At present, the maritime transport routes mainly include: Persian Gulf-Cape of Good Hope-Western Europe and North America, Persian Gulf-Lombok Strait-makassar strait (Straits of Malacca and Singapore)-Japanese, Persian Gulf-Suez Canal-Mediterranean-Western Europe and North America, etc. With the vigorous development of international oil trade, the role and importance of major transportation channels have been greatly improved. As the starting point or relay station of these routes, the straits and canals have become the "throats" to ensure the unimpeded oil shipping because of their special geographical location.
Maritime transport line
(1) Mande Strait.
The Mande Strait is located between the southwestern tip of the Arabian Peninsula and the African continent, surrounded by Djibouti, Eritrea and Yemen. It runs northwest-southeast, connecting the southern tip of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden in the Arabian Sea. It is called the "water corridor" connecting Europe, Asia and Africa. Mande Strait is 0/8km long and 25 ~ 32km wide. There are several small islands at the entrance, of which Pirin Island is the largest, with an area of 13km2. At present, the daily throughput of oil is 3.2 million to 3.3 million barrels. The main destinations of oil exports are Europe, America and Asia.
② the Strait of Hormuz.
The Strait of Hormuz is located between Iran and Arabian Peninsula, connecting Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. The east-west length is about 150km, and the north-south width is about 64-97km. At present, the daily throughput of oil is130,000 barrels. The main destinations of oil exports are Europe, North America, Southeast Asia and Oceania.
The Strait of Hormuz is the export of the Persian Gulf. After an endless stream of giant tankers pass through the Strait, they transport oil to consumer countries and regions in three channels: one is to reach European countries through the Persian Gulf-Cape of Good Hope-North Atlantic; One passes through the Persian Gulf-Suez Canal-Mediterranean Sea and also leads to European countries; The other reaches Japan, North America and Oceania through the Persian Gulf-Malacca Strait-Pacific Ocean. Therefore, the Strait of Hormuz can be described as the oil "artery" of western countries. In Persian, Hormuz means "god of light". Once blocked or affected, the western world will fall into darkness.
(3) Bosphorus.
The Bosporus Strait, also known as Istanbul Strait, connects the Black Sea in the north, Marathi and the Mediterranean Sea in the south, and divides Turkey into Asia and Europe. The total length of the Strait is 30.4 kilometers, the widest point is 3.4 kilometers, the narrowest point is 708 meters, the deepest point is 120 meters, and the shallowest point is only 27.5 meters. At present, the daily throughput of oil is 2 million barrels, almost all of which are transported to the south, mainly crude oil, plus hundreds of thousands of barrels of refined oil every day. The main destinations of oil transportation are western Europe and southern Europe.
Bosporus Strait is the main traffic artery connecting Europe and Asia, and the first gateway for countries along the Black Sea to go to sea, and its geographical position is of strategic significance.
Although the narrowest part of the strait is only 708 meters, it is one of the busiest straits in the world, with about 50,000 ships passing through it every year, including about 5,500 oil tankers. It is the most difficult "throat" waterway in the world. Many export routes of Gulf oil cross the Black Sea and Bosporus Strait westward, reaching the Mediterranean Sea and the world oil market.
(4) Panama Canal/oil pipeline crossing Panama.
The Panama Canal is located in the middle of Panama in America, connecting Panama City in the Pacific Ocean and Cologne City (Panama Port) in the Caribbean. It is an important shipping artery connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. Panama canal is 8 1.3 km long, with a water depth of 13 ~ 15 m and a river width of 150 ~ 304 m. The water level of the whole canal is 26 meters higher than that of the two oceans, and there are six shiplocks. At present, the daily throughput of oil is 610.3 million barrels. The main destination of oil transportation is North America.
In 2002, among all materials (in terms of tonnage) carried by ships passing through the Panama Canal, the transportation volume of oil and refined oil was the largest, accounting for 16%. 64% of oil tankers sail south and enter the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic Ocean through canals, mainly transporting refined oil.
(5) Suez Canal/Sami oil pipeline.
The Suez Canal is located in Egypt, connecting Europe, Asia and Africa, connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, and connecting the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. The total length of the canal is175km, the average width of the river surface is135m, and the water depth is 22.5m.. At present, the daily throughput of Suez Canal/Sumed oil pipeline is 3.8 million barrels, of which the daily throughput of Mai Su-Germany oil pipeline (all oil comes from Saudi Arabia) is 2.5 million barrels, and the remaining 6.5438+0.3 million barrels are transported through the canal. Most of the oil export destinations are shipped to Europe, and a small part is shipped to the United States.
The Suez Canal greatly shortened the voyage between East and West. Compared with bypassing the Cape of Good Hope in Africa, it is 5,500 ~ 8,009 kilometers shorter from the countries along the Atlantic coast of Europe to the Indian Ocean. Shorten the Mediterranean countries to the Indian Ocean by 8000 ~ 10000 km; For the coast of the Black Sea, shortening 12000 km is an important strategic waterway in international shipping. If the Suez Canal and Samid pipeline are blocked, oil transportation will be interrupted, and all tankers will have to bypass the Cape of Good Hope, which will greatly increase the transportation time and cost.
(6) Malacca Strait.
Malacca Strait is a narrow waterway connecting the Indian Ocean, the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean, with a total length of about 65,438+0,080 kilometers. It is an important shipping channel between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and is known as "Gibraltar of the East". The southeast exit of the Strait is Singapore. At present, the daily throughput of oil is 6.5438+0.03 million barrels. Oil export destinations include China, Japan, South Korea and other Pacific Rim countries.
(7) Russian oil and gas export pipelines/ports.
Russia's oil reserves rank sixth in the world, and its oil production and export volume are second only to Saudi Arabia. Natural gas reserves and exports rank first in the world. Russia's oil and gas export ports are mainly Novorossiysk port in the Black Sea and Marina port in the Baltic Sea (north of Leningrad and along the Gulf of Finland). Oil and gas export pipelines mainly pass through Ukraine, Belarus, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland and other Eastern European countries. In 2002, the daily export volume of Russian oil exceeded 4.5 million barrels; The annual export volume of natural gas exceeds 6.7 trillion cubic feet (654.38+0896 billion cubic meters). Oil and gas export destinations include Eastern Europe, Netherlands, Italy, Germany, France and other Western European countries.
Pipeline transportation of oil has the advantages of large volume, safety, convenience and low freight rate, so it has become a link between oil fields, oil ports and refineries in various countries, and it is also a complementary transportation mode with tankers in oil import and export trade. The development of oil and gas pipelines in the world has two characteristics: one is to form a long-distance and large-caliber pipeline system, and the other is that the pipelines are widely distributed, but mainly concentrated in North America, Western Europe and the former Soviet Union. The natural gas pipelines in these areas are scattered and have achieved international networking. For example, the density of natural gas trunk lines in the United States is 185m/km2, that in the Netherlands is 265m/km2, and that in France is 48m/km2. The United States leads the world in the scale and complexity of natural gas pipeline infrastructure. By the end of 1999, there were 40,825 kilometers of long-distance natural gas pipelines in the United States, and there were more than 1000 interstate natural gas pipeline companies, and the pipeline networks were distributed in 48 local states. In addition, the United States, Canada and Mexico have 6 and 4 international gas supply pipelines respectively.
Western Europe's natural gas supply was initially regional, but after the discovery of Gningen gas field in the Netherlands, Western Europe began to build a natural gas pipeline network system. Eastern Europe is also actively expanding natural gas pipelines. In terms of the number of participating countries, the natural gas market in Europe is the most complicated market in the world, with 200 million natural gas users.
In recent years, with the growth of natural gas demand, the construction of gas pipelines has grown steadily. The growing demand for land fuel in Europe is promoting the implementation of natural gas pipeline construction projects from the former Soviet Union, North Africa and the North Sea. Among the projects currently under construction and planning in Europe, there are Zee Pipeline II, "European Pipeline", Holten Pipeline and Euro-Maghreb Pipeline from North Sea and Algeria. The repair and new construction plan of natural gas transmission and distribution pipelines in eastern Europe is under way. The increase in the length of gas pipelines in North Africa is closely related to the European natural gas expansion project. Algeria and Morocco began to build the Euro-Maghreb pipeline system in their own countries. In the Asia-Pacific region, natural gas and pipeline construction have great development prospects. The project of transporting natural gas from the Russian Far East to South Korea and Japan is becoming the largest pipeline project in the Far East.
From the perspective of pipeline construction and development in various countries (regions) in the world, it has the following characteristics:
First, oil and gas pipeline construction is closely related to economy and resources. Oil and gas transportation in the world, especially in North America, Western Europe and the former Soviet Union, is the most developed region in the world. The first two are the most economically developed regions in the world, and the latter is the region with the largest natural gas reserves in the world. Have a strong desire for oil and gas consumption.
Second, oil and gas consumption is the main driving force for pipeline construction. North America, Western Europe, the former Soviet Union and the Middle East are the most developed areas of natural gas and oil pipelines, and the first three are also the largest consumption areas of natural gas in the world.
Third, it is a prerequisite for the development of oil and gas pipelines that the oil and gas producing areas are far away from the consumption areas. From the analysis of world reserves distribution, this phenomenon of serious separation between production and demand areas will continue to promote the development of oil and gas pipelines.
Liquefied natural gas shipping liquefied natural gas is liquefied gaseous natural gas and used for transportation, mainly referring to maritime shipping. The trade volume of LNG in Asia-Pacific region is the largest, followed by Europe. The countries exporting LNG mainly include Indonesia, Malaysia, Algeria, Qatar, Brunei and other countries. In the Asia-Pacific region, except Malaysia, a small amount of LNG is exported to Europe and Spain, while all LNG from Indonesia, Brunei and other countries are exported to Japan, South Korea and Taiwan Province Province of China. In addition, in the Middle East, liquefied natural gas from the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman and other countries is exported to Europe and America, and a large number of liquefied natural gas is exported to Japan and South Korea. China can import LNG from Indonesia and other countries to ensure the diversification of China's energy supply. From the above-mentioned LNG import and export countries, the import and export direction is basically the same as that of oil, so its transportation characteristics are basically the same. In order to ensure the country's oil and gas supply, we must consider the safety of all these transportation channels.