I wrote an article "Liu Bei borrows the truth from Jingzhou to explore again" before. Recently, I have further thought. This paper discusses the problem of "borrowing Jingzhou", hoping to have a more comprehensive description of "borrowing Jingzhou"
First, the relevant records of history books.
"History as a Mirror Volume 66" records: "In December of the fourteenth year of Jian 'an (2009), ... took Yu as the master of the south county and took refuge in Jiangling; Cheng pu led Jiangxia satrap to control sandstorm; ..... Qi pawn, right for Jingzhou animal husbandry, Zhou Yu points to the south bank to prepare for war. Prepare to camp at the oil port and change its name to public security. "
"Biography of Jiangbiao" records that Zhou Yu was the satrap of Nanjun and was stationed in the south bank to prepare for the war. Beibie camped in Youjiangkou and changed its name to Public Security. When Liu Biao's officials saw that they belonged to the North Army, they rebelled and prepared. In case the land given was not enough to comfort the people, I borrowed several counties in Jingzhou.
"History as a Mirror Volume 66" records: "In December of the fifteenth year (2 10), ... I prepared that Zhou Yu would give me less land to accommodate the public, so I went to Beijing to see Sun Quan and requested to be a secretariat of Jingzhou. ..... On the right, Lu Su was a captain of Wu, who took the place of leading the troops and ordered Cheng Pu to make Nanjun the satrap. Lu Su advised the son of heaven to borrow Liu Bei to take Jingzhou, and refused Cao Cao with * * *, and the son of heaven followed it. ..... Later Cheng Pu led Jiangxia Prefecture, and Lu Su was Hanchang Prefecture, stationed in Lukou. "
Lu Su's Biography of the Three Kingdoms records: "The reserve army wanted to see the right of Beijing, asked the governor of Jingzhou, and Su advised to borrow it, but * * * refused Cao Gong. Cao Gong heard the right to prepare the land industry before writing a book. ..... Make Cheng Pu the prefect of Nanjun. Su Chu lived in Jiangling and later went to Lukou. "
"Biography of the Three Kingdoms" records: "Leading Jiangxia Prefecture, controlling sand and eating four counties. ..... Zhou Yu died, bringing the southern county satrap. The right to divide Jingzhou and Liu Bei, Jiangxia will also ... "
"Biography of the Three Kingdoms" records: "The ancestors were the secretariat of Jingzhou and conquered four southern counties. Wuling satrap Jin Xuan, Changsha satrap Han Xuan, Guiyang satrap Zhao Fan and Lingling satrap Liu Du all surrendered. Lu Jiang Xu Lei led thousands of people to collect records. Qi died of illness, and the ministers pushed their ancestors to Jingzhou to shepherd the public order. The right side is a little scared, and my sister is very practical. The ancestors went to Beijing and prepared for the situation. "
Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang records: "Cao Gong was defeated by Chibi and led his army to Yeh. The founder took over Jiangnan and made Liang the commander of the army, making him the governor of Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha, and adjusting his taxes to banish the army. "
"The Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Wu Zhu" records: "In fourteen years, Yu and Ren stayed together for life and killed many people. Ren Weicheng, go. Yu is the prefect of Nanjun. Liu Bei said that he had the right to ride a general and lead Xuzhou as a shepherd. Prepare to lead Jingzhou animal husbandry police. In fifteen years, Zhang Yu was divided into Poyang County; Changsha is divided into Hanchang County, with Lu Su as the prefect and Tunlukou. "
"The History of the Three Kingdoms and Emperor Wudi" records: "So a great epidemic occurred, and many officials died, leading to the return of the army. There are Jingzhou and Jiangnan County. "
Second, borrow the practical experience of Jingzhou.
According to the above related historical records, we can see that Zi Tongzhi Bamboo Slips, Lu Su Biography and The History of the Three Kingdoms and Cheng Pu Biography all have clear explanations, but the Biography of the First Master does not. In particular, the chronicle Zi Tongzhi Jian records the time in detail. Thus, we can outline the actual process of "borrowing Jingzhou" as follows:
1, Jian 'an 13 12, Zhou Yu's army defeated Cao Cao in Chibi, advanced to Jiangxi, occupied important cities along the Yangtze River (including Yiling, the gateway to Sichuan), surrounded Jiangling, and launched a fierce battle with Coss.
2. At the beginning of Jian 'an 14, Liu Bei followed Zhou Yu to participate in the siege of Jiangling. Taking advantage of the battle of Jiangling, Zhou Yu had no time to take care of the south and asked Sun Quan to agree to recover the four southern counties on his behalf. Sun Quan agreed. So Liu Bei led the troops south and recovered the territory of the four counties. And put it under the management of Sun Quan.
3. At the end of Jian 'an 14, Cao Ren abandoned Jiangling and retreated north, and Zhou Yu occupied Jiangling, a strategic place. Sun Quan appointed Zhou Yu as the acting satrap of Nanjun (governing Jiangling) and Cheng Pu as the acting satrap of Jiangxia (controlling sand).
At the same time or later, Liu Bei asked Zhou Yu to divide some territory on the pretext that his troops had no place to stand. Zhou Yu agreed to give Liu Bei the land on the south bank of Nanjun. Liu Bei transformed the military camp into a security city in Youkou. As your own office.
5. In the same month, Liu Qi died, and Liu Bei claimed to be Jingzhou Pastoral. Think of public security as your own state animal husbandry office. As Liu Bei's strength gradually increased, Sun Quan married his sister to Liu Bei. To consolidate the friendship between the two sides, or to control it.
6. At the end of Jian 'an 15, Liu Bei risked his life to see Sun Quan and asked to manage (borrow) the whole Jingzhou. Zhou Yu suggested taking this opportunity to detain Liu Bei to avoid future troubles (of course, he is more opposed to borrowing Jingzhou. It is estimated that Zhou Yu is reporting the attack on Shu in Sun Quan's office at this time.
7. Shortly thereafter, after Zhou Yu died of illness, Sun Quan appointed Cheng Pu as the prefect of Nanjun County, and Lu Su took over Zhou Yu's army and took charge of the whole Jingzhou area. Lu Su, who was close to Liu Bei, took over, but advised Sun Quan to lend Jingzhou to Liu Bei, and Sun Quan agreed.
8. Shortly thereafter, Cheng Pu retreated from Jiangling to Jiangxia, and Lu Su retreated to Lukou, handing over (lending) all the important areas along the Yangtze River in Jingzhou (including the line from Jiangling to Yiling) to Liu Bei.
This is the whole process of borrowing Jingzhou.
These places are the key areas related to the survival of Sun Quan's Jiangdong base area, which was captured from Cao Cao by Sun Quan's troops after more than a year of bloody fighting (including the previous battle between Battle of Red Cliffs and Jiangling, and Liu Bei just took advantage of this favorable situation to help recover the four southern counties without bloodshed). It's so easy to lend it to Liu Bei. It should be said that Sun Quan and Lu Su are really interesting and take care of the overall situation. If such a situation does not count as borrowing, then there is no word "borrowing" in the world.
Therefore, I totally disagree with the statement in the Three Kingdoms that Jingzhou is the Jingzhou of the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, and others have no right to lend it to others. Because at that time, who else listened to Han Xiandi? Imagine: If Emperor Xiandi controlled by Cao Cao ordered Liu Bei or Sun Quan to lend Jingzhou to Cao Cao, would they listen? Therefore, to elaborate on the Three Kingdoms, there is obvious prejudice on this issue. Of course, many people don't agree with me when I say this. Let me prove it.
Third, the views of the leaders of both sides on borrowing Jingzhou.
In fact, Liu Bei also admitted to borrowing Jingzhou and made excuses to delay:
-"The Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Wu Zhuzhu" records: "Liu Bei decided to be Shu at the age of six. The right side is Yizhou, which keeps Zhu Gejin away from Jingzhou counties. If not, he said, "Our plan for Liangzhou is to decide Liangzhou, but Jingzhou and Wuer are the best." Zi Jian Juan Liu Qi adopted the record of Wu.
-"The Biography of the Three Kingdoms and the Ancestors" records: "In twenty years, Sun Quan won Yizhou with his ancestors and made the newspaper want Jingzhou. The prophet said: You must get Liangzhou, and take Jingzhou as the phase. "
This practice of Liu Bei made Lu Su, who had always been close to Liu, very angry. He personally led the troops to confront Guan Yu in Yiyang and went to the meeting alone, blaming Guan Yu and Liu Bei for being boring:
"The country just borrowed land from your family, and your family's army was defeated. There is no reason to think. Now that I have gained Yizhou, I have no intention of returning it, but I beg for the three counties and don't follow. " "Su Shi snapped, and his words were very sharp." (Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Lu Su)
Su Yu's strange feathers don't return to the three counties. ",... Su Yue said: Otherwise, we will start from Yuzhou and worship Osaka. Yuzhou people are not in a school, they are extremely poor, worried and want to escape far away. They have no hope of it. The Lord regretted that Yuzhou had no place to stand, did not love the rights of the land gentry, gave them shelter and helped them suffer; Yuzhou played a private role. Now I am from Xichuan and want to merge Jingzhou, but my husband can't bear it. The situation is the master of the characters! Feather has no answer. "(Purple Tongzhi Sword)
The meaning expressed by Lu Su here is very clear: Sun Quan saw that he was defeated and had no place to stand, so he lent Jingzhou to Liu Beigang. Now that Liu Bei has Yizhou, he will not return the borrowed Jingzhou; I only asked to return the three counties first, but I didn't agree.
The three counties here are obviously part of the borrowed Jingzhou. Sun Quan asked the entire Jingzhou (referring to the borrowed five counties) to retreat without success, and then they should be returned to the three counties first.
Of course, some friends think that Liu Bei only borrowed Nanjun at most, not Jingzhou. But this is inconsistent with the record:
(1)-The Biography of the Three Kingdoms Wu Zhu Zhu records: "Liu Bei decided to go to Shu at the age of eighteen. The right side is Yizhou, which keeps Zhu Gejin away from Jingzhou counties. If not, he said, "Our plan for Liangzhou is to decide Liangzhou, but Jingzhou and Wuer are the best. "Please pay attention to one sentence: Jingzhou and Wuer are the best.
However, there is a problem here: both Biography of the Ancestors and Biography of Wu clearly record (see the previous quotation) that Liu Bei promised Sun Quan that once Liangzhou was captured, he would immediately cede the whole Jingzhou to Sun Quan. Is Liu Bei sick? If you only borrowed one south county, why did you give all the counties in Jingzhou to Sun Quan? Liu Bei captured Liangzhou Guan Sunquan. What does he want to give Jingzhou to Sun Quan? If it is only a county, why use Jingzhou and Wu? Is it unreasonable that Nanjun should be returned? Therefore, it is not only the county, but also the state.
(2)-Lu Su's Biography of the Three Kingdoms records that he was going to Beijing to see the power, asked the governor of Jingzhou, and Su Su persuaded him to borrow the power, but refused Tsao Gong.
If Liu Bei only borrowed Nanjun, why did he ask Governor Jingzhou? It's better to ask the satrap of Nanjun, not Sun Quan.
(3)-"The Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Lu Su" records that when Cao Gong heard of the right to prepare land, he began to write a book and wrote it on the ground.
Cao Cao is also a man who has experienced great storms. If Liu Bei already has four counties and another south county, why did Cao Cao, who was surprised, put pen to paper? Obviously, Liu Bei used to have no land, but this time he suddenly borrowed several counties, which will surprise Cao Cao. Because Cao Cao knows Liu Bei's ability, once he has the time and space for development, he will not be able to destroy this enemy in the future.
(4)-"Biography of Jiangbiao" records that Zhou Yu was the satrap of Nanjun and was stationed in the south bank to prepare for the war. Beibie camped in Youjiangkou and changed its name to Public Security. When Liu Biao's officials saw that they belonged to the North Army, they rebelled and prepared. In case the land given was not enough to comfort the people, I borrowed several counties in Jingzhou.
It is clearly recorded here that Liu Bei was rented: several counties in Jingzhou.
(5) A little more, the right is Yizhou, which enables Zhu Gejin to take counties from Jingzhou. He is not allowed to say, "Our plan for Liangzhou is to decide Liangzhou, but Jingzhou and Wuer are the best. "All said:" This is false, but I don't want to contradict it. I want to introduce the year with empty words. " So, the three officials of Nanjun were appointed, and Guan Yu tried his best to get rid of them. Sun Quan's response to Liu Bei's failure to return Jingzhou was to seize three southern counties by force. It can be seen that in Sun Quan's understanding, Liu Bei should not only return the southern counties, but also return the southern counties.
So in the eyes of Liu Bei and Sun Quan's leaders, they really borrowed all Jingzhou counties except Jiangxia and northern Changsha, which were occupied by Cao Cao and left by Sun Quan, not just Nanjun.
Fourth, the nature of Liu Bei's recovery of four southern counties.
1. Although Liu Bei captured four southern counties, he did not own them.
-"History as a Mirror Volume 66" records: "In December of the fourteenth year of Jian 'an (2009), ... and Yu Tong led the Southern County Taishou, according to Jiangling; Cheng pu led Jiangxia satrap to control sandstorm; ..... Qi pawn, right for Jingzhou animal husbandry, Zhou Yu points to the south bank to prepare for war. Prepare to camp at the oil port and change its name to public security. "
-"Biography of Jiangbiao" records that Zhou Yu was the satrap of Nanjun and was stationed in the south bank to prepare for the war. Beibie camped in Youjiangkou and changed its name to Public Security. When Liu Biao's officials saw that they belonged to the North Army, they rebelled and prepared. In case the land given was not enough to comfort the people, I borrowed several counties in Jingzhou.
A year after Liu Bei captured the four southern counties, Zhou Yu gave Liu Bei the land on the south bank of the four southern counties. At this time, if Liu Bei really owns the vast territory of the four counties, what does Zhou Yu do for Liu Bei in such a small place on the south bank of Nanxian County?
Because the oil port belongs to Nanjun's territory, if Liu Bei wants to stand here, he must ask Zhou Yu to give it a piece of land to station. So the question arises:
If Liu Bei has occupied four counties in the south of Jingzhou, why did Zhou Yu give him such a small piece of territory? You know, most of Nanjun's territory is in Jiangbei. Jiangnan public security area is only a narrow strip along the river. Therefore, if Liu Bei already owns four counties, it is impossible for Zhou to give Liu Bei the land on the south bank of the south county, and Liu Bei cannot build a city in public security. -since Zhou Yu did give this small piece of land to Liu Bei, it proves that Liu Bei does not own four counties.
(2) If Liu Bei has occupied four counties in the south, then there are many big towns in these four counties, such as Hanshou, Liling and Yiyang, which were once ruled by Jingzhou, which can all be used as office places, then why did Liu Bei temporarily transform the military camp into city office places in Youkou? -Liu Bei doesn't go to these cities, not because he likes to build new cities, nor because the public security post is important and must be here, but because other places don't belong to him and he can't go. Please note that after Liu Bei borrowed Jingzhou, he soon moved into Liling City without moving the police.
(3) If Liu Bei has taken control of the four counties in the south, but he has not appointed any county satrap, but Zhuge Liang is in charge of the three counties and adjusts taxes? As can be seen from the following records, Liu Bei's two generals, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, have never been the satrap of any of these four counties. Before borrowing Jingzhou, Guan Yu was only the satrap of Xiangyang occupied by Cao Cao, while Zhang Fei had no satrap position at all. I want to ask, if Liu Beizhen has four counties and wants to appoint a satrap, aren't these two the first choice?
① Biography of Guan Yu: The first master took over the counties in the south of the Yangtze River, worshipped the founding fathers, and the rest was the magistrate and general of Xiangyang, who was stationed in the north of the Yangtze River.
(2) Biography of Zhang Fei: My late master decided to fly to the south of the Yangtze River, so he should be a prefect, recruit generals, seal a new pavilion, and then transfer to Nanjun.
(3) "Zhao Yunzhuan": Move to the General's yamen. When my ancestors went to Shu, why did they stay in Jingzhou? ("Cloud Legend" records: "Since I leveled the south of the Yangtze River, I thought I was partial to the general, and I introduced Guiyang as the satrap and replaced Zhao Fan." However, there is no such record in the official history of the Three Kingdoms, and Zhao Yun has always been a trustworthy general in the nature of internal security, so the possibility of being a satrap outside is very small. Because in addition to the satrap mentioned in "A Biography of the Clouds", Zhao Yun has never served as a local official like the satrap in his life. Therefore, the record of "Journey to the Clouds" may be wrong)-Liu Bei did not appoint one of his own to be the prefect of the four counties before borrowing Jingzhou because he did not have the power.
Therefore, the conclusion is that although Liu Bei captured four counties, he actually didn't own four counties, and he still didn't have any territory. That's why he asked Zhou Yu to give him a small place to station troops and let him build a city in Jiangling County in the south.
Please note: at this time, the public security is located at the intersection of the Yangtze River and Youjiang River, on the south bank of the Yangtze River, belonging to the south bank of Nanjun, not Yiling County of Wuling County. The northern boundary of Wuling County is really close to here, but it is still about 7 kilometers (about 17 Li Han). See Atlas of Chinese History of the Three Kingdoms in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
2. Although Sun Quan did not send troops to capture the four counties, he had the right to dispose of them.
(1) Sun Quan has the right to divide and dispose Changsha County and the army into battle at will.
-"Wu": fifteen years, divided into Poyang County; Changsha is divided into Hanchang County, and Lu Su is the satrap and Tun Road.
-"Biography of Huang Gai": Yiyang County in Changsha was attacked by a mountain thief, and the cover was flattened.
If Liu Bei already owns four southern counties: Changsha, Guiyang, Lingling and Wuling, but in the fifteenth year of Jian 'an, Sun Quan took the liberty of giving a piece of Changsha to Lu Su in exchange for Hanchang County. Can this Liu Bei promise?
(2) Sun Quan has the right to appoint Wuling satrap to direct operations and garrison.
-Biography of Zhou Tai: Later, Zhou Yu and Cheng Pu rejected Cao Gong in Chibi and attacked Cao Ren in Nanjun. Jingzhou was pacified and the soldiers were stationed in Cen. (Cen is located in Lixian County, Hunan Province, which was Wuling County at that time. Therefore, it is also true that Zhou Taijun was stationed in Wuling County after the Battle of Jingzhou.
-Biography of Huang Gai: In Jian 'an, Zhou Yu refused Cao Gong to go to Chibi to build a fire attack. This language can be found in Biography of Yu. To Commander Wu Feng. Wuling barbarians rebelled, attacked and defended the city, and covered the satrap. At that time, there were only 500 soldiers in the county, so they were defeated by the enemy. Because they opened the city gate, the thief got in half, but he was attacked and beheaded hundreds, and the rest fled back to the city. If you punish the commander-in-chief, you will be forgiven by your followers. Since the turn of spring and summer, the chaos has been completely flattened, and the quiet birthplaces of Ba, Yi, You and Yi have all been changed to Yi Festival, and the counties and counties have been cleared. After Yiyang county in Changsha was captured by mountain thieves, the cover plate was flattened.
This last record is very important. As we know, Liu Bei won four southern counties soon after Battle of Red Cliffs, much faster than Zhou Yu won four southern counties. If Liu Bei really owned four counties, Sun Quan would not appoint Wuling satrap again, nor would he let Huang Gai go to Liu Bei's area to attack mountain thieves at will.
When did Huang Gai die? You can refer to the biography of Sun Yuchuan and the biography of Sun Jiao. "Biography of Sun Jiao" records that he moved the capital to protect the general Lu and took charge of Xia Kou. Huang Gai and his younger brother died and joined his army. -Visible Huang Gai and Sun Yu died at roughly the same time or a little earlier. And "Sun Yuchuan" records: thirty-nine, twenty years of Jian 'an. -From Battle of Red Cliffs in the 13th year of Jian 'an to Lv Meng's recovery of Jingzhou in the 24th year of Jian 'an, Wuling County was under Liu Bei's control most of the time. The only possibility is that after Battle of Red Cliffs's death and two years before Zhou Yu's death, although Liu Bei helped recover the four counties, he had no actual jurisdiction, so Sun appointed Huang Gai as the prefect of Wuling.
Some people say that Huang Gai may be a remote collar, which is wrong. The so-called off-site collar refers to the actual arrival. Huang Gai not only arrived, but also led the county soldiers in counter-insurgency operations. It must be a real collar.
(3) Sun Quan has the right to appoint a magistrate in Guiyang.
-"Biography of Quan Cong": Sun Quan is a chariot general, taking softness as a long history, and moving to Guiyang as a satrap.
-"Zhang": Zhao Fu is the minister of long history, as before. Prepare a right-riding general, Zhao Weijun division.
This record proves that Sun Quan also appointed Guiyang magistrate: Quan Rou during this period. So when did Quan Rou become a satrap? Let's first take a look at Quan Rou's post before serving as the satrap, and the long history of Sun Quan. Although this position is not very big, it is mostly held by Sun Quan's closest confidant: for example, Quan Rou's predecessor was Zhang Zhao and Zhu Gejin took over. Therefore, as long as the time when Quan Rou succeeded his predecessor and successor is clear, we can roughly determine the time when Quan Rou served as the satrap, because Quan Rou did not concurrently serve as the satrap.
-"Biography of Zhu Gejin": Later, it was the minister of long history and transferred to Sima. In the twentieth year of Jian 'an, Jin was authorized to make Shu and Liu Bei familiar with each other and meet with his brother Liang Jia Guild, so as to have no interest.
As can be seen from this record, before the record of 20 years of Jian 'an and after Zhu Gejin took over the long history, he also served as Sima for a certain period. Therefore, it is unlikely that Zhu Gejin will take over the post of Quan Rou's long history in 20 years of Jian 'an. Therefore, the period when Quan Rouneng served as the prefect of Guiyang can be roughly defined as: Jian 'an 14 to Jian 'an 19. The problem is that during this period, only from Jian 'an 14 to Guiyang County 15 may be under Sun Quan's jurisdiction, while from the end of Jian 'an 15, Sun Quan lent Jingzhou to Liu Bei until Jian 'an for 20 years, Guiyang was not under Sun Quan's jurisdiction.
Therefore, there can only be one answer: Quan Rou took over the post of Chang Shi at the end of Jian 'an 14, and was appointed as the magistrate of Guiyang soon after, until the end of Jian 'an 15 lent by Guiyang to Liu Bei.
The above evidence proves that in the two years after Battle of Red Cliffs, Sun Quan had the power to appoint a buffer region, send troops to fight and divide the spoils at will, at least in Wuling County, Guiyang County and Changsha County. On the other hand, Liu Bei has no other power except the record of tax adjustment.
The answers to these questions can be summarized as follows: although Liu Bei occupied four counties in the south, he was entrusted by Sun Quan to take them back for him, and Liu Bei himself did not own or dispose of these four counties. In this way, the records of Zitongzhi Bamboo Slips and Jiangbiao Biography are more accurate.
This is why Liu Bei, after occupying four southern counties, asked Zhou Yu to station a small piece of land for him as the office of Jingzhou Pastoral. It is also the main reason why Liu Bei risked his life to see Sun Quan in person and demanded the governance of Jingzhou.
References:
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