What is real estate in personal assets? How to understand the company's financial statements?

First, the real estate in personal assets should be a house. Second, how to understand the company's financial statements 1 First, understand the specific meaning of each subject. Second, understand the law of borrowing and lending. Third, be familiar with the cross-checking relationship of figures in the statements. The following information is for your reference: 1. Accounting identity assets = liabilities+owners' equity (the left is the purpose and form of funds, and the right is the source of funds) Income-expenses = profits 2. Balance sheet of each item in the statement: assets that can be realized or consumed in a business cycle of 65,438+0 years or longer are arranged by the asset side according to the liquidity of the assets, and realization refers to conversion into cash. Monetary funds-cash on hand (hereinafter referred to as cash), bank deposits and other monetary funds (including foreign deposits, bank draft deposits, bank promissory notes deposits, letter of credit deposits, etc.). Short-term investment-receivable and prepaid investment that can be realized at any time and held for no more than 1 year (including 1 year)-all kinds of creditor's rights that occur in the daily production and operation of an enterprise, including notes receivable, dividends receivable, interest receivable, accounts receivable and other receivables and prepayments. Inventory-materials or materials held by an enterprise for sale in the course of daily production and operation. The houses developed by real estate companies are inventories, and the factories of enterprises are fixed assets. Aircraft manufacturing company's aircraft are in stock, and airlines are fixed assets. Prepaid expenses-the enterprise has already spent, but it should be borne by this period and subsequent periods respectively. Expenses with amortization period within 65,438+0 years (including 65,438+0 years), such as amortization of low-value consumables, long-term investments other than short-term investments, such as one-time small and medium-sized repair fees for fixed assets, bonds that cannot be realized or are not ready to be realized at any time, etc. Long-term equity investment and other long-term investments. Fixed assets refer to assets with long service life and high unit value, which maintain their original physical form during use. The characteristics are as follows: (1) The service life exceeds 1 year or the business cycle of more than one year, and the original physical form remains unchanged during use; (2) Limited service life; (3) for production and business activities rather than for sales. Fixed assets include houses, buildings, machinery, machinery, means of transport, etc. Service life exceeds 1 year. Engineering materials-all kinds of materials prepared by enterprises for projects under construction. Projects under construction-pre-construction preparation, projects under construction, installation projects, technical transformation projects, major repair projects and other fixed assets cleaning-enterprises sell, donate and repair projects. Fixed assets, intangible assets and other intangible assets-patent right, non-patented technology, trademark right, copyright, land use right, franchise, goodwill, long-term deferred expenses-have been spent by the enterprise, but the amortization period is over 65,438+0 years, including expenses for major repair of fixed assets and expenses for improvement of leased fixed assets. All expenses incurred during the preparation period shall be collected in the long-term deferred expenses first, and then included in the profit and loss of the month when the enterprise starts production and operation. The historical cost principle and prudence principle of asset impairment reserve, secret reserve, cookie jar, short-term investment impairment reserve, bad debt reserve, inventory depreciation reserve, long-term investment depreciation reserve, fixed asset depreciation reserve, intangible asset impairment reserve, current liabilities are debts that will be repaid in an operating cycle of 65,438+0 years (including 65,438+0 years) or more. Short-term loans are generally borrowed by enterprises to maintain the funds needed for normal production and operation or offset a debt. Notes payable refer to notes issued by enterprises for purchasing materials, commodities or accepting labor services. Accept commercial bills. Accounts payable refers to the money paid by enterprises to suppliers in the form of goods or services when they purchase materials. Accounts received in advance refer to the money received in advance by the enterprise from the purchasing unit according to the contract. Taxes payable-taxes payable by enterprises according to law shall be accounted for by this account. Payables-the total wages payable by an enterprise to its employees, which is accounted for by the "Payables" account. Long-term liabilities refer to liabilities with a repayment period of 65,438+0 years or more than one business cycle. Long-term loans are loans borrowed by enterprises from banks or other financial institutions with a repayment period of more than 65,438+0 years. Bond payable is a kind of debt formed by enterprises issuing bonds to raise long-term funds. Long-term payables mainly include long-term debts such as compensation trade, imported equipment and financial leasing. Owner's equity paid-in capital registered capital, the product of the face value of the shares and the total number of shares is the share capital. Capital reserve is not converted from enterprise profits, and its sources include: capital (share capital) premium, non-cash assets reserve received donations, equity investment reserve received cash donations, capital transfer, foreign currency capital conversion difference, and other capital reserves. Retained income includes surplus reserve and undistributed profit, and surplus reserve includes statutory surplus reserve. Arbitrary surplus reserve and statutory public welfare fund. Income from income statement is the total inflow of economic benefits formed by enterprises in their daily activities (non-accidental transactions) such as selling goods, providing services and transferring the right to use assets. Pay attention to distinguish between main business income, other business income, investment income and non-operating income. Non-operating income and expenditure include inventory gains and losses of fixed assets, gains and losses of disposal of fixed assets and intangible assets. Provision for impairment of fixed assets, etc. The cash flow investment activities generated by investment activities in the cash flow statement refer to the construction of long-term assets of enterprises and the investment and disposal activities not included in the scope of cash equivalents, including the acquisition and recovery of investment, the construction and disposal of fixed assets. Purchase and disposal of intangible assets, etc. The cash flow generated by fund-raising activities refers to activities that lead to changes in the scale and composition of enterprise capital and debt, including issuing stocks or accepting invested capital, distributing cash dividends, obtaining and repaying bank loans, issuing and repaying corporate bonds, etc. Cash flow from operating activities All transactions and events except investment activities and financing activities. Basic analysis of the three major statements From the perspective of balance sheet, the core of assets will bring expected economic benefits to enterprises. From this point of view, assets should be the present value of expected net cash flow, but the balance sheet reflects the asset value based on historical cost, so the book value of assets on the balance sheet cannot reflect the real value of assets. Generally speaking, the book value of assets may be higher than the actual value of assets or lower than the value of assets. Each subject also has specific problems: short-term investment such as stock or bond price changes, uncertainties such as legal disputes in accounts receivable, unrealizable value of prepayments, problems such as depreciation of inventory value and physical loss (oil tank, Blue Sky Group), and prepaid expenses have no realizable value, which may be just a financial means. Capitalization of rights and interests of construction in progress, capitalization/expensing of intangible assets, depreciation of fixed assets and technical transformation will all affect its value ... From the perspective of income statement, the quality of enterprise profits refers to the authenticity of profit formation and its influence on cash flow. 1. Analysis of income structure: operating profit accounts for the proportion of total profit and main business profit accounts for the proportion of operating profit, which can reflect the sustainable profit potential of an enterprise, the proportion of income from transactions with related parties to total income, the influence of local or departmental protectionism on enterprise income, the quality analysis of investment income-whether there is corresponding cash flow of investment income, and the quality analysis of operating cost-whether the cost calculation is true, whether the inventory valuation method is sound, whether depreciation provision is normal, and whether the operating cost level is declining. The contribution of related party transactions and local protectionism to cost reduction. Quality analysis of management expenses-whether depreciation and other amortized expenses are handled normally, and whether there is short-term behavior in cost control. Quality analysis of financial expenses-whether the enterprise has too little debt, whether the enterprise relies too much on short-term loans, and whether the enterprise relies too much on natural liabilities. Theoretically, a reasonable financing structure should be that long-term funds are obtained through long-term financing, and short-term funds need to be obtained through short-term financing. Natural liabilities refer to commercial credit, such as accounts payable. The characteristics of the deterioration of enterprise profit quality can be summarized as follows: the downward trend of future income caused by short-term behavior or business decision-making mistakes; (2) Efficiency loss caused by short-term behavior in cost control; (3) inflated book profits caused by pure profit manipulation; (4) High financial risks related to high profits caused by excessive debt; 〈5〉 The profits of enterprises are excessively dependent on non-main business; (6) The turnover efficiency of assets (especially inventory and accounts receivable) is low; (7) Abnormal changes in accounting policies; < 8 > Abnormal audit report (reserved opinion, negative opinion, refusal to express opinions). From the cash flow statement, we should first pay attention to the cash flow generated by business activities, and pay attention to the cash flow characteristics of enterprises in different stages (entrepreneurship, steady development and shrinking). Quality analysis of cash flow generated by investment activities: >1If the cash flow generated by investment activities is less than zero, it means that the cash flow of investment activities itself "cannot make ends meet", which is usually a normal phenomenon, but attention should be paid to the rationality of investment expenditure and the realization of investment income. < 2 > if the cash flow generated by investment activities is greater than or equal to zero, this is usually an abnormal phenomenon, but attention should be paid to the disposal/realization of long-term assets and the realization of investment income. And the possible reasons for too little investment expenditure. Quality analysis of cash flow generated by fund-raising activities: < 1 > If the cash flow generated by fund-raising activities is greater than zero, we need to pay attention to whether the fund-raising and investment and business planning are coordinated < 2 > If the cash flow generated by fund-raising activities is less than zero, we need to pay attention to whether the enterprise is facing debt repayment pressure, lacks new fund-raising ability and has no new investment and development opportunities. Comprehensive analysis of financial statements Financial analysis varies according to the purpose of analysis, and the purpose of financial analysis depends on the users of financial statements. Investors: analyze the assets and profitability of the enterprise to decide whether to invest; Analyze profitability, stock price changes and development prospects to decide whether to transfer shares; Analyze the profitability, bankruptcy risk and competitiveness of assets to examine the performance of operators; Analyze the financing situation to decide the dividend distribution policy. Creditors: analyze the returns and risks of loans to decide whether to lend to enterprises; Understand the debtor's short-term solvency and analyze its liquidity; Analyze profitability to understand the debtor's long-term solvency; Evaluate the value of creditor's rights to decide whether to transfer them. Manager: Conduct financial analysis to improve financial decision-making. Suppliers: through analysis, we can see whether enterprises can cooperate for a long time; Understand the sales credit level; Whether to extend the payment period of enterprises. Government: understand the tax situation of enterprises; Abide by laws and regulations and market order; Income and employment status of employees. Employees and trade unions: analyze and judge whether the profits of enterprises are compatible with the income, insurance and welfare of employees. Intermediary: the focus of CPA's judgment audit. The general purpose of financial statement analysis can be summarized as follows: evaluating past operating performance (profitability); Measure the current financial situation (solvency); Forecast the future development trend (growth ability). Profitability: net interest rate of total assets; Net profit rate of sales; Net return. Solvency: proportion of self-owned capital; Current ratio; Accounts receivable turnover rate; Inventory turnover rate. Growth ability; Sales growth rate; Net profit growth rate. Liquidity ratio: liquidity ratio; Quick ratio. -Ability to generate cash asset management ratio: business cycle; Average collection period; Inventory turnover days; Turnover rate of current assets-efficiency. Debt ratio: asset-liability ratio; Proportion of property rights; Tangible net debt ratio; Earn interest multiples. -the ability to repay long-term debts due. Profit rate: net sales rate; Gross profit margin of sales; Net interest rate of assets; Return on net assets. -The ability to make a profit.