The Amazon River is the second longest river in the world (about 6,400 kilometers) after the Nile. In northern South America. It is estimated that about 20-25% of all water flowing on the earth's surface is in the Amazon River. The estuary is 240 kilometers wide, and the flow in flood season reaches 654.38+0.8 million cubic meters per second, which is 654.38+00 times that of Mississippi River. The displacement is so large that the sea water becomes weak within the range of 160 km from the shore. There are more than 1000 known tributaries, of which 7 tributaries are more than 1600 km long. 20 of them exceed 1000 km.
It is formed by the confluence of Kaiali River and Maranyon River, which originated in the Andes of Peru, and flows eastward through northern Brazil to the Atlantic Ocean near Marajo Island. The total length is 6437 kilometers (from the source of the Kaiali River). There are more than 20 tributaries whose length exceeds 1000 km. The basin covers an area of 6.22 million square kilometers, accounting for about 35% of the South American continent, including most or part of the territories of Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and other countries. Most areas in the basin belong to tropical rain forest climate, with annual rainfall exceeding 2,000 mm and abundant water all the year round. The average annual discharge of the estuary is 220,000 m2/s, and the flood season discharge exceeds 280,000 m2/s. It is the largest river with the widest basin area in the world. In Shangyuan area, the mountains are high and the valleys are deep, the slopes are steep and the water flows rapidly, with an average gradient of about 5.2‰. After entering the plain, the slope is small. The average velocity in the middle and lower reaches is 0.7-1.7m/s. The depth of this river is very wide. Most rivers in Brazil are more than 45 meters deep, and the water depth near Manaus is 99 meters. The lower reaches of the river are 20-80 kilometers wide, the estuary is trumpet-shaped and 240 kilometers wide, and shoal sandbars are listed. Tides can rush to Obidos, 960 kilometers above the estuary. More than 5,000 kilometers of the main stream can be navigable all the year round, and ships with a draft of 5-6 meters can travel back 3,700 kilometers from the estuary to Iquitos, Peru; The navigable river length of the whole water system is 30,000 kilometers (normal water level). Hydraulic resources are also quite rich, but they have not been fully developed.
The fertile silt deposited in the Amazon River nourishes an area of 65,000 square kilometers, and its basin area is about 7.05 million square kilometers, almost twice that of any other big river basin in the world. The famous Amazon rainforest grows in the Amazon River basin. It is also the largest plain in the world (covering an area of 5.6 million square kilometers). The plain is low and flat, mostly below150m above sea level, so there are many rivers and lakes here. Rainy, humid and continuous high temperature are its remarkable climatic characteristics. There are the richest and most diverse biological resources in the world, with millions of species.
The Amazon River is the largest river in South America and the largest river in the world. The Amazon River rises in the Andes in southern Peru and flows eastward. Along the way, it received 1000 tributaries, with a total length of 6,400 kilometers, and finally merged into the Atlantic Ocean. The Amazon river basin covers an area of 7.05 million square kilometers, accounting for about 40% of the total area of South America. The amount of water injected into the Atlantic Ocean every year is about 6,600 cubic kilometers, which is equivalent to 1/6 of the total amount of water injected into the ocean by rivers in the world.
The upper reaches of the Amazon River are about 2,500 kilometers long and divided into upper and lower sections. The upper section is about 1000 km, with a drop of 5000 meters. The mountains are high and deep, and the slopes are steep and flowing rapidly, forming a series of rapids and waterfalls. Downstream, two huge tributaries flow into the section between the two estuaries of the Amazon River. Because they enter the Amazon plain, the flow rate is slow and the meander is developed, and the end river is about 2000 meters wide.
The middle reaches of the Amazon River flow through Peru, Colombia and Brazil, with a total length of about 2,200 kilometers. In northern Brazil, the Amazon River is 45 meters deep and 3000 meters wide, and its flow rate is slow. Islands and continents crisscross in the river, and rivers are distributed in a network. The floodplain on both sides of the river is 30 ~ 100 km wide, with low terrain, dense lakeside and poor drainage. There are many tributaries on both sides of the river, all of which originate from the eastern slope of the Andes and are feathered. At the end of the middle reaches, the river channel is 1 1km wide and 99m deep.
The downstream reaches 1600 km, sometimes the water depth is wide, the terraces on both banks are clear, the terrain is low and flat, and the floodplain is dotted with lakes, sometimes the water surface is tight and the water flow is accelerated. The mouth of the sea is 330 kilometers wide, and the tides in the Atlantic Ocean can go up downstream, reaching as far as 1600 kilometers. The Amazon river system spans the north and south of the equator. It is hot and rainy all the year round, and it is rich in species, with more than 2,000 kinds of freshwater fish. There are also manatees, freshwater dolphins, crocodiles, giant water snakes and other aquatic animals. Most areas in the basin are covered with dense tropical rain forests, with a wide variety of plants and rich mineral resources.
However, the Amazon River is the most famous freshwater ornamental fish producing area in the world. Its rich and beautiful freshwater tropical ornamental fish have always touched the hearts of ornamental fish lovers and biologists all over the world.
The Amazon River is the pride of Latin American people. Flowing through Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela and other countries, it nourishes 8 million square kilometers of vast land and breeds the world's largest tropical rain forest, making the Amazon River basin the most mysterious "kingdom of life" in the world.
The Amazon River is more than 6,000 kilometers long and has thousands of tributaries. Together with the main stream, it forms an Amazon river network with a total length of more than 60,000 kilometers, with a basin area of about 8 million square kilometers, most of which are in Brazil.
Due to the rain near the equator, the Amazon water is abundant all the year round. The annual average flow of the mouth of the Amazon River is 220,000 cubic meters per second, which is the widest and largest river in the world. Brazilians proudly call it "river and sea". The height difference between the source of the Amazon River and the estuary is not big, and it is located in the equatorial rainy area. The river bed is deep, wide and flat, and the flow rate is very slow, which is suitable for shipping. Manaus Port is an important port of Amazon River.
There is also a natural wonder of the Amazon River-tidal bore, which can be compared with the tidal bore of Qiantang River in China. After crossing the vast South American continent, Amazon flows into the Atlantic Ocean near Marajo Island in Brazil. The mouth of the Amazon River is a huge trumpet. After the tide enters this trumpet mouth, it is continuously squeezed and lifted into a wall-standing tidal head, which can be traced back to 600 ~ 1000 km. Generally, the height of tidal head is1~ 2m, and it can reach 5m at high tide.
Brazilians call the Amazon tide "Bobo Roca", and tourists rush to go at high tide. Every high tide, the sound of the waves is deafening, and the sound travels for miles and is magnificent.
The Amazon River, with a total length of 6,440 kilometers, ranks second among the rivers in the world, second only to the Nile River, which is 6,695 kilometers long. The Amazon River injects 65,438+065,438+06,000 cubic meters of water into the Atlantic Ocean every second, which is about three times more than the Pisa River, ten times more than the Mississippi River and sixty times more than the Nile River, accounting for one-fifth of the total flow of rivers into the sea in the world. Abundant water and surging water power rushed into the Atlantic Ocean 160 km from the fresh water in the estuary. Among the tributaries, seven are longer than 1600 km; The longest is the Madeira River, which is more than 3,200 kilometers long.
The Amazon basin has the largest number of plant species in the world. Many trees are more than 60 meters high, covering the sky, so the ground of dry land forest is bare, with only a layer of rotten branches and leaves. The situation of waterlogged forests is completely different. Shrubs and trees have plate-like roots to help them survive. The crown is layered from high to low, and each layer is full of vitality. Pueraria lobata, orchids and bromeliads scrambled to cling to the high branches, where monkeys, sloths, hummingbirds, macaws, butterflies and countless bats lived.
In the Amazon River, caiman, freshwater turtle, manatee, freshwater dolphin and other aquatic mammals live. Jaguars, slender-waisted cats, tapirs, tapirs, capybara and armadillos live on land. There are more than 2,500 species of fish and 1600 species of birds. The Amazon python is the largest snake in the world today. It can reach ten meters in length and weigh more than 225 kilograms, which is as thick as the trunk of an adult man. But generally speaking, the length of boa constrictors is less than five and a half meters. Pythons are naturally fond of water and usually inhabit mudflats or shallow waters, preying on waterfowl, turtles, capybara, tapirs and so on. Sometimes they even swallow the caiman, which is two and a half meters long. The boa constrictor will wrap the Cayman tightly until it suffocates, then swallow it whole, and then stop eating for several weeks. Although adult pythons are terrible carnivores, young pythons are only 760 mm long at birth. Small pythons are oviparous, sometimes up to 70 at a time. Many young snakes were eaten by caimans. When the survivors grew up, they took turns eating caiman.
Some Amazon rainforests have been turned into protected areas, such as the Amazon National Park on the banks of the Taparros River in West Asia, covering an area of nearly 10,000 square kilometers. However, if the current deforestation rate is not slowed down, Amazon, a vast forest that accounts for two-thirds of the global forest area, will disappear in 2 1 century.
It is almost as difficult to imagine the magnificence of the Amazon River as to understand infinity. The Amazon River has 15000 tributaries, which are distributed in a large area of South America, and the basin area is almost as large as that of Australia. The mainstream river is so deep that half of the whole river can accommodate a huge ship. Ocean-going ships can sail upstream from the Atlantic Ocean through the estuary to Iquitos, Peru. The navigable river is wide, so you can't see both sides at the same time.
This river spans South America and originates in the Andes of Peru. Water flows out of the lake where glaciers meet, surging and scouring a brick canyon on the eastern hillside. Because a lot of sediment rushed out, the river was turbid, like coffee with a lot of milk, so it was called Baishui River. There are also some tributaries that flow through the swamp and rush out of humus. The water is dark and black, called Heishui River. As the terrain becomes gentle, the river slows down and flows to the vast Amazon basin below the mountain.