Five fans
1 building
Central:
1. Sangong and Sangu
Three-finger Taishi, Taifu and Taibao (Zhengyipin)
The three most prominent official positions in the ancient court of China. This word was used in the Zhou Dynasty, and scholars in the Western Han Dynasty believed that the three fairs meant Sima, Situ and Sikong. Ancient scholars in China regarded Taifu, Taishi and Taibao as three public officials. There were no three fairs in the Qin Dynasty. The early Western Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system. Since the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Prime Minister, the Imperial Adviser and Qiu have been called the "three publics" together. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty weakened the power of the Prime Minister, and the power of Sima surpassed that of the Prime Minister. The Han dynasty proclaimed itself emperor, changed the number one scholar in the imperial examination to be the greatest, and established a three-metric system with three pillars: Fu, Da and Prime Minister. Although there were three pillars at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Fu was still the most important. In the new era, the three metric systems of the Western Han Dynasty were used. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were still three officials, Fu changed to Qiu, Da Situ, and Stuart. These three public officials all have their own government and official families. Taiwei still ranks first in the three fairs. Although Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty still set up three senior officials, his real power gradually returned to Shangshutai. The emperor, the golden palace, consorts and eunuchs changed their authoritarian power. Dou Xian and Liang Ji, consorts, are regarded as generals, ranking three. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dong Zhuo was the prime minister, ranking above the three fairs. In the 13th year of Jian 'an (208), Cao Cao gave up his three official positions and chose the prime minister and the imperial historian as his own prime minister. The implementation of the three metric system in the Han dynasty for 200 years is over. Cao Wei restored the three public systems. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sangong was still in the best position, and the government set up aides. However, the real power was further transferred to the Shangshu institution. In the Sui Dynasty, the three official positions were no longer open, and all the assistants were revoked, which completely became a virtual position or "upper position". After the Song Dynasty, they were often called Taishi, Taifu and Taibao, but the nature of their virtual titles remained unchanged and gradually evolved into adding officials and giving them away. Ming and Qing are the same.
Three orphans refer to Shao Shi, Shaofu and Shaobao (from Yipin)
Refers to Shao Shi, Shao Fu and Shao Bao. This statement comes from the Confucian classics of the Han Dynasty. See Xu Shen's Five Classics with Different Meanings (Volume 50 of Bei Tang Book Tide). There are only "orphans" in Zhou Li, but there are no "three orphans"; Take the "loneliness" under the "three publics" and above the "green doctor". Jia Yi's New Book has three titles and three titles, but there is no "three orphans". The list of Guan Baigong and Qing in Hanshu contains three parts, namely, three parts, which read "Shao Shi, Shaofu and Shaobao are orphans". The fake "Wen Gu Shuguan last week" has three officials and three orphans, which proves that it was forged by later generations. See Mei Li's Textual Research on Shangshu, Volume 5 for details. According to Du You's "General Code" Volume 20, "Solitary, humble and respectful." After the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the three fairs became the highest. The Northern Zhou Dynasty prided itself on being "three publics and three orphans", which lasted from the Tang Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
There are also Prince Taishi, Prince Taifu and Prince Taibao (from Yipin); Prince Shao Shi, Prince Shaofu and Prince Shaobao are all officials, which are used to show their political achievements and lofty status, and have no actual rights.
It was first set in the Western Jin Dynasty. In the Eastern Palace of the Han and Wei Dynasties, Shibao only bought Prince Taifu and Shaofu. Emperor Wu of Jin set up six blessings in Xianning, plus a surname, Shao Shi, Taibao and Shaobao. Taishi is too handsome because he is afraid of Sima Shi. The Southern Dynasties didn't say anything, but the Northern Wei Dynasty resumed, with Prince Taishi, Taifu and Taibao as the third Taitai in the Eastern Palace and second class. Located in the border area, Beiqi was called the Third Division, which was in charge of normal military discipline and assisted Crown Prince Yi. Sui and Tang dynasties followed, followed by Sui and Tang dynasties. As officials, Prince Song Taizu, Taifu and Taibao only awarded Tang envoys whose prime ministers had not reached the level of servants and official posts, not officials of the Eastern Palace. Jin Hailing, a court official in southern Liaoning, started from the fourth year of Tiande Wang (1 152), and there were three princes, which was too few. Yuan doesn't often put it on. At the beginning of the Ming dynasty, he was a courtier and the director of the East Palace. After becoming a ancestor, the princes of Sansi and Sansi only served as part-time, additional and gift officials. A clear system.
2. Six departments
The official department, the household department, the ritual department, the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Punishment and the Ministry of Industry each have a senior minister who is directly responsible to the emperor. Under the senior minister, there are left and right assistant ministers (deputy ministers), practitioners (directors) and principals.
Official department: responsible for the management, assessment and promotion of officials.
Household department: thirteen departments, which manage the revenue and expenditure and reimbursement of various places respectively.
Ritual department: in charge of national auspicious ceremonies, educational examinations, entertaining foreign guests, feasting and offering people, etc.
Ministry of War: Manage the military and political affairs in the world (military orders are managed by the Governor's Office of the Fifth Army)
Manage the names of punishments in the world.
Ministry of Industry: Manage construction, logistics, water conservancy, manufacturing, etc.
The six central departments of the Ming Dynasty were placed in the first year of Hongwu, and each department had officials such as Shangshu, Assistant Minister, Langzhong, Yuanwailang, and Master, and were transferred to Zhongshu Province to take charge of all state affairs, with great responsibilities. The Zhao Dynasty Canon said:
In August of the first year of Hongwu (A.D. 1368), Ding Chou began to set up six departments, namely, officials, households, ceremonies, soldiers, punishments and workers, and set up ministers, assistant ministers, practitioners, foreign ministers and principals, which were still under the jurisdiction of Zhongshu Province. The emperor (Taizu) summoned six ministers to the Fengtian Hall and said, "I am based on Jiangzuo, and my military affairs are in Yin, and my official system is not ready. Today, the Qing Dynasty is divided into six parts. The affairs of the country, in short, the people in the book, six people, are the most important position. In all government affairs, you should be careful of the manager, otherwise you may be disobedient, which will affect the whole world. You should not be careless.
In the fifth year of Hongwu (A.D. 1372), six specific positions were appointed and assessed at the end of the year, and the advantages and disadvantages were divided in order to succeed. The six officials are relatively stable and cannot be easily transferred. People with meritorious service will be promoted in this department. Since the 13th year of Hongwu (A.D. 1380), it has been promoted to the title of six products: Shangshu is the title of two products (once promoted to the title of one product in Wenjian, Yongle Fuxing), Assistant Minister is the title of three products, Langzhong is the title of five products, Yuanwailang is the title of five products, and the principal is the title of six products.
Six ministers and assistant ministers are all hall officials, directly under the leadership of the emperor, among which the official department is particularly important, because all officials have to go through the official department except the delegation. Ito was the first minister of the Ming Dynasty, and Fan and Wang He were left assistant ministers and right assistant ministers respectively. In the sixth year of Hongwu (A.D. 1373), the official department consisted of three subordinate departments: the headquarters, the scholar department and the examination department. Thirteen years (AD 1380) sealed. In the 22nd year (A.D. 1389), this department was changed to the selected department. Twenty-nine years (A.D. 1396), four departments were set up, namely, selecting articles, examining seals, collecting honours and examining merits. Each department has a doctor, a foreign minister and a headmaster.
The first Minister of the Interior was Siyi Yang. Liu Cheng and Qi Hang are left assistant minister and right assistant minister respectively. In the sixth year of Hongwu (AD 1373), there were five households, namely, one household, two households, three households, four households and ordinary households. There are two doctors and two foreign doctors in each subject, and five people are in charge. Thirteen years (A.D. 1380), it was divided into four subordinate departments: headquarters, branches, finance department and warehouse department. In the 22nd year of Hongwu (A.D. 1389), it was changed to the Ministry of Civil Affairs. The following year, it was divided into four parts: Henan, Beiping, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Huguang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan and Fujian. Each part is still divided into four parts: civil affairs, education, finance and warehouse. In the twenty-ninth year (A.D. 1396), the 12th Division was changed into 12 lawsuits, each with 1 practitioner, 1 foreign minister and 2 directors. In the first year of Yongle (A.D. 1403), Beiping was changed to Beijing. The 18th year of Yongle (AD 1420). Abandoning the Beijing Division, it set up three Qing lawsuits in Yunnan, Guizhou and Kyauk, and publicized Germany for ten years (A.D. 1435), then abandoned Kyauk Division and was designated as the 13th Division. Since the reign of Hongzhi of Emperor Xiaozong of the Ming Dynasty, the 13th Division of Housing Department has taken the government as the smallest, leaving only 1 practitioners to handle affairs. Foreign ministers and principals can only attend on the day when officials award prizes, but in fact they are only nominal. A doctor can't manage it, so he has to appoint a grass-roots official, which has many disadvantages. During the reign of God in Wanli, Wang Guoguang was appointed as the minister of the Ministry of Finance, and only then did he order every official to try his best to manage affairs in the Ministry of Finance, so that his career could be promoted. There are other institutions directly under the central government, such as the banknote withdrawal department, the banknote printing bureau, the Guangying Treasury, and the military warehouse.
The first minister of does was Qian Yongren, and the assistant minister was a treasure. In the sixth year of Hongwu (AD 1373), it was divided into four subordinate departments: Headquarters, Ancestral Temple, Catering Department and Guest Department. In the 13th year of Hongwu (A.D. 1380), there were 1 person in each subordinate department. In 22 years (AD 1389), it was changed to the Department of Documents. In the 29th year (A.D. 1396), it was changed into four official cleaning departments: ritual system, temple fair sacrifice, refined food and guest. In addition, it belongs to the Casting and Printing Bureau, with 1 ambassadors and 2 assistants.
The first minister of the Ministry of War was Justin Chen, and the second assistant minister was Zhu Zhen. Hongwu has been divided into three subordinate departments: headquarters, driving department and vocational department for six years. In the thirteenth year of Hongwu, the Treasury Department was added, and in the twenty-second year, it was changed to Sima Department. In 29 years, it was changed to four divisions: military selection, professional frontier, car driving and armory. Each branch has 1 staff, namely, Langzhong and Yuanwailang, each with two people in charge. In addition, it also governs the same museum, customs and other institutions, with ambassadors and deputy ambassadors.
The records are the ministers of punishments, and the assistant ministers are Sheng and Zhang Ren. At the beginning of Ming Taizu's reign, this usage was too strict. When Zhou Zhen was appointed Minister of History, he began to abide by the law so that officials could abide by it. In the sixth year of Hongwu (A.D. 1373), the criminal department was divided into four subordinate departments: the headquarters, the Bi department, the viceroy department and the Simen department. In the eighth year (A.D. 1375), four families were added, belonging to four ministries. There are 65,438+0 doctors in this department, including Langzhong and Yuanwailang. There are 4 heads of the headquarters and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2 heads of departments and 2 heads of departments. In the 22nd year of Hongwu (A.D. 1389), it was changed to the Ministry of Constitution. In 23 years, it was divided into four parts: Henan, Beiping, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Huguang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan and Fujian. Twenty-nine years (A.D. 1396) was changed to twelve departments of the official Qing Dynasty, with Langzhong and Yuanwailang 1 person in charge. In the 18th year of Yongle (A.D. 1420), in addition to Beiping, Yunnan, Guizhou and Jiaodian were added. Xuande ten years (AD 1435), renamed thirteen lawsuits.
The first minister of the Ministry of Industry was Shan Anren, and the assistant ministers were Zhang and Yang Yi. Hongwu has been divided into four subordinate departments for six years, namely, headquarters, security department, water department and Mita department. Four subjects were added in eight years. Thirteen years, Mita Department was the chariot department. In 22 years, the headquarters was changed to battalion headquarters. Twenty-nine years, as Yingshan, Yuheng, Dushui, wasteland four lawsuits. Langzhong, Yuanwailang and Lishi 1 person have jurisdiction over Baoyuan Bureau and Qi Jun Bureau.
In the 19th year of Yongle (A.D. 142 1), Ming Chengzu moved the capital and changed Nanjing to the capital. Nanjing is as bureaucratic as Beijing except that there is no emperor. The six departments set up in Nanjing are called "South Six Departments". Although they all have a set of official positions, their functions and powers are far less than those of the six departments in Beijing. So officials in Nanjing formed their own forces and fought against Beijing, and officials in Beijing overlapped and controlled North Korea. This is a strange phenomenon in the Ming Dynasty.
In the Ming dynasty, doctors, foreign ministers, officials in charge and other officials were all real jobs, so they were quite able to act in collusion and accept bribes.
In the Ming dynasty, the six books are often informal, which can make up for the difference. So there was a phenomenon that Taoist priests served as courtiers and foremen served as industry ministers.
3. Inspector
There are three censors in the supervision department directly under the emperor. Namely: empire, empire, empire, empire, empire, empire, empire, empire, empire, empire, empire, empire, empire, empire, empire, empire, empire, empire, empire.
In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, a censorate platform was set up along the old system of the Yuan Dynasty, and it stopped in May of the 13th year of Hongwu (A.D. 1380). Fifteen years, moved to Douchayuan. This institution was founded in the Ming dynasty, which is very different from the previous system of Yushitai. Duchayuan has 13 prison areas, including Zuoyou Capital, Zuoyou Deputy Capital and Zuoyou Capital, as well as Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Yunnan, Henan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Shanxi, Shandong, Huguang and Guizhou. All censors are directors, parallel to the six departments, collectively known as the seven Qing. According to Records of the Ming Dynasty II, Duyushi Vocational College corrects hundreds of points, distinguishes right from wrong, and supervises various ways, which is the difference between the eyes and ears of the emperor. Any minister who commits adultery, a villain who forms a political party, and a person who creates political chaos in Fu Wei will be disintegrated. Those who corrupt officials and discipline will be disintegrated. Anyone who is academically incorrect, writes a letter and makes a statement, becomes a constitution, and it is illegal to use it. In case of pilgrimage or inspection, the official department of our country shall prevail. The recidivist will be in a foreign court, together with the Ministry of Punishment and Dali. They serve the mainland, follow other places and do their own things. It can be seen that the power of the Ming empire is great. The investigation of each official will be coordinated with the official department, and the main prison will be coordinated with the punishment department and Dali College. Other government offices belong to the thirteen supervisory censors. The responsibility of supervising and examining officials is far heavier than that of the previous generation. According to Records of the Ming Dynasty II, I brushed books in the inner two cities, toured the Beijing camp, supervised the township, took an examination of martial arts, toured Guanglu, toured the warehouse, toured the imperial city, toured the five cities, and mounted drums in turn. Foreign tours (two in northern Zhili, three in southern Zhili, one in Xuanda, one in Liaodong, one in Gansu and one in each of the thirteen provinces), the Qing army and the prefect school (one in Beijing and one in Nanjing at the end of Wanli). Salt patrol (Huaibei, Zhejiang, Luchang and Hedong), tea horse (Shaanxi), tank patrol, customs patrol, transportation, Ma Yin, reclamation. Teachers supervise military discipline and achievements, and each has its own special supervision. On the other hand, the emperor held a patrol on behalf of the emperor, and the military minister and county officials made a patrol to judge the major events and make decisions on the minor ones. As soon as you arrive, you should record the prisoners, hang up the files, and argue with anyone if there is any discrepancy.
Since the eighth year of Yongle (A.D. 14 10), it has been stipulated that the censor must be selected from the learned scholars and supervisors. Ming Dynasty's "Knowing the Official's Martial Arts" was quoted from the third edition: In the seventh year of Yongle (AD 1409), 28 imperial envoys, including Zhang, were invited to ask about their origins, all of which were composed of scholars and supervisors, but only others were composed of officials. The emperor said: "Although the employment of people is not specific, the suggestion is given by the eyes and ears of the imperial court. It is advisable to use people who have knowledge and know how to govern themselves." Bing et al. It's in sequence. Zhao: "From now on, officials will not be reused." Next winter, I will apply to the official department and write an order. The power of the censor is very heavy, but if things are wrong, the punishment is extremely severe. According to the records of the world law, in May of the fifteenth year of Hongwu (AD 1382), Li Lei's suggestion misjudged the good people as disciples. Ming Taizu said: "The court can deter stubborn evil, and justice can be found in the law. Less is biased, and the people have nothing to keep. I'm suggesting that law enforcement is unfair. Why is violence clear, but I am wronged? Behavior can still be corrected. If you are sentenced to death, can you be reborn? " He also ordered the legal department to discuss Li Lei's crime as a warning. Even writing mistakes are considered incompetent and punished. According to "Dream Record", between Xuande and Xuande, Xie Yao, an imperial envoy, mistakenly wrote the name of the recommended person in the recommendation book, and corrected it himself after presenting it in the book. Xuanzong said to the official department: "The ancients played bamboo slips respectfully and cautiously, but Shi Qingshu had shortcomings in the word' horse' and was afraid of death. I don't know his last name. How can I know his talent? You are so reckless, is that a suggestion post? " Xie Yao was demoted to Daman County Order. In the tenth year of Xuande (A.D. 1435), Xuanzong also sent a special letter to Duchayuan: "The imperial court has a wind constitution, so it pays attention to the eyes and ears, and Yan Ji just took office. In recent years, not enough people are arrogant, right and wrong are reversed, and discipline is lax, which makes the official department: beginners are not allowed to remove the constitution in the future. Where there are flaws in the imperial supervision, it is necessary to recommend them to the officials of the imperial court and Douchayuan, hand them over to the official department, review them without error, and then remove them. Later, he was guilty and incompetent, and those who raised him were guilty. " It can be seen that the selection and supervision of censors in Ming Dynasty was very strict.
"The history of the Ming dynasty. "Official History II": "Duyushi Vocational College is the teacher of the emperor's eyes and ears, which corrects hundreds of teachers, distinguishes right from wrong and supervises various ways. It is illegal for any minister to commit evil deeds, form a political party with villains and mislead the government. Those who corrupt officials and discipline will be disintegrated. Anyone who is academically incorrect, writes a letter and makes a statement, becomes a constitution, and it is illegal to use it. Such as pilgrimage and inspection, do you agree with the official ministers? The recidivist will be in a foreign court, together with the Ministry of Punishment and Dali. They serve the mainland, follow other places and do their own things. Thirteen ways to supervise the censor are to investigate and correct internal and external official evils, or to uncover and seal them, or to seal them. ..........................................................................................................................................
Yushiji
Five fans
Fourth Floor
4. Six subjects
It is divided into six departments: official, household, ceremony, soldier, criminal and industrial. Each department has seven items for middle school, and about seven items for middle school and middle school.
Although the grade given is low, it is very powerful. The work entrusted by the emperor to the yamen was cancelled by six departments every five days. If there is any failure or incompetence, the six departments can report to the emperor. Six ethnic groups can also participate in the promotion of officials, attend command meetings and try guilty officials. Most importantly, the six families have the right to seal the imperial edict, that is, if they think it is not in conformity with the emperor's will, they can return it and not carry it out. The six subjects and thirteen supervision suggestions are collectively called "the way of science" and belong to the category of officials.
In the Ming Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty, the system of the previous generation was inherited, unified and not divided. Hongwu six years (1373), divided into six parts: official, household, ritual, soldier, criminal and industrial. In matters, each department gives one person seven items, all from taking care of attendants, making suggestions and filling vacancies. Enjoy the right to "copy", "participate" and "cancel". Cancellation means attaching the imperial edict and memorial to the topic every day and sending it to the cabinet for filing every five days. The executive organ shall handle government affairs in order within the prescribed time limit and cancel it after five days of verification by six departments. Six subjects can also participate in the "discussion", participate in the formulation of major court policies, and supervise their implementation. In the early Qing Dynasty, the six departments were independent institutions, and each department had handprints, which were given to Man Han 1 person in the event and Man Han 1 person in the event, with a positive rank of five.
In the Ming Dynasty, when he was sent, he was in charge of attendants, remonstrating, filling vacancies, picking up scraps, examining and revising, stamping, refuting imperial edicts, refuting imperial edicts issued by Zhengbai Temple, supervising six ministries, impeaching officials and supplementing the imperial history. In addition, it is also responsible for recording the compilation of imperial edicts and supervising the implementation of various departments; After the provincial examination, I will try the examiner and the palace examiner; When conferring knighthood on the royal family or princes or informing foreign countries, they should act as principals and envoys; Accept an unfair lawsuit, etc. Low quality and heavy weight. At first, it was defined as positive five products, and later it changed its number and its grade. In the sixth year of Hongwu (1373), it was composed of twelve members, divided into six subjects: official, household, ritual, soldier, criminal and industrial. Hongwu's nine-year quota is ten; Hongwu spent ten years in prison; In the twelfth year of Hongwu, he was transferred to the General Political Department; Later, it gradually increased to 8 1 member. Hongwu has been customized for twenty-four years, and each of the six subjects gives one person in the matter, which is the positive eight products; Left and right to each member, from eight products; Forty people were given to the department, including four officials, eight family members, six does, ten military subjects, eight criminal subjects and four engineering subjects, all of whom were excellent. During the period of Emperor Wen Jian of Huidi (1399- 1402), the capital was Zhengqipin, and the left and right were things. During the Yongle period of the Ming emperor, the left and right things were returned, and they were also subordinate to the seven products. He also placed six in the straight room outside the noon gate. Since then, the number of staff has increased or decreased from time to time.