First, the problems faced by the development of micro-credit loans for farmers
(A) the evaluation of credit users and the promotion of microfinance are not enough. Due to the poor credit environment in rural areas, credit union employees do not know enough about this work and think it is risky; There are some misunderstandings in individual farmers' knowledge and understanding of micro-credit loans, and they confuse it with free poverty alleviation, which leads to the slow development of this work. Taking Sunite Right Banner as an example, due to the serious natural disasters in successive years, the weak foundation of agriculture and animal husbandry, the single industrial structure, the poor social credit environment and the lack of guarantee for credit cooperatives, there is a general "fear of loans" mentality. By the end of 20 10, there were 8 15 1 households in the jurisdiction. After the credit evaluation of farmers, 682 1 households were rated as "trustworthy users", accounting for 83.68% of the total number of farmers. There are 624 farmers who need loans, 5,595 farmers who meet the loan conditions and issue loan cards, and 3,798 farmers who actually get loans. The satisfaction rate of farmers' loans was 60.86%, which was 20. 14 percentage points lower than the same period. The maximum amount of micro-credit loans for farmers approved by the Banner Association is 30,000 yuan. At present, the micro-credit loans implemented by rural credit cooperatives are generally within 5000- 1 10,000 yuan. Credit cooperatives do not actively advocate expanding credit users and credit loans for the sake of their own operating efficiency.
(2) Weak risk awareness. Some credit cooperatives do not attach importance to the establishment of farmers' income and expenditure accounts and economic activity files, and the evaluation team does not know enough about farmers' business activities and income status, which is influenced by human feelings, relationships and other factors, resulting in subjective blindness and randomness of farmers' credit rating. In addition, because the loan involves a wide range of farmers, and the area is scattered, the amount is small, there are many transactions, and the manpower of credit cooperatives is limited, it is difficult to put the post-loan management in place.
(3) Poor social credit environment, lack of guarantee mechanism for farmers' small loans and high loan risk make it impossible for loss-making credit cooperatives to promote small-scale agricultural loans. In some poverty-stricken areas, due to the phenomenon of "prosecution is not accepted, acceptance is not held in court, judgment is not pronounced in court, judgment is not executed, and execution is not complete", collecting loans according to law cannot play its due deterrent role. On the contrary, the negative impact of "repayment households" who don't pay back the money makes some farmers who want to repay the loan take a wait-and-see attitude, which makes it difficult to activate the funds of credit cooperatives and makes the funds invested in small-scale agricultural loans relatively short. Because farmers' micro-credit loans are guaranteed by farmers' reputation, which is different from mortgage-guaranteed loans, and the investment of micro-credit loans is basically concentrated in traditional agriculture and animal husbandry industries. The uncertainty of income caused by non-human factors such as natural conditions determines that micro-credit loans have certain risks.
(d) Lack of policy support. The promotion of small-scale agricultural loans involves thousands of households, with low success rate and high input cost. However, the historical burden of rural credit cooperatives is heavy, and the policy credit undertaken by rural credit cooperatives has no corresponding way to make up for it, especially in terms of taxation, which has affected the effective promotion of small-scale agricultural loans.
(5) The quality of credit assets of some rural credit cooperatives is not high, and the reinvestment funds for supporting agriculture are insufficient, and they mainly rely on the People's Bank of China to refinance agriculture and animal husbandry every year. Re-lending is a special fund, so the purpose of micro-credit loans issued by re-lending can only meet the basic needs of agricultural and animal husbandry production, and can not be used for consumer loans such as living, so there is a problem of single purpose of micro-credit loans. At the same time, due to the shortage of funds, micro-credit loans are generally issued once in the spring, and the management mode of "one-time approval, loan with use, balance control and recycling" cannot be realized.
(6) The credit line is low. Due to the restriction of social credit and local economy, credit cooperatives limit the loan amount of credit users to less than 5,000 yuan, which not only cannot meet the basic needs of credit farmers, but also is not conducive to the evaluation of credit users and the promotion of micro-credit loans because other farmers can obtain the same amount of funds through joint guarantee loans.
Second, the development of micro-credit loans for farmers countermeasures and suggestions
First of all, rural credit cooperatives in border areas should further expand the scope of micro-credit loans for farmers and improve coverage. While continuing to support the development of farmers and herdsmen, we will expand the support of farmers' micro-credit loans to economic cooperation organizations in rural and pastoral areas, and effectively enhance their penetration and driving role in the "three rural" economy. All agricultural and animal husbandry production and business activities that meet the national agricultural and animal husbandry policies and local economic development goals should be supported.
Secondly, rural credit cooperatives should expand the benefits of farmers' microfinance and reasonably determine the amount and duration. Differentiate the loan amount and appropriately raise the limit, so that farmers' micro-credit can meet the needs of the economic development level of rural pastoral areas in border pastoral areas. In terms of loan term, we should change the traditional practice of "sowing in spring, harvesting in autumn and not lending in winter" as soon as possible, and determine the loan term according to the production and operation activities of rural pastoral areas in border pastoral areas, so as to make the loan term as consistent as possible with the production and operation cycle of agriculture and animal husbandry.
Thirdly, we should scientifically calculate and reasonably determine the interest rate. Rural credit cooperatives in border and pastoral areas should strengthen the accounting of financial costs and operating profits when setting loan interest rates, and give appropriate preferential treatment to farmers and herdsmen based on the principle of cultivating more customers. At the same time, relevant supporting measures should be further improved: First, establish a micro-credit risk supervision and compensation mechanism to reduce the loan risk. Establish a micro-credit risk compensation fund for farmers and herdsmen in a timely manner. While strictly examining the loan operation, insisting on lending to households, strengthening the management of loan use and post-loan follow-up inspection, and strictly controlling the loan risk, it is suggested that local governments and rural credit cooperatives jointly establish a risk compensation fund for farmers' small loans to solve the risk compensation problem of "weak financial independence" caused by wide coverage, strong policy and high investment cost. Second, local governments, rural credit cooperatives and farmers and herdsmen jointly funded the establishment of farmers' microfinance guarantee fund to solve the problem of farmers' microfinance risk compensation. Effectively improve the insurance system in rural pastoral areas to make up for the credit risk of rural credit cooperatives caused by natural disasters. Second, establish a financial preferential policy mechanism for farmers' micro-credit loans. First, reduce the business tax and income tax on the interest income of agricultural and animal husbandry loans; Second, local finance gives financial subsidies to rural credit cooperatives with a certain proportion of farmers' microfinance business, so as to mobilize the enthusiasm of rural credit cooperatives to carry out this work; Third, local finance should appropriately allocate a part of poverty alleviation funds to ensure the production and living expenses of low-income farmers and herdsmen, so as to raise the repayment rate of small loans for low-income farmers and herdsmen. Third, establish a risk compensation mechanism for farmers' microfinance market. Drawing lessons from international and domestic experience, rural credit cooperatives should cooperate with science and technology departments to train farmers and herdsmen in border pastoral areas on relevant industrial knowledge in the process of loan issuance. As farmers and herdsmen are vulnerable groups in the market, they are not sensitive to the rapidly changing market and do not know enough about many applicable technologies. Training can help farmers and herdsmen improve their ability to adapt to the market, thus effectively improving the efficiency of farmers and herdsmen's use of microfinance.
(Author: Sunite Youqi Rural Credit Cooperative Association)