The water right system in the United States is based on private ownership, and private property as a citizen is protected by law. The water right system in the United States is mainly based on the laws of each state, showing regional differences. The eastern United States is rich in water resources and adopts riparian rights; The western United States is dry and short of water, so it is preferred.
The United States has established a water rights trading mechanism, and the waterfront rights in the United States can be transferred as private property. Generally, users are allowed to transfer their priority exclusive rights with compensation, and water-saving users can get reasonable compensation while meeting the needs of other users. The United States has a relatively developed water rights trading market. In the western United States, most water rights transactions are conducted through the market. With the approval of the water rights management department, the relevant procedures are handled, and the corresponding fees are paid to purchase water rights and sell excess water rights. However, the government needs to reserve or purchase some water rights to maintain the use with public welfare characteristics, such as raising fish and protecting the ecological environment.
The United States distinguishes different water conservancy projects and gives different investment policies. Compared with other infrastructure and basic industries, the social and environmental benefits of water conservancy projects are obvious, and the economic benefits are relatively low. The United States federal government funds the construction of public welfare water conservancy projects similar to those in China, such as flood control, environmental protection, Indian reserve projects, etc., and the operation and management costs are also solved by government funds. For paid service water conservancy projects such as irrigation, water supply and hydropower generation, low-interest loans are given for up to 50 years. During the construction period, principal and interest are exempted, and irrigation projects only pay principal and interest.
The water resources in the United States are owned by the state government, and the management system of water resources is based on the state. There is no unified water resources management law in China, and each state legislates on its own, with interstate agreements as the basic management rules. There are several water affairs bureaus under the state, which manage water supply, drainage and sewage treatment in a unified way. Contradictions in the development and utilization of interstate water resources are coordinated by the relevant agencies of the federal government and resolved through judicial procedures.
The United States federal water resources management has four departments, which manage water resources according to the functions authorized by the federal government. The Natural Resources Protection Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for the development and utilization of agricultural water resources and environmental protection; The Water Resources Department of the National Geological Survey of the Ministry of the Interior is responsible for collecting, sorting, monitoring, analyzing and providing all hydrological data in the country, and has offices in four river basins to provide accurate hydrological data for the government, enterprises and residents, and to put forward policy suggestions for water conservancy project construction and water body development and utilization; The State Environmental Protection Bureau formulates environmental protection regulations to regulate and restrict the development and utilization of water resources and prevent water pollution. The Army Corps of Engineers is mainly responsible for the planning and construction of large-scale water conservancy projects built by the government.
At present, the main task of water resources development and utilization in the United States is to effectively manage water resources, improve utilization rate and prevent pollution. The focus of management is to save and protect water resources. In terms of water consumption structure, industrial and agricultural water consumption is declining, while urban residents' water consumption and service industry's water consumption are increasing rapidly. Take various measures to reduce the growth of water consumption.
American water resources management makes full use of price lever, and the saving effect is obvious. The water price is determined according to the market rules, and the water fee includes water supply bonds, water resource tax, water supply and sewage treatment fee, underground pipeline takeover fee, domestic sewage surcharge, wastewater detection fee and water intake permit fee. The water price is revised once a year. In recent years, the water price has increased by 8% every year, reaching the goal of maintaining zero growth in national water consumption since 1985. If the water price doubles, the domestic water consumption will be reduced by 25%.
In a word, the operation of water right, water price and water market in the United States has made increasing revenue and reducing expenditure a conscious behavior regulated by market mechanism, which has played an important role in promoting the sustainable development of water resources in the United States.
4.2.2 British water resources management model
4.2.2. 1 British water resources management system and its institutional setup
At present, Britain is shaped as a management system that combines the unified management of water resources by the central government and the privatization of water affairs. The central government carries out government macro-control over water resources according to law, issues water intake permits and sewage discharge permits through the United Nations Environment Programme, implements water rights distribution, water intake management, sewage discharge and river water quality control, and implements the principle of balancing management costs and benefits. The annual budget is about 600 million pounds, mainly from flood control tax, water permit and environmental protection fee, government grant and project cooperation fee.
British water resources management agencies are divided into three levels: national, regional and local.
(1) State-level institutions include the State Environmental Administration, which formulates and implements environmental standards, examines and approves water intake permits and flood control on behalf of the government, and the Water Supplies Department, which carries out macro-control on water prices on behalf of the government.
(2) Most of the regional institutions are water management agencies and tax bureaus based on river basins, and later they were privatized and changed to water companies.
③ Local water users' associations are generally established.
Privatized water supply companies in 4.2.2.2 and Britain
British water supply companies operate independently and are responsible for their own profits and losses on the basis of obtaining government water intake and sewage discharge permits, or within the water rights allocated by the government and designated service areas. After the reform of British water system from 65438 to 0989, the top ten water bureaus were privatized and ten river basin water supply companies were established, while the original 29 small private water supply companies were retained. The water management areas of the top ten water supply companies are basically divided into river basins, which are responsible for water supply and sewage treatment in this basin. For example, Thames Water Company 1989 was privatized and went public that year. At present, the benefits are very good. 1998, Britain issued a new bill, mainly to break the monopoly of the integration of pipe network and water supply and implement the system of separation of water supply and pipe network.
Characteristics of water resources management in 4.2.2.3 and Britain
① Unified management of water resources based on river basin. This level is mainly government behavior. The British government implemented the basin water intake management strategy (CAMS) through the National Environment Agency, and analyzed the balance between supply and demand of water resources, environmental balance, optimal allocation of water resources, the necessity and possibility of inter-basin water transfer, project layout, cost and social cost-benefit.
② Integrated operation and management of water affairs with private enterprises as the main body. This level is mainly market behavior, mainly water rights, which are capitalized into water service commodities. The carrier of water integration is the water market, which operates independently and is responsible for its own profits and losses. Capital market financing is used for infrastructure construction, and the service targets are enterprises, institutions, families and other individuals and groups.
③ Improve the mechanism of citizens' participation in water management-consumer association.
(4) Water resources management has a stable source of government funds. The average annual income of UNEP is 600 million pounds, of which 45% comes from water intake, sewage disposal and environmental protection.
⑤ Pay attention to sustainable development. Although water resources can basically meet the needs of domestic production and life, Britain is still committed to continuously improving the efficiency of water resources utilization, paying attention to environmental protection while rationally utilizing water resources and promoting the sustainable development of water resources. First of all, in the process of taking water, Britain stipulates that water users must obtain a license issued by the United Nations Environment Programme and pay a certain fee. The government controls the approval and issuance of permits to avoid over-exploitation and utilization of water resources. Secondly, by enacting a series of laws and taking strict measures to monitor the quality of water resources, Britain has reduced the degree of water pollution and continuously improved the quality of existing water resources. In addition, Britain also strongly advocates water conservation. 1993, the national water demand management center was established in Britain, focusing on how to save water and improve the efficiency of water resources utilization. In recent years, all walks of life in the UK have widely carried out water-saving and efficient publicity, and actively promoted various advanced water-saving equipment.
4.2.3 French water resources management model
In French history, regional water resources management was implemented. 1964 revised water law and reformed water resources management. The main contents are as follows: ① Strengthen the governance of water pollution by the whole society according to law, and determine the governance time and target; (2) Establishing a regional mechanism to solve water problems; (3) Set up a basin committee and a basin management bureau, as the main financing institutions for integrated basin management, and divide the whole country into six major basins, so as to realize the efficient development and utilization of basin water resources on the premise of protecting the environment.
4.2.3. 1 Three levels of water resources management in France and their functions
The national government agencies are the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Equipment (Ministry of Construction, Transportation and Housing). The Ministry of Environment plays a leading role, with the Ministry of Water Resources under it. Its main responsibilities are to formulate water laws and regulations and water policies and supervise their implementation, monitor and analyze water pollution, formulate national standards related to water, coordinate various water relations, and participate in river basin water resources planning. The Ministry of Agriculture is mainly responsible for water supply, farmland irrigation and agricultural sewage treatment in agriculture and towns. The equipment department is responsible for flood control and dispatched to the branches responsible for water management in various regions. In addition, an inter-ministerial joint meeting on water resources management was established to mainly discuss the national water resources management policies and regulations.
Water Resources Management in 4.2.3.2 Valley, France
According to the authorization of law, the river basin committee is the administrative organ of river basin water. Its functions mainly include formulating regional water policy, approving river basin planning, reviewing project investment budget and supervising project implementation. The Committee adopts the form of "parliament" and fully absorbs all kinds of user representatives to participate in the decision-making process. For example, the Seine-Normandy River Basin Committee is composed of 1 18 people, including 45 local government officials, 45 user representatives, 2/kloc-0 civil servants of the central government departments and 7 experts from all sides, with a management area of 970,000 km2 and a population of 654,300.
The River Basin Water Resources Administration is the executive body of the River Basin Committee and is responsible for daily affairs. Its functions are: to formulate the overall planning of river basin development and utilization; Collect water resources fees, sewage charges and water charges according to law. About 20% of the total water fee collected by the river basin administration is used as public income to invest in the development, utilization and protection of river basin water resources; Collect and publish all kinds of water conservancy information and provide technical consulting services.
French municipal water management, urban water supply and sewage treatment are all carried out in towns, which can be directly organized and managed by the municipal government or leased to private companies, that is, entrusted management. After 1990s, entrusted management accounted for more than 75%, while the government directly managed less than 25%. Entrustment is divided into two forms: franchising and franchising. Fixed assets investment and water price setting are not undertaken under the concession contract, and the concession period is generally 12 years. According to the franchise contract, the operator not only participates in the investment in fixed assets, but also participates in the formulation of water prices, and the operating period is 20 to 30 years. There are many forms of concession in France.
Characteristics of French water resources management model in 4.2.3.3
(1) The River Basin Commission is a comprehensive management institution, with comprehensive functions such as "authority", "parliament", banking, technical consulting services and training.
② In the development, utilization and protection of water resources, the policy of saving water should be adopted. Determine the sufficient and stable sources of funds in the basin by law, and carry out unified planning, governance and management.
(3) Implementing the plan entrustment management mode in urban water management. That is, the management right will be leased or chartered to private enterprises, the government will control the water price, and residents will feel safe. Infrastructure is mainly government investment.
4.2.4 Australian water resources management model
Australia first adopted the British water right and implemented the river bank right system, but gradually found that this system is not suitable for Australia which is short of water. Later, the government stipulated that water resources were public resources and belonged to the national government. The national government adjusted and distributed water rights and stipulated that water rights could be traded. In the definition of water right, the state government has the right to use and control the water in the river and all groundwater, farmers have the right to use the water outside the river, and at the same time have the right to take water from the river flowing through their land for family life and poultry reference. Other water intake and use must be applied for, and the water right can be transferred.
Since 1994 Australian government implemented water resources reform, state governments and regions have been responsible for the management of natural resources, formulated corresponding water resources reform measures, and gradually carried out institutional reforms such as water market, water rights transaction, full cost recovery pricing, enterprise management of irrigation areas, diversification of investment subjects and diversification of investment operation modes, such as starting investment methods. The state governments have implemented reforms through legal forms, which have improved the efficiency of water resources utilization, ensured ecological sustainable development, and brought limited water resources into full play.
4.2.5 Japan's water resources management model
4.2.5. 1 Japan establishes water resources management institutions.
Before the reform of government institutions in 200 1 and 1, there were as many as six ministerial-level institutions related to water resources management in Japan, namely the Environment Department, under which water quality assurance was responsible for water quality protection; Ministry of Land and Resources, whose water resources department is responsible for water resources planning; The Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Waterway Environment Department of the Bureau of Life and Health are responsible for drinking water sanitation; The guidance department of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and the Ministry of Forestry is responsible for the management of the upper reaches of the river; Ministry of International Trade and Industry, with Environment and Site Bureau responsible for industrial water use and Ministry of Resources and Energy responsible for hydropower planning and management; To build a province, the River Bureau is responsible for river water control and water use, and the sewer department of the Metropolitan Bureau is responsible for sewer planning and comprehensive coordination. These institutions are fragmented and lack communication and coordination with each other. 1In August, 1998, the "Liaison Meeting of Relevant Ministries and Agencies for Building and Perfecting the Water Cycle System" was composed of 6 relevant ministerial agencies and 9 relevant departments. The meeting aims at establishing a sound water circulation system. First of all, it will exchange information and opinions among various departments and study ways and means of cooperation and coordination between them. 200 1, 1 After the reform of government institutions, the Ministry of Land and Resources and the Ministry of Construction merged into the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and the number of relevant ministerial-level institutions was reduced to five.
There is also a semi-official water conservancy institution in Japan-Water Resources Development Commune, which was established and started to work according to the Water Resources Development Commune Law and the Water Resources Development Promotion Law promulgated in 196 1. Its basic task is to develop and manage the seven major water systems in Japan, adjust the relations between all parties, raise funds and coordinate the development of water resources throughout the country according to the long-term plans of the state and local governments.
Japanese Water Resources Management Level in 4.2.5.2
Japan's water resources planning is divided into two levels: national planning and water system planning. Judging from the evolution of planning, there is water system planning first, and then there is national planning. The water system planning is based on the provisions of the Law on the Promotion of Water Resources Development, and is formulated with "water resources development water system" as the object. According to the provisions of this law, where industrial development and urban population increase rapidly and emergency water use countermeasures need to be formulated, the water system as the main water supply source in this area is designated as the "water resources development water system", and the basic plan for water resources development is formulated for this water system. Since the promulgation and implementation of the Law on the Promotion of Water Resources Development, seven major water systems, including Kengen River, Dianchuan River, Zhuhouchuan River, Jichuan River, Yoshinochuan River, Arakawa River and Fengchuan River, have been delineated successively, and basic water resources development plans for each water system have been formulated. The basic contents of the plan include: the water consumption forecast and supply targets of various departments, the basic situation of facilities to be built to achieve the supply targets, and other important matters related to the rationalization of comprehensive development and utilization of water resources.
Water price system in 4.2.5.3 and Japan
Japan's water price is divided into three systems, namely domestic tap water, industrial water and agricultural water. The domestic supplier of tap water is the tap water company, which is a public enterprise established for local governments. The water price is lower than the water supply cost, and the difference is borne by the local finance. In addition, urban residents have to pay sewage treatment fees in addition to water charges.
The provider of industrial water is also the local government tap water company, and the average price is much lower than that of domestic tap water. The reasons for the huge price difference between domestic water and industrial water are as follows: first, the difference of water supply cost itself; Second, from the perspective of promoting industrial revitalization, the central government subsidizes the construction costs of industrial water facilities of local governments; Third, in order to attract investment, many local governments implement preferential prices for industrial water, and local finances subsidize water supply companies.
The users of agricultural water are farmers. Because they have the right to water, they pay not according to the water consumption, but in the form of paying the construction fee and maintenance management fee of water conservancy facilities. These expenses are based on the area of land owned by farmers. In addition, urban residents have to pay sewage treatment fees in addition to water charges.
Water resources management model in Egypt
The development and utilization of Nile water resources in Egypt mainly depends on the water conservancy projects built on its main tributaries, the largest of which is the famous Aswan Gaoba Reservoir, which is the most important large-scale water conservancy project in Egypt and has many functions such as irrigation, power generation, flood control and navigation. Due to the rapid population growth in Egypt, the population increased to 66 million at the end of 1990s, and the water demand greatly increased. However, the water supply of the Nile can no longer meet the demand, and the lack of water resources is mainly solved by sewage reuse, groundwater development and utilization, and making full use of the little rainfall. Because it is difficult to increase water resources, recycling water resources has become the most important means. Agricultural wastewater is comprehensively utilized with surface water and groundwater, reaching 4.7 billion m3 every year. At present, the agricultural purification of urban sewage is in the stage of experiment and small-scale application, with an annual output of about 500 million m3.
4.2.7 Iran's water resources management model
As we all know, the Middle East is the most important oil producing area in the world. In the Middle East, what is precious is not oil, but water. Iran, located in the northwest of Asia, is one of the water-deficient areas. However, it is a miracle that Iran can fully supply tap water and hot water to residents with precipitation less than 200mm. Take Tehran, the capital of Iran, for example, 28,000 square kilometers of land is short of water. In order to solve the water problem in Tehran, the Iranian government has set up a unified Tehran Water Affairs Bureau in Tehran and four neighboring provinces, which transcends administrative divisions and is managed by the Iranian Ministry of Electricity and Water Resources. Its jurisdiction includes the northern part of Tehran adjacent to the Black Sea, Mazandaran province with the most abundant water resources in Iran, qazvin province province with more water resources in the northwest of Tehran and Qom province with more water resources in the southwest of Tehran. This unified management of cross-regional and administrative planning ensures water supply in arid areas.
Tehran Water Affairs Bureau also supervises sewage treatment, and Tehran has a sewage treatment plant with a daily treatment capacity of 2.5 million tons. Because the rainfall in Tehran is less than 200mm and there is basically no rain and sewage, it can be said that the sewage treatment in Tehran is fully covered and there is almost no omission. The sewage treatment plant is controlled by the state and operated by the company system, which has mobilized the enthusiasm of the whole people to participate. Tehran tax bureau is also responsible for managing prices, and the measures are very strict. The price of domestic water is 2.5 yuan/ton, but it exceeds 30 tons per month, and the price will increase with each additional ton. If the user exceeds 90t, it can be added to RMB 25 yuan /t, which is astronomical for ordinary income families.
In dry years, the Water Affairs Bureau promotes urban water saving by raising prices and further reduces farmers' water consumption. For the losses of farmers, the government gives subsidies according to the losses. A large part of this money comes from the increasing water consumption and the rising water price, forming a virtuous circle and a reasonable economic mechanism to fight drought. In addition, the distribution of water rights in Tehran also has priority. To distribute water resources uniformly, we must first ensure the domestic water use of urban residents; Secondly, ensure industrial water, including power generation water, because industrial production efficiency is high; Ensure agricultural irrigation water again; Finally, ensure that water flows down as water for ecology and tourism.
4.2.8 Summary of foreign water resources management models
From the water resources management of the United States, Britain, France, Australia and other countries, it can be seen that the water resources management of developed countries abroad is realized through two levels: one is the unified management of river basin water resources; The second is the integrated management of urban water affairs. The differences are reflected in the following points:
First, management purposes are different. Unified river basin management is to balance and coordinate the different interests related to water in the river basin and realize the sustainable development of water resources and society in the river basin. The purpose of urban management is to coordinate the relationship between water supply and drainage, on this premise, reduce costs and maximize economic benefits.
Second, the clients are different. River basin management is mainly regional and industrial, and the service and the served object are coordinated by the government; The objects of urban water supply service are direct users, residents and enterprises, and the relationship between them is economical.
Third, the nature and means of management are different. Watershed management belongs to resource management, which is mainly based on legal and administrative means, supplemented by economic means, including planning, resource allocation, water right determination, water resource fee collection and license issuance. Urban water affairs belongs to asset management, that is, water commodity-urban living and production water, which is mainly based on economic means and based on the principle of cost-effectiveness.
4.2.9 Reference significance of foreign water resources management models
4.2.9. 1 Improve China's water rights legislation, and raise the rational utilization of water resources and pollution prevention to the legislative level.
Advanced foreign experience shows that a sound legal system is the guarantee of water rights management. China citizens' right to enjoy pure water should be protected by law. Are a series of water transfer projects such as the South-to-North Water Transfer Project in line with the wishes of the citizens in the water source areas being diverted, and are they compensated as they should be? Does the government violate the long-term interests of the people by allowing some enterprises to discharge pollutants and destroy water sources for tax revenue or political achievements? These problems deserve our deep thought. Although the water right of our country is not based on private ownership, the water right of our citizens should also be protected.
4.2.9.2 can give priority to water shortage areas.
The eastern part of the United States is rich in water resources, while the western part is short of water. China has a vast territory and a large population, and the distribution of water resources is even more uneven. The priority utilization of water resources in the United States can be used for reference. For example, Gansu and other water-deficient areas should give priority to ensuring residents' domestic water and production irrigation water. Australia is a water-deficient country, and its water right allocation method is also suitable for water-deficient areas in China. First of all, to protect the right of family life and poultry to use water, other users should apply to the government. For enterprises with large water consumption, the relevant government departments should review whether there is waste of water resources, whether there are facilities to reduce pollution, whether they meet the discharge standards, how to use water resources, and then decide whether to approve their water rights as appropriate.
4.2.9.3 can adopt the progressive pricing method.
Advocating conservation can not only stay at the spiritual level, but also adopt the method of progressive pricing to control water use. For example, the domestic water consumption of a city stipulates a water consumption, which will increase the price, and with the increase of the consumption, the increased price will also rise. The water saved should be compensated, which makes it easier to form a water-saving atmosphere.
Water resources management in 4.2.9.4 needs policy support and mass participation.
British citizens participate in improving the water management mechanism, and there are consumer associations in every region, which are composed of local administrators and representatives of ordinary people, to supervise the services provided by water supply companies and put forward opinions and suggestions. The existence of consumer associations is actually equivalent to local participation in water resources management. At present, due to the scarcity of water resources, water resources have become a consumer product. In China, water resources are mainly allocated by the government. The city is supplied with water by a water supply company. Compared with water supply companies, consumers in China are in a weak position, and consumers' associations are also in an embarrassing state at home, and there is little supervision and feedback to water management institutions. Therefore, citizen participation should be increased in water resources management.
4.2.9.5 perfects the water rights trading market.
China's water rights trading is basically dominated by the government, the water rights market is underdeveloped, and the country has no perfect legal norms. Water right transaction is the direction of water resources management in China in the future. Drawing on the experience of American government, it is necessary for the government to reserve some water rights. One is to protect the reserve for special purposes; The second is to ensure the balance of the water rights trading market and limit monopoly. In China, there are many difficulties in the absolute allocation of water rights, but water rights can be traded in provinces or cities. The water transfer project should compensate the residents in the water source area, and the compensation amount can be determined through consultation between cities or by the price mechanism according to the market price. Pollution rights can also be traded. According to Coase theorem and institutional economics school, if the transaction and negotiation costs are zero, then no matter which side the initial rights belong to, they will eventually reach an equilibrium state. China can set the total amount of pollutant discharge and sell it to enterprises through distribution or auction. If the enterprise's emissions exceed its emission rights, it is necessary to buy the difference. When the market demand for emission rights increases, its price will rise, so the pollution cost of enterprises will rise. Enterprises would rather invest in green production, buy new equipment and use new technology to reduce the amount of sewage, so that water pollution will be reduced.
4.2.9.6 should combine the market and the government in the process of water rights management.
The water right management in France is not privatized, but entrusted in a planned way, and the management right is only "leased" or "chartered" to private enterprises. According to market rules, privatization of water rights is the most efficient, and water resources can be allocated to the most efficient departments. However, if the water right is completely privatized in China, it is likely that the bottom workers are dissatisfied with water resources, while the rich waste precious water resources under the national conditions of large gap between the rich and the poor. Individuals can't get water resources, but big companies and consortia can monopolize them. Therefore, in China, the government's control over resources is indispensable. After all, we should take care of the interests of most people. For enterprises that use more water and discharge more pollutants, market mechanism can be used to allocate water resources to enterprises with the best economic benefits and the least pollution.
Differential pricing of water resources in 4.2.9.7 is an effective method to promote the rational utilization of water resources.
① Industry and agriculture can be priced differently. In view of the protection measures for agriculture in China today, the price of agricultural water should be appropriately reduced to reduce the cost of agricultural production. (2) Industrial water prices can also be priced differently. The environmental protection department will classify the water pollution of enterprises and levy different water prices according to different levels. On the one hand, promote enterprises to reduce emissions; On the other hand, it promotes technological upgrading. Only in this way can we support key industries supported by the state and suppress the production of backward departments. In Japan, urban residents have to pay for sewage treatment. China can also pay sewage treatment fees according to the amount of sewage discharged by enterprises and urban residents, even if enterprises or individuals have water rights.
4.2.9.8 builds water conservancy projects to improve the utilization efficiency of water resources.
Most parts of China belong to temperate continental climate, with rainfall mainly distributed in summer and relatively dry in spring and autumn. Therefore, referring to the method of Egypt, the construction of water conservancy projects can make up for the difference in the time distribution of water resources in China and store the water sources in rainy season for use in dry season. Moreover, water conservancy projects can bring benefits in power generation and flood control, which is a measure to benefit the country and the people.
Water conservancy projects and water-saving projects are projects with positive externalities, and this kind of economic behavior has a small rate of return and a long period. Most enterprises are reluctant to engage in this industry. Our government can give financial support and preferential policies to such socially beneficial projects, so as to arouse the enthusiasm of enterprises, which is a win-win means for enterprises and society.
Improving the utilization rate of water resources is a water-saving method that every country can adopt. At present, the reuse rate of industrial water in China is low, and most of the equipment used is not equipped with water-saving and emission reduction devices, but this reform is still in progress and needs a process. This kind of energy saving and emission reduction equipment can be installed through joint investment by the state and enterprises. State investment can be achieved through tax reduction. Agricultural water is flooded, which wastes water and is inefficient. Drip irrigation can save a lot of agricultural water, but it requires a lot of rural infrastructure construction, which is almost impossible at present. But it can be used as a way of future planning.