Who can give me a brief introduction to Beijing?

Beijing is the capital of People's Republic of China (PRC), one of the four municipalities directly under the Central Government of China, the political, cultural and diplomatic center of China, one of the domestic and international exchange centers, the second largest city in China (next to Shanghai) and the largest city in the north of China. This city with a population of 6.5438+0.7 million has become a modern international metropolis. Beijing is a famous oriental city with a long history of more than 3,000 years, a capital history of more than 850 years and splendid culture. With a developed economy, Beijing is the largest land and air transportation hub in China. Walking on the streets of Beijing, you can see all kinds of people all over the world. Beijing welcomes 4.3 million international tourists every year with its ancient and fashionable brand-new look. Beijing will hold the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games soon. I. Historical Evolution [Edit this paragraph] As early as 700,000 years ago, the primitive tribe "Beijingers" appeared in Zhoukoudian, Beijing. Beijing has a history of more than 2000 years, and it was first recorded as "thistle". In BC 1045, Beijing became the capital of thistle, swallow and other vassal States; Since Qin Shihuang unified China in 22 1 BC, Beijing has been an important town and local center in northern China. Since 938, Beijing has successively become the capital of Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. 1 949 65438+1October1was officially designated as the capital of People's Republic of China (PRC). 700,000 years ago, Beijingers lived in the cave of Zhoukoudian in the southwest suburb of Beijing, which was one of the cradles of mankind. The earliest name in Beijing was thistle. In 1 1 century BC, thistle kingdom was a enfeoffment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which ruled northern China. In the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-476 BC), another petrel located in the southwest of the thistle kingdom swallowed thistle and moved its capital to Ji Cheng. From then on, Ji Cheng was the capital of Yan State until 226 BC, when Yan State was destroyed by the powerful Qin State. According to the research of archaeologists, Ji Cheng is in the southwest of Beijing. In 938, it became the capital of Liao. Liao was founded by the Khitans, a minority nationality who rose in the northeast of China. Because thistle is located in the south of its territory, it was renamed Nanjing and Yanjing. More than a century later, the Jin Dynasty established by another ethnic minority, Nuzhen, destroyed Liao and moved its capital to Yanjing on 1 153, renamed Zhongdu. 12 14 years, due to the attack of the emerging Mongolian army, the rulers were forced to move their capital to Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan). The next year, Mongolian fighters occupied the capital. 1267, Mongolian leader Kublai Khan ordered the construction of a new city in the northeast suburb of Zhongdu City. Four years later, the leader ascended the throne in Jiandu, and established the Yuan Dynasty in the history of China. All the new cities were built in 1276, which is what Italian traveler Kyle Poirot said in his travel notes: "The world is unparalleled". From then on, Beijing replaced Chang 'an, Luoyang, Bianliang and other ancient capitals and became the political center of China, which lasted until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. 191101October10, the bourgeois-democratic revolution broke out in China, and the Qing emperor was forced to abdicate in February of the following year. At this point, the last feudal dynasty in China fell, and Beijing's history as an imperial city ended here. In the next 30 years, Beijing experienced hardships: First, successive years of warlord wars made the imperial capital decline and run-down; 1937 Japanese invaders invaded, and the ancient city suffered in blood and fire for 8 years; After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, the Kuomintang government took over the city. Suffering, humiliation, blood and tears finally made the people fight. 1949 10 10/day, People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, and Beijing became the capital of the newly-born Republic of China. The history of this ancient city has turned a new page. The history of a city is the history of a country. As the imperial capital of several generations, Beijing is also the capital of China today and the epitome of China's history and present situation. Beijing is ancient, but it is also an ancient city full of beauty and youth. Beijing is emerging in the world with a majestic, beautiful, fresh and modern attitude. Second, the geographical environment [edit this paragraph] Geographical orientation The center of Beijing is located at 39 degrees 54 minutes north latitude and 1 16 degrees 23 minutes east longitude. Located on the northwest edge of North China Plain. Beijing is adjacent to Tianjin and is surrounded by Hebei Province together with Tianjin. Beijing is surrounded by mountains in the west, north and northeast, and the Beijing Plain slowly inclines to the Bohai Sea in the southeast. The elevation of Beijing Plain is 20-60m, and the mountainous area is generally 1000- 1500m. Dongling Mountain, which borders Hebei, is 2309 meters above sea level and is the highest peak in Beijing. The territory flows through five major rivers, mainly Chaobai River and North Canal in the east, Yongding River and Juma River in the west. The terrain of Beijing is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. The western part is the Western Mountain of Taihang Mountain, and the northern part is Du Jun of Yanshan Mountain. The two mountains intersect at the south exit of Guangou, forming a semi-circular mountain bend that spreads to the southeast. People call it "Beijing bend", and the small plain it surrounds is the Beijing small plain. Look at the topography of Beijing, which is surrounded by mountains and seas, and the situation is magnificent. As the ancients said: "The land of Youzhou has the sea on the left, the Taihang Mountain on the right, the Yongjiang River in the north, the big river in the south and the land of abundance." The land area of Beijing in the urban area is 164 1 1 km2. Among them, the plain area is 6339 square kilometers, accounting for 38.6%. Mountain area 10072 km2, accounting for 6 1.4%. The urban area is 87. 1 km2. Geological structure Beijing is located in the middle of North China-west of Yanshan subsidence zone. In the long geological history, it not only experienced a great decline, but also accepted extremely thick deposits; There was a violent orogeny. Especially in Mesozoic, the orogeny dominated by Yanshan movement formed the embryonic form of geological structure skeleton and landform in Beijing area. With the development of crustal movement, fold deformation and faults are widely developed, and magmatic activity is also frequent. The fault structures in Beijing area are mainly in the northern mountainous areas: Gubeikou fault zone from Ying Shao and Huairou county to Miyun county, which is 33 kilometers long from east to west and 8 kilometers wide within the city boundary; The Jingbei fault zone on Qiangzi Road in Shachang, Miyun County is about 30 kilometers long, 20 kilometers wide and 200-300 meters wide at its widest point. There are Yanjiatai-Yanhecheng fault zone and Dongling mountain fault in Guantingxia area, which are tens of kilometers long. The edges of depressions and uplifts in plain areas are controlled by large faults, such as Huang Zhuang-Gao Liying fault and Yongledian-Mafang fault. Many smaller fault zones are often distributed between these large faults. The bends, bifurcations, ends and intersections of active fault zones, and places with fault basins are prone to earthquakes. The main active fault zones in Beijing area are: Pinggu-Sanhe fault zone; Babaoshan in Shijingshan District to Gao Liying Fault Zone in Shunyi District; Huailai County to Yanqing Fault Zone, Hebei Province; Sunhe fault zone from Nankou in Changping District to Chaoyang District. There have been great earthquakes in these areas in history, and they are areas with strong activities. The lithologic conditions in Beijing area are complex, and all kinds of rocks (soils) are exposed, which can be roughly divided into two categories: loose deposits and hard rocks (bedrock). Loose deposits are mainly distributed in the piedmont plain, and their thickness gradually increases from several meters in piedmont to several hundred meters in southeast, mainly including various types of soil, sandy loam, sand and gravel. Hard rocks are mostly exposed in mountainous areas, mainly magmatic rocks (also known as igneous rocks), metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks. The Mesozoic Yanshan movement formed the basic topographic pattern of Beijing: Xishan, Beishan and Southeast Plain. Mountains account for about 62% of the city's area, and plains account for about 38%. The main landform types are Zhongshan, low mountains, hills, plains and intermountain basins. There are more than 40 kinds of minerals with proven reserves, of which coal, iron and limestone are the most abundant, followed by marble, silica, granite and non-ferrous metals such as copper, zinc, lead, gold and silver. There are more than 200 rivers in Beijing, including Yongding River, Chaobai River, North Canal, Juma River and Yicuo River. Most of them belong to Haihe River system, which originates from the northwest mountainous area or Mongolian plateau, meanders southeast on the plain, then flows into Haihe River and then into Bohai Sea. Water resources are relatively poor, mainly from surface runoff and groundwater, with a total amount of about 4.2 billion cubic meters. There are Guanting Reservoir, Miyun Reservoir, Huairou Reservoir, Haizi Reservoir and other water conservancy facilities. Generally, the soil is vertically distributed, from top to bottom, it is mountain meadow soil-mountain brown soil-mountain cinnamon soil; The soil in the plain is horizontally distributed, and from the foothills to the plain, it is cinnamon soil-carbonate cinnamon soil, tidal soil and swamp soil in turn; Some low-lying areas have saline soil, and there are paddy soil and vegetable garden soil in the suburbs. There are many kinds of plants, with fungi, grasses, beans, roses and other families as the dominant species. The original forest vegetation is deciduous broad-leaved forest in the north temperate zone, which has been destroyed. The forest land is dominated by natural secondary forests and artificial forests, and the communities are dominated by pine-oak forests, poplar-birch forests, miscellaneous forests and shrubs, fruit forests and economic forests. There are 40 species of wild animals, 200 species of birds, 0/6 species of reptiles, 7 species of amphibians and 65 species of fish. Climate environment Beijing's climate is a typical warm temperate semi-humid continental monsoon climate, with hot and rainy summer, cold and dry winter and short spring and autumn. Annual average temperature 10~ 12 degrees Celsius. 1October 65438+-7~-4 degrees Celsius, July 25~26 degrees Celsius. The extreme minimum is -27.4 degrees Celsius, and the extreme maximum is above 42 degrees Celsius. The frost-free period of the whole year is 180~200 days, which is shorter in the western mountainous area. The annual average rainfall is more than 600 mm, which is one of the most rainy areas in North China. The windward slope in front of the mountain can reach more than 700 mm, and the seasonal distribution of precipitation is very uneven. 80% of the annual precipitation is concentrated in June, July and August in summer, and there are often heavy rains in July and August. There used to be sandstorms in Beijing and North China in the past spring. After the environmental management of Inner Mongolia grassland, Loess Plateau and Hebei related areas, the sandstorm situation in Beijing has improved. Beijing, the capital of a country, is located at the junction of the North China Plain, the Northeast Plain and the Mongolian Plateau, and plays an irreplaceable role in maintaining the relationship between the relatively independent and extremely important geographical area of Northeast China and maintaining the unity of the country and the nation. At the same time, Beijing is located around the Bohai Sea and belongs to the Bohai Economic Circle, with superior economic development conditions. Finally, as a national land transportation hub, Beijing enjoys convenient transportation with economically developed areas in southeast and south China. Beijing-shanghai railway is the most densely populated eastern coastal plain in China. The Beijing-Guangzhou railway runs through the north-south central axis of China and beijing-harbin railway runs through the northeast. From the map, China's version of the image of a rooster, the northeast and the headquarters are the head and body, respectively, which are two vital components, while Xinjiang, Tibet and other places are furry tails, and Beijing is right in the throat, which also has a central position psychologically.