs of the Governor, not only solved the problem of encirclement of Datong's right guard, but also built 2,800 towers because of Niuxinbao. 14
In the second year, Governor Tan Lun requested to reinforce the side walls of the fortress from Shanhaiguan in the east to the border town in the west, and to add 3,000 piers and abutments in the two towns.
During the more than 200 years from the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) in the early Ming Dynasty (about 1370) to the Wanli period (about 1600), the construction of the Great Wall in Wan Li in the Ming Dynasty was basically completed, and it was built on a large scale during Chenghua and Jiajing periods. Shanhaiguan was built in the fourteenth year of Hongwu, Jiayuguan 15 was built in the fourteenth year of Hongzhi, and some castles were still under construction until the end of Ming Dynasty.
In important pass places, especially Juyongguan, Shanhaiguan and Yanmenguan, north of the capital Beijing, several city walls have been built, many of which are more than 20 times. Many castles and smoke piers (beacon towers) have been built in the north and south of the Great Wall to observe the enemy's situation and deliver battle reports.
During the reign of Qin Long, when Qi Jiguang was the general commander of Hebei and Liao, more than 1000 piers were built on the Great Wall line from Shanhaiguan to Juyongguan. "Following the light travel traffic jam, proposed to build the enemy station. In a word:' the side wall of Jiyun Town stretches for two thousand miles, and if there is a defect, it is all defective. It's no use coming to the annual maintenance. Please cross the wall as a platform. The platform is five feet high and has three floors in the virtual space. Platform 100 people, armored battle available. Let the garrison work on the ground, and build first 1200. .....' The governor made a suggestion and agreed. "16 these beacon towers and piers, together with many defense projects and military institutions in the north and south of the Great Wall, such as fortifications, passes, dusi, health centers, etc. , forming a Wan Li defense line connected with the castle and facing each other.
The Great Wall of Ming Dynasty starts from Yalu River in the east and ends at Jiayuguan in the west, spanning Liaoning, Hebei (Beijing, Tianjin), Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu and other provinces, with a total length of 12700. The section of the Great Wall from Shanhaiguan to Jiayuguan is relatively strong and well preserved, leaving two complete and magnificent Guancheng.
Second, the nine towns of the Great Wall and their internal and external customs
In order to strengthen the defense of the Great Wall, command and dispatch troops along the Great Wall, and often repair the Great Wall pass project, the Ming Dynasty divided the Great Wall into nine defense zones, collectively called nine towns. "... at the end of the Ming dynasty, the border defense was very heavy. There are Yalu River in the east, Jiayu in the west, and Wan Li, and the defense is divided. Liaodong, Fu Xuan, Datong and Yansui towns were built at the beginning, followed by Ningxia, Gansu and Jizhou, with Taiyuan as the commander and the Trilateral Government in Guyuan, also known as the two towns, which are nine sides. 17 Every town has a general commander and a leader. There are scattered guards, passes and castles along the nine towns, and soldiers are stationed everywhere to open up wasteland for defense. Each town has tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of people, and the total strength often reaches about one million. Its strict defense has never been seen before. Jiuzhen was built in the early Ming Dynasty, rebuilt in Yongle and Zhengtong years, and completed after Jiajing. The brief situation of nine towns is described as follows.
Liaodong Town, commander-in-chief, based in Liaoyang, Liaoning Province, is in charge of Liaodong border defense affairs outside Shanhaiguan. This section of the Great Wall starts from Phoenix in the south and ends at Shanhaiguan in the west, with a total length of 1950 Li.
Zhen Ji Town, the chief garrison commander, is based in Jixian County, Tianjin, and has jurisdiction over the Great Wall from Shanhaiguan in the west to Huilingguan in Juyongguan in the east, with a total length of 1200. This section of the Great Wall is relatively strong, and there are three walls near Juyongguan.
Fu Xuan Town, the chief military officer stationed in Xuanhua, Hebei Province, governs the Great Wall, which is more than 65,438+0,020 miles long from Sihaiye west of Juyongguan to Xiyang River (northeast of Datong, Shanxi). This town is located in the northwest of Beijing, and the situation is dangerous, so it is guarded by four roads. The city walls are also very strong, and in some places there are several walls inside and outside.
Datong, the warden, was stationed in Datong, Shanxi Province, and governed the Great Wall from Zhenkoutai (northeast of Tianzhen, Shanxi Province) to Yajiaoshan (northeast of Pianguan, Shanxi Province), with a total length of more than 640 miles.
Taiyuan Town, the company commander is stationed in Pianguan. The Great Wall under its jurisdiction starts from the bank of the Yellow River in Baode, Shanxi Province in the west, passes Pianguan, Laoyingbao, Ningwu (northwest of Shanxi Province), Yanmenguan, Pingxingguan, Longquanguan (west of Fuping, Hebei Province) and Guguan, and reaches Huang Yuling (east of Shanxi Province), with a total length of 1600. The Great Wall in this area is also several times as heavy, and there are stone walls, some of which have more than a dozen roads.
Yansui Town (Yulin Town), the chief guard, was stationed in Yulin Fort (now Yulin, Shaanxi Province), and was in charge of the Great Wall from Qingshuiying (near Qingshui in Inner Mongolia) to Huamachi (Yanchi, Ningxia), with a total length of 1770 Li.
Ningxia Town, the chief guard, is based in Yinchuan, Ningxia, and has jurisdiction over the Great Wall from Dayanchi (Yanchi County, Ningxia) in the east to Blue Whale (Gaolan and Jingyuan in Gansu) in the west, with a total length of 2,000 miles.
Guyuan town, the chief official, is based in Guyuan, Ningxia. The Great Wall under its jurisdiction starts from Jingbian, Shaanxi Province in the east, connects with Yansui Town, reaches Gaolan in the west and connects with Ganzhen, with a total length of 1 0,000 Li. The Great Wall also weighs several times.
In Gansu town, the chief security officer is stationed in Zhangye, Gansu. The Great Wall under its jurisdiction starts from Jincheng (now Lanzhou) in Gansu Province in the east and ends at Jiayuguan in the west, with a total length of more than 65,438+0,600 miles.
In the Ming Dynasty, there were many passes in the Great Wall, and each town governed hundreds of passes. The total number of passes in nine towns of the Great Wall exceeds 1000, including dozens of famous passes. The Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty was divided into two lines, north and south, and joined Laoying near Pianguan in Shanxi, which was called the Great Wall inside (inside) and outside. From the southwest of Juyongguan, the Inner Great Wall passes through Yixian, Laiyuan and Fuping in Hebei, enters Lingqiu, Hunyuan, Yingxian, Fan Shi and Shenchi in Shanxi, and reaches Laoying. The Great Wall enters Tianzhen, Yanggao and Datong in Shanxi from the northwest of Juyongguan via Chicheng, Chongli, Zhangjiakou, Wanquan and Huai 'an in Hebei, and reaches Pianguan and Hequ along the junction of Inner Mongolia and Shanxi. The Great Wall, which spans Hebei, Beijing, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia, is the outer barrier of the capital Beijing, which is of great significance for defending the threat from the northwest and the security of the dynasty. This section of the Great Wall project is majestic and solid, and the pass is heavily guarded. The famous internal and external passes are distributed here. Juyongguan, Daomaguan and Zijingguan, which are close to Kyoto, are the inner three passes, while Yanmenguan, Ning Wuguan and Piantou in the west are the outer three passes. These six important passes were important obstacles to guarding the capital of Ming Dynasty. Three, Liaodong side wall and others
In the face of frequent invasions by Mongolian tribes such as Wuliangha and Nuzhen, the Great Wall of 1700 miles was built in Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty to safeguard the security of the northeast frontier.
The Liaodong Side Wall starts from Phoenix under the jurisdiction of Xiuyantang in the south, ends at Kaiyuan in the north and ends at Shanhaiguan. 18 West is the original Great Wall, starting from Tiechangbao, Suizhong County, extending eastward, passing Xingcheng and Jinxi to Qinghemen, Yixian County, and going to Baituchangmen, Montenegro, in the east longitude. Then turn to the southeast, cross Taian and Panshan, and cross Liaohe River from Sanchahe to Haicheng. Then it goes north along the east bank of Liaohe River, passing through Liaoyang, Shenyang and Tieling to Weiyuanbao in the northeast of Kaiyuan. Turn south, cross Tieling East and go straight to Fushun. From Fushun to the southeast, it passes through Qinghe City and County Yard in Benxi, then reaches Fengcheng in the southwest, and then extends to the southeast, reaching the Jiuliancheng Scenic Resort Scenic Area on the East Yalu River in Anton City. This tortuous and circuitous extension is slightly concave. There are 98 castles and 849 docks on the side wall of Liaodong. There are 95,369 officers and men blocking the piers and abutments at the border, with 500 to 600 people in the big border fort and 40 to 50 people in the small border fort.
Geographically, Liaodong side wall can be divided into three sections: Liaohe River Basin side wall, Liaoxi side wall and Liaodong upper side wall. The age of construction can also be roughly divided into three periods.
The side wall of Liaohe River Basin, from Beizhen to Kaiyuan, was built in Yongle period (1403- 1424). In the twentieth year of Chenghua, the frontier fortress general Deng Yuyan said: "In Yongle, the side wall was built in Liaohe River, from Guangning in the mainland to Kaiyuan in the east, totaling more than 700 miles. Go to the west of Liaohe River and you will arrive at Guangning, but it is only 400 miles. Break the fortress with 700 Li and move to 400 Li. In case of invasion, it should be easy to get it. " 19 Deng Yu's remarks are aimed at the side walls of the Liaohe River Basin. Because this wall is built along the east and west banks of the Liaohe River, it forms a "shape", and the Hetao area in the middle becomes an empty area, which is easy for the enemy to take advantage of.
The side wall in western Liaoning, from Tiechangbao in Shanhaiguan to Beizhen, was built in the seventh year of orthodoxy (1442). Wang Ao, then the military satrap of Liaodong, recommended Bi Gong to be in charge of Liu Guan's affairs. Bi Gong's "The general plan on the map is to open a fortress wall on the west side and add a beacon tower, which will greatly boost military strength." 20 Wang Ao "bowed his head and patrolled the side, from Shanhaiguan to Kaiyuan, with high walls and deep ditches, five miles for castles, ten miles for cars, and beacon towers connected with pearls." 2 1 Wang Ao and Bi Gong both presided over the planning and devoted themselves to the construction of Liaodong side wall. "Build mountains by rivers and weave with wood as walls." "For a long time, it was easy to build with the version, and the pier castle was slightly added." It can be seen that during Wang Ao's ten years in office, the western Liaoning side wall was built one after another, making it gradually perfect.
The upper side wall of Liaodong, from Kaiyuan to Yalu River, was built in the fifteenth year of Chenghua (1479). In the third year of Chenghua, the Ming army was defeated by Jianzhou Jurchen, and the Ming dynasty began to operate the eastern border defense. When Han Bin was appointed as the deputy general of Liaoyang, "Jiandong Taishou, Magendan, Qinghe, Xianchang, Henan Nanyang, Fenghuang, Tangzhan, Zhendong, Yizhen and Caohe Shibao refused to defend, belonging to thousands of miles." In the fifth year of Chenghua, the viceroy ordered Zhou Junyi to "open up more than 60 miles from Chaihe to Puhe, and set up Zhenbei and Qingyang Fort. Chaihebao has added a hurdle to drain water, so that people on the side can be safe. " In the fifteenth year of 24 Chenghua, "Kaiyuan went to the wall of Yalu River and built East Road." In the seventeenth year of Chenghua, in order to facilitate the return of the North Korean ambassador, three castles, namely Phoenix, Zhendong and Yizheng, were specially built. In this way, after half a century of construction, the entire Liaodong side wall was finally completed. Since then, the side walls have been repaired in different scales in the Ming Dynasty. During the Wanli period, the Liaodong border was operated for the last time.
As a frontier defense project in the northeast of Ming Dynasty, Liaodong side wall played a certain role in military defense. Liaohe river basin and western Liaoning are aimed at the ancient people of Wulianghamun, and the upper part of Liaodong is aimed at Jurchen. Pan said in "The Sidewall of Liaodong in Ming Dynasty": "There was a dynasty, which started from, learned from the rule of Liaodong, built walls by mountains, built fences by water, and built castles and piers. It seems that we have a strategy to make our soldiers look forward to each other and unite our forces to resist. There are fixed soldiers but no fixed enemies to prevent foreigners. "
The Ming Dynasty built the Great Wall of Wan Li in the north and the Great Wall in the south of the Yangtze River. "In the thirty-ninth year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, the Governor of Huguang said:' The southwest area of Chenzhou ... is connected with Tongren, Guizhou, with a land area of more than 500 miles and more than 40 dangerous passes. In the Ming Dynasty, a 380-mile-long Great Wall was built along the border to protect 7,800 officers and men. It can be seen from this drama that the 380-mile Great Wall was built in Chenzhou, Hunan Province in the Ming Dynasty, probably to strengthen the defense against the southwest.
Brief introduction of great wall architecture in Ming dynasty
"Because of the dangerous terrain, it is used to block traffic" is the experience of building the Great Wall in past dynasties, and so is the Ming Dynasty. Every two or three miles, patrol officers are set up on the cliffs of enemy stations. A short wall was built on the cliff, tilted into the shape of a dustpan, so that the enemy could avoid shooting. "This is the mountain, adjust measures to local conditions, the use of natural terrain conditions to build. These architectural features can be seen from today's Juyongguan and Badaling Great Wall.
The average height of Badaling Great Wall is about 7-8 meters, which is lower on steep slopes and higher on slightly flat terrain. The wall base is about 6 ~ 7 meters wide and the top is more than 5 meters wide. The cross section is trapezoidal. The top of the wall can accommodate five riders and 10 people at the same time. In the Ming Dynasty, masonry was used to strengthen the Great Wall, especially in Jiajing, Qin Long and Wanli Dynasties (16th century and17th century). The core of the wall is filled with stone and lime soil, and the wall is made of neat stones with a thickness of more than one foot, which is very strong. The materials used to build the Great Wall are not only earth, stone and wood, but also a lot of bricks and lime.
In the structural design of the Great Wall, we also pay attention to the combination of science and rationality, so as to effectively protect ourselves and kill the enemy. If the enemy platform is built, it will be "three or four feet high, twelve feet around and seventeen or eighteen feet wide." Where there is urgency, there are dozens or hundreds of steps, and where there is slowness, there are 140, 50, or more than 200 steps. Two sets of correspondence, left and right rescue, riding a wall. Method of building the platform: the lower foundation is flush with the side wall, outward 10 feet, outward more than 5 feet. The middle floor is empty and there are arrow windows on all sides. The upper floor is built on stilts, surrounded by battlements, internal security soldiers and artillery to attack the enemy. The enemy can't reach the target, and the enemy can't ride close. " 28
The main sources of labor for the construction of the Great Wall are garrison troops and migrant workers. The Great Wall project in Ming Dynasty was arduous and huge, and the method of segmental restoration was implemented. At Badaling Great Wall, there is a stone tablet that records the construction of the Great Wall in Wan Li's ten years (1582), and the inscription records the construction of the Great Wall at that time:
An imperial envoy, commander-in-chief of Shandong military and political affairs, led the autumn defense and left the camp. Shouchun and Lu, the official commander, wrote an article to repair the local side wall of Shifosi Temple on Juyongguan Road, and rode on the right in the east. A supervisor led the regular army of this battalion to complete the restoration, and the foreman was appointed to erect a stone to make it exist forever.
Plumber
Liu Youben, commander of Jinan Wei, commander of Zuosi Qianzong, was entrusted.
Liu Guangqian, commander of Qingzhou Zuo Wei, Minister of Right-wing Department.
Zong Jiguang, commander of Jinan Health Department.
Zhang, there are 1,000 general hospitals in Guanliangba, Feicheng.
Zhao Department General Manager, Song Dian
Bian Zhao ying chun halo
Wanli is built every day.
This stone tablet is very valuable for us to study and understand the restoration history of the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty. It can be seen that thousands of officers and men from thousands of households in Jinan, Qingzhou and Feicheng in Shandong were used to repair this section of the Great Wall. These officers and men from afar have condensed into this magnificent Great Wall with their own hard work and sweat, and their fame and deeds will be passed down to future generations like this ancient Great Wall.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall was built and repaired on a large scale from beginning to end, which made the construction of the Great Wall in Wan Li reach its peak and left us a valuable historical legacy today. The Great Wall in Ming Dynasty is the pole and destination of Great Wall architecture, and it is an epoch-making milestone in the history of Great Wall architecture.
Precautions:
1.5.8.12.13.14.15.17. History of the Ming Dynasty.
2. Ming History Volume XIII.
3. Yang Shoujing's Nine-sided Map of Geographical Evolution in Past Dynasties.
4.6.7. Records of Huang Mingda's politics Volume III, IX and XI.
9.10.1.16.27. Biographies of Ming history are sixty-two, forty-eight, fourteen and one hundred and sixty-six.
18. the unified history of fengtianfu ii Shengjing wall in Qing dynasty.
19. Gu Zuyu's summary of reading history and geography.
20.22.23. Official history and border history of the whole Liao Dynasty.
2 1. Records of Letters of the Dynasty, Volume 18.
24. The Biography of Zhou Zhijun in Liaodong.
25. Ming Xianzong's memoir.
26. Hunan Tongzhi cited an obvious case.
28. Qi Jiguang's Miscellanies on Training.