2. Initial development of national industries: After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, ethnic contradictions became increasingly fierce, and calls for boycotting foreign goods and setting up factories to save themselves spread all over the country. In 2003, China's modern national industry entered a period of initial development. And there are two industrial investment booms in 1896 ~ 1898 and 1905 ~ 1908. During the period of 19, there were 468 newly-established factories in China with a capital of 1000 yuan or more, on average every year. The annual increase in investment is 5169,000 yuan. It is worth pointing out that more than 80% of the new investment belongs to commercial enterprises, which changed the characteristics of Qing government investment before the Sino-Japanese War, and national capital became the main body of domestic industrial capital. At the same time, in the regional allocation of industrial enterprises, it began to expand outward from coastal and riverside ports and gradually extended to inland cities. Only in the initial development period, industries, mainly light industry and heavy industry, appeared. For example, Hanyang Iron Works, established in 1889, has been reorganized several times. 1904 merged with Daye Iron Mine and Pingxiang Coal Mine to form Hanyeping Coal and Iron Factory and Mine Co., Ltd., but 19 13 years only produced 97,000 tons of pig iron and 42,000 tons of steel. When the national industry developed slightly, foreign-funded industries in China relied on privileges. There are 104 foreign-funded factories in China (including 18 foreign-funded joint ventures) with a capital of 49.52 million yuan, more than five times the total investment in the 50 years before the Sino-Japanese War. Therefore, compared with the surge of foreign industrial investment in China during this period, domestic industry is still.
3. Further development of national industries: In 9 14, World War I broke out. The imperialist countries such as Britain, Germany and France, the main participants in the war, turned to wartime economy and relaxed their pursuit of the Far East market. China's national industry got a development opportunity from1914 ~1965438. There are 379 newly established industrial enterprises (including mines) 1 10,000 yuan or more, with a capital of 85.8 million yuan, with an average of 63 new businesses opened each year, with an additional investment of14300 yuan. According to the statistics of 1920, the unit capital of newly-built factories ranges from 10 to 65438+. 19 14 years only accounts for 1 1%, which shows that the speed and scale of development exceeded the level reached in 19 years before the war. China's national industry would have developed even more if Japan and the United States hadn't taken advantage of the fact that European powers couldn't look eastward and stepped up their aggression. During this period, Japan intensified its economic aggression against China. Textile mills have been set up in Shanghai, Tianjin, Hankou and Qingdao. Before the war 19 13 years, Japanese spindles in China were110000, and increased to 322000 in 19 19 years. The increase is nearly 2 times. The situation in the flour industry is similar. From 19 16 to 1920, 4 Japanese-funded flour mills and 5 Sino-Japanese joint ventures were added. The location of their factory has expanded from the northeast to Tianjin, Qingdao and Jinan. The intensification of foreign aggression aroused 19 19.
4. The short spring of national industry: After World War I, western powers made a comeback, and China's national industry was generally under pressure from foreign forces to compete for the market. At this time, the cotton textile industry, which developed rapidly in wartime, has undergone remarkable changes. On the one hand, while quite a few small and medium-sized cotton textile mills ran aground, several large-scale national capital textile groups began to form; On the other hand, these national capital textile groups have been infiltrated and eroded by foreign monopoly capital to varying degrees, and the industrial activities in semi-colonial China show a complicated situation of capital concentration. It is worth pointing out that the May 30th Movement of 1925 and the May 30th Movement of 1928 triggered by the national crisis also gave a strong impetus to the development of national industries such as textiles, flour and cigarettes in this period. It is estimated that the newly invested industrial capital will be about 300 million yuan from 1920 to 1928. In 1930s, China's industrial development was threatened by the market crisis. The anti-people civil war launched by the Kuomintang weakened the people's spending power. The vast markets and resources in Northeast China were occupied by Japanese invaders. Western powers dumped imported goods at low prices in order to pass on the economic crisis; In addition, Japan's smuggling in North China is serious, and the purchasing power of the domestic market has dropped sharply, resulting in a scene of falling prices and sluggish sales, forcing factories to stop working and reduce production. 1938+0933, the price of cotton yarn has dropped so much that it has not been seen in 10 years. The losses of cotton mills in China are greater than the profits. In the same year, the price of flour in Shanghai plummeted and some factories stopped working. This situation continued until 1935. 1936. Due to the stimulation of the Kuomintang government's legal tender policy and currency devaluation, prices rose, the market purchase and sale improved, and industrial production began to pick up. However, in July of 1937, Japanese imperialism was launched. Industrial facilities were severely damaged. In Shanghai alone, according to the investigation of Shanghai Social Security Bureau at that time, there were more than 2,000 damaged factories, with a total loss of about 800 million yuan. Due to the destruction of the war, China's national industry declined. During this period, except for the northeast, it completely became a colonial economy. The influence of foreign capital in Kuomintang areas is also expanding rapidly. According to the statistics of 1936, foreign capital has generally controlled 95% of pig iron production, 83% of steel production, 66% of mechanical coal mining and 55% of power generation in China, accounting for 46% of spindles in textile industry and 55% of looms. Obviously, it was during this period that foreign industrial capital entered China.
5. Post-industrial shrinkage in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression: 1937 After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression was fully launched, the factories in the war zone moved inward, and with the new factories in the rear area, the relatively remote southwest area gradually became the position of national capital industry, and Chongqing became the industrial center in the rear area. Others are Chengdu, Wanxian, Luzhou and Yibin in Sichuan, Kunming in Yunnan, Guiyang in Guizhou, Guilin and Liuzhou in Guangxi, Hengyang, Qiyang and Liuzhou in Hunan. Cities such as Lanzhou in Gansu have gradually developed into new industrial areas in the rear. Judging from the capital situation, the private factories in Sichuan and Yunnan were large at that time, while the private factories in Hunan and Guangxi were smaller and weaker than before the war. However, due to the wrong policy of the Kuomintang government, the once-rising rear industry fell into a difficult situation of stopping work and closing factories in 1943, and the situation of hardship and exhaustion in the following years became more serious. A prominent phenomenon in China's economy is the formation and expansion of bureaucratic capital. The Kuomintang ruling clique took advantage of the state power and seized it by surprise, especially in the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, using wartime economic control to control industrial enterprises in the name of "public ownership". There are 3758 factories behind 1942 * * *, although the number of government-run factories only accounts for 17.4. Power equipment accounts for 42.2% of the total power, and the average power of government-run factories is 100 horsepower, while that of private factories is only 26.7 horsepower. In the following years, the gap between the government and private factories became wider and wider. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Kuomintang government confiscated Japanese puppet property and German-Italian fascist investment. Among them, 24 165438 factory received Japanese puppet troops. Only 65,438+00% of the products were sold at the bid price, and most of the rest became government-run industries of the Kuomintang government. In 1948, bureaucratic capital accounted for 80% of the national industrial capital, controlling 90% of the national steel output, 33% of coal output, 67% of electricity, 100% of oil and non-ferrous metals, and 45% of cement. 50% wool, 65% sugar and 30% paper. In this case, private industry is in a position of being suppressed and excluded. In semi-colonial and semi-feudal China, bureaucratic capitalism is a decadent production relationship, which relies on imperialism and severely suppresses the development of domestic productive forces. China's national industry is in a very difficult situation under the oppression of imperialism and bureaucratic capitalism. Reason: 1.
6. Transformation of national industries in New China: After the founding of New China, most of the modern industries born in counties in the border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong were transformed into state-owned enterprises from the end of 19 through the confiscation of bureaucratic capital by the people's government and the transformation of capitalist industry and commerce. For example, 1949, Ruijin County People's Government took over the equipment of the workers' printing office of the Republic of China and opened Ruijin Xinhua Printing Office, 1956. "Changming" and "Fuxing" private printing plants merged, and Xinhua Printing Plant was renamed as Jiangxi Ruijin Printing Plant 1950. Changting County People's Government took over the rice milling equipment of the old government local taxation office and established the first state-owned factory of the county modern machinery office-the first rice milling factory. 195 1 year, the first dyeing and weaving factory in Xingning county was a joint venture of nine large private cloth factories in the county, including Xizhuang, Mu Ren, Linxing, Datong, Welfare, Agriculture, Qin Xin, He Zhong and Ji Tai. 1955 was approved as a public-private partnership and named as "Local State-owned Xingning No.1 Dyeing and Weaving Factory". Later, it was renamed Miaopei Road People's Iron and Steel Plant, and later developed into Pingyuan County State-owned Iron and Steel Plant. 1955 through the transformation of capitalist industry and commerce, Haiyuan, Fuxing cigarette factory, Guangming electric appliance company, etc. 13 Meixian private factories have successively participated in public-private partnerships. 1956, increased to18; From 1958 to the "cultural revolution", all the above factories were transformed into state-owned factories; Among them, Meixian Cigarette Factory, a public-private joint venture merged by Haiyuan Tobacco Factory and Fuxing Tobacco Factory, was transformed into a local state-owned enterprise on 1960. Therefore, among the local state-owned industrial enterprises established in the counties in the border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong after the founding of New China, the modern industries born in the border areas since the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China have quickly realized the ownership transformation and become the economic entities owned by the people's government and the main body of the public economy in New China. These industrial economies with high purity of public ownership weakened their due influence on rural economic development under the later urban-rural division and planned economic system. After the mid-1980s, it became the main target of economic reform in the trilateral region, and gradually integrated into the historical process of industrialization and marketization in the trilateral region at the end of last century in the process of transformation and transformation. For this part of the industrial enterprises, this book will not give more attention later.