I. Overview of Stone Carving
Judging from its shape and content, this stone belongs to a historical classic, which was published in the fourth year of Emperor Xianyong of Liao Daozong (1068). When unearthed, the roof and pedestal of the classic building were all gone, leaving only the building itself. The building is white marble with a height of 67 cm and a diameter of 3 1.5 cm. Octagonal, in which the main surface width is15.5cm and the secondary surface width is10cm. The eight sides of the building are engraved with words, all official books, arranged vertically. The title of the first sect is "regarded as a holy book". Is SHEN WOO's whole work brilliant, kind and filial? The emperor specially built a fragrant building "22 words, about 5 cm in diameter." The second to seventh pages are the numbers and boundaries of inscriptions, titles and tax-free fields, with 29 lines of 20 to 30 words each, with a word diameter of about 1 cm. The eighth side is the scripture, the first title is "burn incense and tell the truth" 5 words, the truth (scripture) 3 lines, ***38 words, the word diameter is 2 cm. The inscription reads (figure 1):
Yuan Dazhong, King of Qigou Pass, Fanyang County, Zhuozhou, Liaoning Province. , each gave up his net wealth, redeemed the treasures of the Tripitaka, and ended the week successfully. If you want to collect English classes, there are the following: Xiao Ji's lecture method, Hong You Xiao Jun's chanting, Xiao? □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□
The handwriting and calligraphy of this Buddhist stone carving are all made by stones. From the point of view of writing and calligraphy, it is not only rough, but also clumsy and unorganized, which is really bad. It is gratifying, however, that the monks of Qigouguan Tianwang Academy in Fanyang County, Zhuozhou donated money to "redeem the Tripitaka" and "the whole week" in June of the fourth year of Liao Xianyong, and the government's policy of raising funds to publish the Tripitaka by exempting land tax at that time provided us with some new historical materials today to understand how the famous Qidan collection was published more than 900 years ago. In this sense, this newly redeemed Buddhist scripture building (for the convenience of narration, the author tentatively named it) is the second Liao Dynasty stone carving related to the collection of Buddhist scriptures after the four-year monument of the collection of Buddhist scriptures by Yang Taishan Qingshuiyuan in Beijing Xishan Academy [1], and its documentary significance is not inferior to the former.
In order to deeply understand the value of this stone classic building, it is necessary to make a brief description of the Qidan collection and its research.
Second, about the collection of Qidan.
Khitan Tibetan is a voluminous Buddhist cultural classic, and its publication and dissemination is an important event in social, cultural and religious activities in the middle and late Liao Dynasty. According to the above-mentioned inscription "Yang Taishan Qingshuiyuan creates a Tibetan Scripture Monument", there are 579 volumes in the Khitan collection. If each volume is 10, there are 5790 volumes. In fact, the Tibetan language in Qidan is the title of Buddhist scriptures carved in Liao Dynasty, which is different from the Tibetan scriptures carved in other dynasties in history. In the Liao Dynasty, it was collectively called the Tripitaka.
The so-called Sanzang is a collection of Buddhist classics, also called "all classics". According to relevant scholars' research, the inscriptions on Tibetan scriptures were first created in the Kaibao period (968-976) in northern Song Taizu, and later called "Kaibao". Unfortunately, this Tibetan sutra has been lost, and it is less than 10, so the specific directory is difficult to verify.
[2]. After "Kaibao", it was "Qidan Tibetan" compiled by Liao Dynasty.
There have been many researchers who have different views on the specific time of engraving the Khitan Tripitaka. Ye Gongchuo's textual research on Tibetan scriptures in past dynasties holds that: "It is about the period from Liao Xingzong (103 1 ~ 1055) to Liao Daozong (1055 ~1)." [3] Luo? Mr. Wang believes that: "The engraving era of Qidan Tibetan began in the Chongxi period of Liao Xing and ended in the Xianyong period of Liao Dao (1068)." [4] According to Jue Yuan, a famous monk in Nanjing, Liaoning Province (now Beijing), the Buddhist scriptures collected by Xingzong were ordered to be engraved and needed to be surveyed in detail, so Jue Yuan participated in collating. In the 22nd year of Chongxi (1053), Lingyan Temple was built in Liaoxing Zhongfu, and a Tibetan scripture was purchased and widely circulated (Yeluzhao: Inscription on Lingyan Temple), indicating that the Tibetan language of Qidan had been initially published at that time. During the reign of Daozong, he continued to collect Buddhist scriptures and put them into Tibet. It is recorded in The Monument of Tibetan Scriptures Created by Yang Taishan Qingshui: Xianyong was four years old (1068), and "Deng Gonggui in Nanyang today ... recruited another 500,000 comrades to help print 579 Tibetan Scriptures and create Tibetan niches inside and outside" [5] can be proved. Besides, what about it? Mr. Wang believes: "Before and after the Khitan was incorporated, there were two versions:' Unity and Harmony' and' Worship the West and Offer Forever'. Unified edition' * * * 505, edited and proofread by the host. This catalogue is the interpretation written by Kaiyuan Buddhism and Buddhist Records and Continued Kaiyuan Buddhism and Buddhist Records. Heavy-Xian Yongben' * * * 579, editing and proofreading may be that the catalogue is recorded in the Khitan Collection, which was written by its Taibao master (probably). "[6] According to Luo? According to Mr. Wang's textual research, the Five Hundred and Seventy-nine Tripitaka of Qingshuiyuan is actually the most important book in the Tibetan language of Qidan-Immortal Edition. In addition, according to "Yang Taishan Qingshui Source Created a Tibetan Scripture Monument", "Yanjing Right Street proofreads the purple sand gate Jue Yuan given by Taibao Daqing, and Deng Conggui of Nan 'an Village of Yu He County inherited Yongji" [7], it can be confirmed that "Chongxi-Xianyong Edition" was indeed edited by Jue Yuan, and the final completion time should be during the reign of Liao Daozong Xianyong. This can also be proved by the newly discovered "Newly Redeemed Buddhist Scripture Building".
The Tibetan language of Qidan has been lost for a long time, and researchers in past dynasties have speculated on its "face", but they dare not draw a conclusion. Fortunately, in 1974, a small number of fragments of the Khitan Collection were found in the wooden tower of Fogong Temple in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province, which provided material data for a deeper understanding of this ancient Buddhist cultural classic, thus making it clear that its editing and engraving printing place was in the temple in Yanjing (now Beijing) (such as Hongfa Temple), and Dong was attended by some eminent monks and great virtues.
Third, the social background of the publication of The Newly Redeemed Buddhist Scriptures Building.
Classic architecture is a kind of Buddhist stone carving, which is named after it looks like a building. The building is buddhist supplies, which was originally an umbrella-shaped ornament made of silk and silk. The top of the building is filled with wishful beads, and the bottom is equipped with long wooden poles, which stand in front of the Buddha statue. Later, people used stones to simulate the shape of buildings and built them for stones. Archaeological findings prove that the construction of Shijinglou began in the early Tang Dynasty, and it is generally octagonal, with six sides, four sides or carved with various stones. There is a cover at the top of the column (commonly known as the "sky cover") as the eaves, ranging from single eaves to double eaves and multi-eaves, and many carved curtains and wreaths are used as ornaments. The column body is engraved with scriptures or Buddha statues, with the scriptures alternating between Chinese and Sanskrit, Buddha statues or reliefs or line carvings. Classical architecture is rich in content and different in shape. Often, the scriptures are engraved first, and then the inscriptions and titles are engraved. Most of the words are engraved on the buildings. The shapes are simple and complex, and the ones with multi-layer "Tiangai" and Sumitomo are becoming more and more complex. There are many names of classic buildings, such as the Eight Ridges Monument, the Stone Pillar Monument and the Eight Buddhas, as well as the Fafu, Miaofu, Baofu, Huafu, Dingfu and Xiangfu. For example, this classic building collected by Zhuozhou Institute of Cultural Relics Protection calls itself "Xianglou" in the title.
Buddhist scriptures are mainly engraved in classic buildings. The original purpose was to preserve and spread Buddhism. Later, it was mainly used to pray for blessings and eliminate disasters, and occasionally used for notes (limited to Buddhist activities). For example, this newly redeemed Buddhist scripture building can be called a chronicle building. At present, most of the classic buildings found in Liao Dynasty are engraved with the Buddhist scriptures, such as the Buddha's Peak is the Great Ronnie Sutra, the King Kong Prajna Sutra, the Multi-hearted Sutra, the Huayan Sutra, the True Sutra of the Wisdom Moment, and the True Sutra of the Tibetan Buddha's Heart, and so on, and most of them are written in Sanskrit. People who believe in Buddhism believe that the shadow of the scripture-engraved building is reflected on the body, and its dust sticks to the body, which is called "dust shading", which can eliminate people's evil karma and avoid going to hell; And the construction of classic buildings is even more meritorious.
The newly redeemed Buddhist scripture building has only 38 words, all in Chinese, and it is called "burning incense", which is very rare in the known Buddhist scripture building in Liao Dynasty. Burning incense is a Buddhist ritual, and it is one of the five kinds of offerings and six kinds of offerings. The interpretation of truth is: sweep away evil spirits and invite gods; The first explanation is that it can spread the merits of practice everywhere. According to the deeds recorded in Jian Zhi, it should be an infinite merit for the monks in Tianwangting, Qigou Pass, Fanyang County, Zhuozhou to "give up their net wealth" to redeem the Tibetan scriptures, and the reason why they carved the incense burning scriptures without other scriptures is to carry forward this merit and spread it everywhere.
Jingzhuang is a Buddhist stone carving and an ancient architectural sketch. In Liao Dynasty, this kind of stone carving was very popular and widely distributed. Zhuozhou belonged to Nanjing Western Jin Dynasty in Liao Dynasty, and was led by Fanyang, Gu 'an, Xincheng and Guiyi counties. Its Buddhist cultural activities should be included in Yanjing (now Beijing) cultural circle. Stone carvings of Confucian classics in the Liao Dynasty in Beijing today are mostly found in Galand's hometown or Shifang site, and are mostly built by monks or good men and women. Their shapes and specifications are different: exquisite ones win by skill, while simple ones are rough and simple; The big one is more than ten feet high, and the small one is only a few feet. The building is mainly engraved with scriptures, most of which are accompanied by eulogies, some with inscriptions and prefaces, and most of them are engraved with the names and publication years of the helpers. Judging from the only remaining buildings, this newly redeemed Tibetan classic building is undoubtedly a chronicle building with small specifications and simple shape.
On the front of the building, the inscription "SHEN WOO, regarded as a sacred text, has completed all the work. Benevolent people have different opinions, and wise people have different opinions? " The words "the emperor specially built the incense tower" clearly indicated that the purpose of compiling the chronicle was to wish Yan Guo's works and pray for the emperor-because the printing and redemption of Tibetan scriptures was advocated by the emperor, the supreme ruler at that time. "Are Saint Shen Wenyu generally calm, benevolent and filial?" "Emperor" is the honorific title of Lu Ye Hongji, a Taoist priest in Liao Dynasty. The book Liao Shi Dao Zong Ji II says: "In the first month of the first year of Xianyong, Xin You Shuo Chun, a civil and military official, together with the honorific title, called SHEN WOO the capital. The emperor. Compared with the historical records, the honorific title of Taoism in architectural records is "Guang Zhi", and the title of "follower" in Liao history is "follower". These can be compared with each other to make historical mistakes.
In the architectural stone carvings of Daozong, this amount is "regarded as heaven?" The emperor ... "These buildings are more common. For example, in the above-mentioned "Academy Collection", the records of the Tibetan scriptures made by Yang Taishan Qingshuiyuan, the records of the stupa of Longquan Temple in Changping, and the existing buildings in Qigou Village, Huayang Park in Zhuozhou City are all based on "worshiping heaven". The words "emperor".
This phenomenon has profound social reasons, because the period from Emperor Shengzong of Liao Dynasty to Taoist Sect of Liao Dynasty (982 ~11kloc-0/) was the most prosperous period of Buddhist activities in Nanjing (now Beijing). In the history of Buddhism in China, although there are many examples of people who promoted the ritual because of the support and advocacy of the emperor, especially the Liao Dynasty. For example, the Emperor Yelu Longxu of Liao Dynasty, in the words of people at that time, was the emperor who was the master of Ren Huang and the master of Buddha. According to documents, in the sixth year of Sheng Zongtong (988), Lu Ye Longxu was lucky enough to worship Buddha at yanshou temple and Hong Yan Temple in Yanjing. In December, 1994, Jing Zong imaging. Fortunately, yanshou temple became a monk. Fifteen years after reunification (997), yanshou temple was lucky again. Ye Luzong, the son of Shengzong, was really an emperor who killed Buddha. According to records, in December of the 11th year of Chongxi (1042), in order to announce the anniversary of the death of the empress, Xingzong and the empress dowager served rice monks in Benzhong Temple in Yanjing, yanshou temple and Sanxue Temple. However, Lu Ye Hongji, the Emperor of Daozong, not only believed in Buddhism like his ancestors, but also studied the teachings and made great achievements in Buddhism. According to relevant documents, Taoism is familiar with Sanskrit and has a deep study of Buddhism. It is said that he is particularly good at the teachings of Huayan Sect of Buddhism and is familiar with other sects of Buddhism. Therefore, during the 45 years of Liao Daozong's rule, all the Buddhist sects formed in Sui and Tang Dynasties were popularized, and all the Buddhist sects prevailed in Liao countries, surpassing the Central Plains in the same period. At that time, there was a monk named Fawu, who wrote an article praising Liao Daozong's profound Buddhist cultivation: Your Majesty inherited Shamali's Han religion and the king's treasure system; Every time I get rid of ordinary politics, I will no longer be swayed by the wind. Talking about micro-enthronement and ignoring heresy; If you are poor, you will boast, and God will sue. In this eulogy, he pointed out that Taoism is well versed in the study of Hua Yan and praised the relatives of Hua Yan. In fact, Liao Daozong did have a lot of research on Hua Yan Xue, including Hua Yan Zan, Hua Yan Jing Zan and Hua Yan Jing Wu Fu, which were quite influential at that time. The publication of Khitan Tibetan in the reign of Emperor Xianyong undoubtedly had a great relationship with this Buddha-loving emperor.
Fourthly, the literature value of the newly redeemed Tibetan classic buildings.
Although this book has a large number of words, except for the title, tax-free fields, boundaries, scriptures and other details, there are only two paragraphs related to the Khitan Tibetan language, accounting for 68 words. One is: "The Great Liao Kingdom, Zhuozhou, Fanyang County, Qigou Pass, Tianwangyuan, Volkswagen and so on. , each gave up his net wealth and redeemed the miscellaneous treasure, which was successfully completed in one week. If you want to collect lessons from Britain, you will have a list. " One is: "Xianyong Datong is tax-free from October 20, 2002/KLOC-0 to June 7, 2004. The newly redeemed Tibetan sutra Lixiang Building. "
John young mentioned in the previous paragraph is Guo Yi County in Zhuozhou, Liao Dynasty, and its jurisdiction is roughly equivalent to Zhuozhou, Hebei Province today. Qigou Pass, located in Qigou Village, Songlindian Town, Zhuozhou City, was an important pass in the southwest of Youzhou during the Tang and Song Dynasties. Qigou is also written as Qigou or Qigou in local literature. It was established in the late Tang Dynasty. Liao and Jin Dynasties was a big city in the southwest suburb of Zhuozhou. It was renamed Qigou Town in the early Yuan Dynasty and Qigou Village in the middle Qing Dynasty. Tianwangyuan was a famous temple in Zhuozhou during the Liao and Jin Dynasties (this can be seen from the fact that monks in this temple were able to buy the Tripitaka and the amount of land they owned). Today, although there are only ruins left in this temple, there are still sporadic cultural relics unearthed over the years. For example, the existing Qigou classic building of Zhuozhou Institute of Cultural Relics Protection was found in Qigou Village, with the inscription of monks in the Tianwang Academy of Liao and Jin Dynasties. According to this, it can be seen that, until the Jin Dynasty (1 15 ~ 1234), Tianwangyuan should still be a famous temple in South Zhuonan.
"Every net wealth, redeem the treasure monk, complete the worship. If you want to collect English classes, you will list them in the back. " Monks in our hospital raised money and bought a tripitaka in the form of redemption. After the incident, the name of the helper was engraved in Zhen Shi. The "net wealth" here, that is, clean money, is considered as "net wealth" by Buddhism. The Zabao Tripitaka is suspected to refer to a part of the Tripitaka. Among the Tibetan scriptures is Za Bao Jing, which was translated by Ji Jia in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The content is to give the prince one hundred and twenty-one reasons to help his parents be obscene and to persuade people to be blessed and keep precepts. However, this sutra only has 10 volume, which is not the Zabao Tripitaka redeemed in architectural records. In recent years, the directory of Liao Dynasty classics found in the wooden pagoda in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province contains the Mahayana Zabao classics and the titles of the lyrics, which are not many, and I am afraid it is not the Zabao Tripitaka mentioned in architectural records. Another kind of Buddhism has the word "miscellaneous Tibetan", which refers to the collection of Buddhist classics after the Buddha's silence, including Erzang, Sanzang, Sizang and Wuzang. "On Respecting Merits and Virtues One" said: "Isn't it just that one person said that Zazang, or Buddha, or disciple, or heaven, or three monks live together? Bodhisattva origin. The meaning is not the same, more than Sanzang, so it is mixed. " Therefore, it is speculated that the Zabao Tripitaka redeemed by the monks in Tianwangyuan at that time was the Zazang of Wuzang.
Another passage in Architectural Notes, "Datong Tian was tax-free in Xianyong from 2002 10/0 to June 7, 2004", is very important, but the sentence is not clear and easy to cause ambiguity. The first solution is to separate the sentence "October 1st of the second year of Xianyong" and classify it as the inscription of the above title. Then, this stone should be published in October of the second year of Xianyong (1066), not in June of the fourth year of Xianyong (1068). However, this sentence starts from another line and is connected with "Great Harmony ……". For a line engraving, it is not like the end of the last article. Moreover, if this sentence is divided into the above words, the following "June 7, four years" seems irrelevant and unreasonable. Because there is no starting time limit on the word "to", the following "June 7, four years" is puzzling because it has no end. Therefore, the author read it as a sentence, which means that after the monks of Tianwangyuan redeemed the Tripitaka, they announced the promise of exempting the government from its land tax with stones, so as to keep their names.
In addition, the tax-free word "Datong Tian" is also difficult to understand. According to Liao History Grain Goods, there were three systems of public land, private land and idle land in Liao Dynasty, but there was no system of "Great Harmony". According to the details and quantity of the "Great Harmony Field" listed in architectural records, it is speculated that it is the so-called "fragrance field" and "merit field" in modern times, which may have been called "Great Harmony Field" at that time. According to architectural records, at that time, Tianwangyuan enjoyed 59 1 mu of farmland in Datong, which was estimated to be only a part of its farmland.
According to this building, it can be inferred that the rulers of Liao Dynasty opened up a wide range of financing channels when they advocated the publication of the numerous Buddhist classics "Khitan Tibetan". In addition to encouraging Buddhist believers to give free help, some larger monasteries are allowed to pay in advance by reducing or exempting the temple land tax and making annual compensation ("redemption" is actually another way of purchasing, here called "redemption"), saying that "redemption" should be a specific term, rather than the temple paying for the Sanzang, in order to solve the difficulty of insufficient funds. The publication of the Tripitaka by the Liao government is not recorded in the history books. Fortunately, architectural records convey such important information in history for us.
One more thing to mention is that the words "Newly Redeemed Buddhist Scriptures Building a Fragrant House" 10 at the end of the note may be misplaced. This word 10 is the first title of the essay. It should be listed before "Zhuozhou, the Great Liao Country ...", but it is inexplicably engraved after the name of the monk who donated money, and it is crowded with "Two Years of Xian Yong ...", and the font is very small and the handwriting is scrawled.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Ye thought: "The words on the Liao stele were all released by historians and village scholars, and there is no good trace." [8] Although this statement is suspected of being partial, it is not a mean comment on this calligraphy. However, although this stone carving in Liao Dynasty has poor handwriting and writing, its documentary value cannot be ignored because it conveys important historical information.
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[1][5][7] Lu et al. Chronicles of Liao, Jin and Beijing (Volume II), Beijing Yanshan Publishing House, 2004.
[2] Zhou Shaoliang: "Fangshan Shijing and the Khitan Collection", in "Research on Liao and Jin Cultural Relics in Beijing", Beijing Yanshan Publishing House, 2005.
[3][4][6] Introduction: Comparative Analysis of the Catalogue of Tripitaka and the Catalogue of Blueprints for Entering Tibet, China Buddhist Journal No.4, 199 1.
[8] Qing Ye Chi Chang: "Yu Shi" Volume 1, Liaoning Education Press, 1998, the first 2 1 page.