1. Establish a professional management organization.
The Ministry of Geology is the first department in China to set up a professional management organization for geophysical exploration. 1952 when the Ministry of Geology was established, the preparatory group for geophysical and geochemical exploration was established. The following year, the Department of Geology and Mineral Resources of the Ministry of Geology formally established the Geophysical Exploration Room, with Gu as the director and Zhou as the deputy director. There are three groups: field exploration, experimental research and equipment management. In that year, a 16 field team (operation team) was organized to carry out geophysical exploration projects such as iron, copper, lead, zinc, chromium and water. /kloc-in the winter of 0/954, the geophysical exploration room was expanded into a geophysical exploration room directly led by the geological department. 1In August, 955, the Geophysical Exploration Bureau was formally established by the Ministry of Geology, with He Shanyuan as the director and Gu as the deputy director and chief engineer. At the beginning of 1956, geophysical exploration brigades were established according to different regions, namely, northern geophysical exploration brigade (team headquarters in Tianjin), western geophysical exploration brigade (team headquarters in Lanzhou), southwest geophysical exploration brigade (team headquarters in Chongqing) and southern geophysical exploration brigade (team headquarters in Changsha). After the Ministry of Geology began to undertake the task of national petroleum survey, it successively set up oil geophysical exploration brigades in North China, East China and Northeast China. As the comprehensive management department of national geological work at that time, the geological department, as the specialized management organization of geophysical exploration, not only played an important role in the development of geophysical exploration of geological system, but also played a positive role in planning, experience exchange and technical specification formulation [1].
The Ministry of Petroleum was the first department to establish a professional geophysical team, which was directly led by the General Administration of Petroleum of the Ministry of Fuel Industry at that time. Later, the regional petroleum administration also established its own geophysical team. 1In July, 955, after the Ministry of Petroleum Industry was formally established, the oil geophysical exploration teams scattered all over the country were led by the Geological Survey Bureau of the Ministry of Petroleum Industry.
The Ministry of Metallurgy is the first department to establish a professional geophysical team for metal mines. 1949 winter, the geophysical exploration training course held by the Geological Survey Institute of the Northeast Ministry of Industry ended in May 1950, and its students became members of the Geophysical Exploration Office of the Northeast Geological Survey Institute; 1952 became the Geological Department of Nonferrous Metals Bureau and the Geophysical Exploration Team of Iron and Steel Bureau of Central Heavy Industry Department. Subsequently, the Chemical Industry Bureau and the Construction Bureau of the Central Ministry of Heavy Industry also set up geophysical exploration teams. During the period of 1954, the Ministry of Heavy Industry merged the geophysical exploration teams scattered in various bureaus and established the Beijing Geophysical Exploration Corps. After the Ministry of Heavy Industry established the Geological Bureau, the Geophysical Exploration Corps was led by the Geological Bureau.
1In August, 954, the geophysical exploration team of the coal sector led by the Geological Survey Bureau of the General Administration of Coal Mines of the Ministry of Fuel Industry was established in Beijing. At the beginning of 1956, the Geological Bureau of the Ministry of Coal Industry changed the geophysical prospecting team into the geophysical prospecting department, and the original seismic team and the electrical prospecting team were placed under the Hebei and East China Coalfield Geological Survey respectively. At the same time, the regional coal geological survey bureau set up its own geophysical exploration team.
The Ministry of Nuclear Industry, due to the particularity of its work content, was originally called the State Council No.3 Office, and its geological exploration work was undertaken by the Second Office of the General Survey Committee of the Ministry of Geology directly under the State Council No.3 Office, referred to as No.2 Office of the General Committee. 1954 was established in February, and uranium exploration was prepared immediately. 1April, 955, the Second Office of the General Committee was renamed the Third Bureau of the Ministry of Geology. 1956 1 1 The Third Ministry of Machinery Industry was formally established, and the Third Geological Bureau was placed under the leadership of the Ministry. Other departments, such as electric power, water conservancy and railway, have set up their own professional geophysical teams during this period, which are managed by the corresponding geological teams (divisions) [8].
Geophysical exploration in China has developed rapidly and healthily during the First Five-Year Plan period because all departments have managed geophysical exploration as a special technology from the beginning.
With the rapid development of the team and the increasingly mature application, it is required to improve the efficiency of geophysical exploration management and combine it more closely with geological exploration. Especially for some geophysical methods with mature technology and remarkable application effect, such as coalfield logging, it is particularly urgent. At that time, the heart rate of coal exploration drilling was low, and it was easy to make mistakes to determine the thickness and depth of coal seam only by core. Coalfield logging can effectively solve the problem of coal seam identification and location in borehole, and obviously improve the exploration efficiency and effect. In 1956, the General Bureau of Geological Exploration of the Ministry of Coal Industry stipulated in document (56)773 that "all boreholes must be inspected by electrical survey". This is the most explicit administrative regulation that all boreholes except petroleum must be logged in our country. This decision not only affirmed the role of geophysical exploration, but also promoted the development of coalfield logging. At the same time, it is also required that logging work should be more closely combined with drilling in coal exploration. Therefore, since 1956, the logging team of the coal system has been decentralized and placed under the leadership of the exploration team. 1957, the Ministry of Geology also decided to transfer the coalfield logging team from the Geophysical Exploration Bureau to the provincial geological bureaus for management.
2. Establish scientific research institutions and carry out academic exchanges.
In order to meet the needs of the great development of geophysical prospecting team, relevant departments have taken a series of measures in the research of geophysical prospecting methods according to the conditions at that time. 1957 February 15, Geophysical Exploration Bureau of Ministry of Geology formally established Geophysical Exploration Institute. This is the earliest professional geophysical exploration method and technology research institution established in China under the name of geophysical exploration. The metallurgical and petroleum departments have also established geophysical exploration institutes, which are subordinate to the Beijing Institute of Geology of the Ministry of Metallurgy and the Petroleum Institute of the Ministry of Petroleum respectively. Focusing on the problems encountered in field exploration, these geophysical research institutions have done fruitful work in realizing the localization of basic instruments and equipment, developing geophysical methods and construction technologies with China characteristics, and started to independently develop new geophysical methods and technologies. The Institute of Geophysical Exploration of the Ministry of Geology began to systematically study the instruments and methods of induced polarization method and borehole radio wave method, and to study the interpretation of magnetic anomalies under the condition of oblique magnetization at low latitudes in China, and began to apply digital computers. Metallurgy, geology and other departments began to pay attention to the interpretation and research of weak magnetic anomalies and low-slow magnetic anomalies, and metallurgical departments succeeded in prospecting in the low-slow abnormal areas of Handan, Hebei Province and Daye, Hubei Province. China's high-precision gravity work has reached a high level. The first gravity datum network (57 gravity datum network) was established in China geodetic surveying and mapping department, and the Institute of Geophysics of Chinese Academy of Sciences began to accumulate data for compiling the national magnetic field map.
The vigorous development of geophysical exploration urgently needs the exchange of experience among various departments. Chinese geophysical society's Journal of Geophysics (1952, published once every six months) made the first contribution. Soon, the Geophysical Exploration Bureau of the Ministry of Geology edited and published Geophysical Data (an internal publication) at 1956, and then founded Geophysical Exploration (bimonthly) edited by Gu and published by Geological Publishing House at 1957+0. This is the first geophysical journal published publicly after the founding of New China, focusing on technical methods. At the same time, the Geological Bureau of the Ministry of Metallurgy also established Geology and Exploration (internal monthly, 1958), which included papers and reports on metal mineral exploration. The publication of these magazines and other internal collections of geophysical exploration in petroleum, coal and nuclear industries have played an important role in the development of geophysical exploration in New China. 1957 February 5-9, chinese geophysical society held the first member congress and academic report meeting after the founding of New China. At that time, the main technical cadres engaged in geophysical exploration from various departments attended the meeting and handed in 35 academic reports. The congress elected the new Council and editorial Committee of the magazine. Zhao Jiuzhang is the chairman and Weng Wenbo is the vice chairman. This meeting is a new starting point for the development of academic exchange activities of geophysical exploration in China.
3. Establish a factory and instrument manufacturing system.
Solving the shortage of geophysical instruments is the most urgent problem. Importing from the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe was the main method at that time. China imported seismometers, gravimeters, electronic instruments and logging instruments from the former Soviet Union. A large number of magnetometers and seismic instruments were imported from East Germany. We have imported geodetic anemometers, torsion scales and logging tools from Hungary. Sweden imported gravimeter. At the same time, various departments have also strengthened the development of domestic instruments. Starting from 1952, the geophysical logging instrument workshop of the General Administration of Petroleum (later merged with the workshop of the Petroleum Geology Bureau and developed into Xi 'an Petroleum Instrument Factory) developed petroleum geophysical instruments including logging. 1957, Xi' an petroleum instrument factory successfully trial-produced the first electronic tube seismic exploration instrument in China (DZ-57 1), which was formally identified and put into mass production. 1958, the multi-line automatic logging tool (JD-58 1) designed and manufactured by this factory officially passed the appraisal and was put into mass production. This instrument has always been the main instrument in logging work in China, producing more than a thousand sets before and after, and it was not gradually replaced by digital logging stations until the early 1980s.
1954, the Ministry of Geology established a geophysical instrument workshop in Beijing, which was later expanded into a geophysical instrument workshop, and began to research and manufacture electrical, magnetic and logging instruments (later expanded into Beijing Geological Instrument Factory). At the same time, Shanghai took over two private instrument factories, Jinghua and Xincheng, and began to produce potentiometers, resistivity meters and semi-automatic logging tools (the factory was officially expanded to Shanghai Geological Instrument Factory). The Institute of Geophysical Exploration of the Ministry of Geology began to develop portable high-frequency seismographs and tape recorders, delta T saturation aeromagnetic instruments and radio wave perspective instruments for metal mine tunnels. Compared with the original Soviet aeromagnetic instrument асгм-25, the measuring accuracy of the successfully developed 402 aeromagnetic instrument is improved from 25nT to 10nT.
The General Administration of Coal and the Geophysical Exploration Corps of the Ministry of Heavy Industry have also started the development of coalfield logging and electric logging instruments. Since 1956, the nuclear industry system has set up an instrument design institute, and cooperated with Shanghai to trial-produce radiation measuring instruments. 1April, 957, the newly-built Shanghai Times Electronic Instrument Factory (later renamed Shanghai Electronic Instrument Factory) began to develop and mass-produce radiometers, launchers, logging tools, etc. Used in uranium exploration, it has taken a solid first step for the localization of radioactive geophysical instruments in China [9].