Listed companies sell products to major shareholders at a price higher than the normal fair market price, which is sales accounts (accounts receivable). However, in the end, major shareholders often can't sell their own products, resulting in internal profits of enterprise groups.
2. Fictitious economic business, artificially raising the business and efficiency of listed companies.
For example, some joint-stock restructuring enterprises, because their main business income and profits are less than 80%, use their main business income and profits to "reinvent themselves" by selling goods to affiliated enterprises at high prices.
3. Transfer, replacement and sale of assets.
For example, Radio and Television Co., Ltd. 1997 1 1 transferred 69.26 million yuan of land to the parent company at the price of 219.26 million yuan, confirmed the income of1500,000 yuan, and transferred the net assets of14.54 million yuan to another company in the same year. These two transactions alone brought a profit of 229.6 million yuan, accounting for 235.9% of the total profit of 97.33 million yuan in that year.
4. Adjust financial expenses with low-interest or high-interest funds.
Although it is uncertain whether the loan interest rate is reasonable, one thing is certain: the profits of joint-stock companies mainly come from the interest income from capital transactions with affiliated enterprises.
5. Capital flow. Listed companies and affiliated enterprises borrow money in violation of laws and regulations, and large shareholders occupy huge funds of listed companies, and listed companies whitewash accounting statements by charging capital occupation fees.
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