The History of Paper Industry in Nanping Paper Mill

The invention and development of paper also went through a tortuous process. /kloc-after the invention of papermaking in 0/05, papermaking spread from Henan to other economically and culturally developed areas. Cai Lun sealed the Dragon Pavilion in Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province, and papermaking spread to Hanzhong area, and gradually spread to Sichuan. According to the folklore of Cai Lun's hometown Leiyang, Hunan, Cai Lun also taught papermaking to his hometown before his death. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Shandong's papermaking was also relatively developed, and it was an expert in papermaking in Donglai County (now Yexian County) of Zuo Bo. After the popularization of papermaking in China in the second century, paper became a strong competitor of silk books and bamboo slips. In the third and fourth centuries, paper has basically replaced silk and bamboo slips as the only writing material in China, which has effectively promoted the spread and development of science and culture in China. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties from the third to the sixth century, China's papermaking was constantly innovated. In terms of raw materials, in addition to the original hemp and paper, it is also expanded to use mulberry bark and rattan bark to make paper. In terms of equipment, the paper-making technology of the Western Han Dynasty was inherited, and more movable curtain bed paper molds appeared. A movable bamboo curtain is placed on the frame, which can repeatedly fish out thousands of wet papers and improve work efficiency. In processing and manufacturing technology, alkali liquor cooking and beating were strengthened, and the quality of paper was improved, and processed paper such as colored paper, coated paper and filler paper appeared. Judging from the ancient paper of this period unearthed from the Stone Chamber in Dunhuang and Shaqi in Xinjiang, it can be said that the paper fibers are evenly knotted, the appearance is white and the surface is smooth, which can be described as "brilliant". In the 6th century, Jia Sixie also wrote two articles in Qi Yao Min Shu, which recorded the treatment of papermaking raw materials and the technology of dyeing yellow paper. At the same time, papermaking spread to China's neighboring countries, Korea and Viet Nam, which was the beginning of the spread of papermaking. During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties from the 6th century to the10th century, besides hemp paper, bamboo paper, mulberry paper, rattan paper, sandalwood paper, Daphne paper, straw paper and Hsinchu paper also appeared in China. In the southern bamboo-producing areas, bamboo resources are abundant, so bamboo paper develops rapidly. Regarding the origin of bamboo paper, some people think that it began in the Jin Dynasty, but there is not enough literature and material evidence. From a technical point of view, bamboo paper should appear after the development of leather paper technology, because bamboo material is stem fiber, which is hard and difficult to handle, and it is unlikely to appear in Jin Dynasty. Bamboo paper should have originated after the Tang Dynasty, but it developed greatly in the Tang and Song Dynasties. It was not until the eighteenth century that bamboo paper appeared in Europe. Paper-making areas in this period were all over the north and south. Because of the invention of block printing, the book printing industry has risen, which has promoted the development of paper industry, improved the output and quality of paper, and the price has been declining, and various paper products have spread to people's daily lives. Precious papers include "hard yellow" in the Tang Dynasty, "Cheng Xin Tang Paper" in the Five Dynasties, as well as water-grain paper and various artistic processing papers. There were many paintings in the Tang Dynasty, which reflected the improvement of papermaking technology. 10- 18 During the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, paper, mulberry paper and other paper and bamboo paper were particularly popular and consumed a lot. Bamboo curtains for papermaking mostly use thin bamboo strips, which requires that the beating degree of paper must be quite high and the produced paper must be very fine and symmetrical. Starch paste was used as a sizing agent in the pre-Tang dynasty, which had the function of filling and reducing the fiber sinking at the bottom of the pool. After the Song Dynasty, plant mucus was used as "paper medicine" to make the pulp uniform. The commonly used "paper medicine" is the extract of carambola and Abelmoschus manihot. This technology was adopted as early as the Tang Dynasty, but it became popular after the Song Dynasty, so that starch paste was no longer used. At this time, there are many kinds of processing paper, and the use of paper is becoming more and more extensive. Besides painting, printing and daily use, China is the first country in the world to issue paper money. This kind of paper money was called "Jiaozi" in the Song Dynasty and continued to be issued after the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Later, countries all over the world also issued paper money. Wallpaper, paper flowers, paper cutting, etc. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was also very beautiful for interior decoration, and it was sold at home and abroad. All kinds of colored wax paper, cold gold, clay gold, rib, clay gold and silver plus painting, decal paper, etc. , mostly enjoyed by the feudal ruling class, with high cost and quality above ordinary paper. During this period, books about papermaking also appeared constantly. For example, Paper Spectrum in Song Dynasty, Paper Annotation Spectrum in Yuan Dynasty, Jun Shu by Wang in Ming Dynasty, especially Tiangong in Song Dynasty, have many records on ancient papermaking in China. The record of bamboo paper and leather paper in Thirteen Volumes of Heavenly Creations can be said to be a summary narrative. There is also a paper-making operation chart in the book, which is the most detailed paper-making record in the world at that time. After hundreds of years in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, by the middle of Qing Dynasty, China's hand-made paper was quite developed, with advanced quality and various varieties, which became the material conditions for the development and spread of China culture for thousands of years. From the paper industry in the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (3rd-5th century A.D.), the variety, output and quality of paper have been increased and improved, and the sources of papermaking raw materials are more extensive. People use rattan and bamboo as raw materials for paper making. History books have talked about the names of some kinds of paper related to raw materials in this period, such as white hemp paper, jute paper, leather paper made of orange peel, rattan paper made of rattan fiber, mulberry root paper made of mulberry bark, papyrus and so on. It seems that during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, hemp, orange peel, mulberry bark, rattan fiber and straw were widely used as raw materials for papermaking. Zhang Hua, a writer in the Western Jin Dynasty, said in his Natural History: Tongxi (now Shengxian County, Zhejiang Province) was produced in Gu Teng and could make paper, so it was called Tongteng. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, northern Renye Fang used the bark of Toona sinensis to make paper. Jia Sixie, an agronomist, said in the Book of Qi Yao Min that when farmers in the north plant Castanopsis eyrei trees, it is very hard to cook and peel the bark, but the profit is great; If you can make paper, you will gain more. This record tells us that the purpose of planting Castanopsis eyrei trees in the north is to make paper; In addition, cooking and peeling are important processes in papermaking. Bamboo, as a raw material for papermaking, began in Jin Dynasty or Song Dynasty, and there are still different opinions. Xiao Ceng, a calligrapher in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, said in a letter: "Zhang Mao made foil paper ... which is smooth and convenient for calligraphy". According to textual research, tin foil paper is tender bamboo paper, and Zhang Mao is the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It seems that papermaking with bamboo may have originated in the Jin Dynasty. But the dose is very small. Paper Industry in Sui and Tang Dynasties Yu Shinan of Sui Dynasty wrote a book "Bei Tang Book Dynasty", in which Fan Ning, a native of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was quoted as saying that earthenware paper could not be used as a document, and all documents were rattan paper. Some people think that this kind of "paper feeding" is grass paper made of coarse fibers such as wheat straw and rice straw. China witnessed unprecedented prosperity in politics, economy and culture in the Tang Dynasty, and the paper industry also entered a prosperous period. The variety of paper is increasing, resulting in many famous papers and a large number of artistic treasures. Bark is the most widely used raw material for papermaking. Mainly papermulberry bark and mulberry bark, there are also records of agarwood bark and stack incense bark. Rattan fiber was also widely used, but in the late Tang Dynasty, because a large number of wild vines were cut down and cultivated without management, and the supply of raw materials was short, rattan paper collapsed and disappeared in the Ming Dynasty. With the increase of paper, copying books has become popular. So there is a new way to protect the roll paper: when people make roll paper, they add a very bitter herb called Huangnie. This paper can avoid insect bites and can be kept for a long time. It was called "Entering the Yellow River" and prevailed in the Tang Dynasty. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the paper industry in China was relatively developed, which was inseparable from the political economy at that time. Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the once economically backward Jiangnan area, through the long-term efforts of the working people, has also risen to the level of the Yellow River Basin. The Sui Dynasty ended the long-term division of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. By the Tang Dynasty, agriculture, handicrafts and commerce had developed greatly, and the feudal economy flourished. The splendid culture of the Tang Dynasty is the peak of China's feudal culture. This situation of economic prosperity and cultural prosperity inevitably requires the development of the paper industry and the production of more and better paper. In the Tang Dynasty, the developed areas of paper industry were quite extensive, and many large-scale paper workshops appeared. In the Tang Dynasty's Sanshui Dai Xiao, it was written that there was a paper workshop in the north of Nanhe County, Julu County, and the wall was often pasted with paper so that the sun could dry it. One day, a whirlwind suddenly blew, and almost all the papers on the wall were rolled down. These white sheets of paper are flying all over the sky in the afternoon, looking from a distance, like snowflakes. It can be seen that the scale of this paper mill is still quite large. There are many kinds of paper in the Tang Dynasty, and the main raw materials used are hemp, rattan, and Castanopsis eyrei. At that time, Yizhou (now Sichuan) and Yangzhou were famous producing areas of hemp paper. The production of rattan paper has gradually spread from Tunxi, the original place of origin, to tengxian in Zhejiang, Jiangxi and other provinces. Paper made of Castanopsis eyrei bark was more popular in the Tang Dynasty. Han Yu, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, once called paper "Mr. Tuo", which means paper made of Tuo bark. In addition, paper such as seaweed and sandalwood bark began to be used in the Tang Dynasty. China's Xuan paper is very famous, and people who pay attention to writing and drawing like to use it. This kind of paper is still the best among handmade papers until now. Xuan paper is made of sandalwood bark and straw. It is white, delicate, uniform, soft, tough, durable and has the characteristics of strong water absorption. As early as the Tang Dynasty, Xuan paper was already a famous product in Xuanzhou. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the paper industry developed rapidly, and 78% of the paper on the market was bamboo paper. As far as producing areas are concerned, there are Sichuan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan and Hubei. And Zhejiang and Sichuan are the most prosperous places. In terms of technology, most of the bamboo paper in Song Dynasty has no bleaching process, and paper is the natural color of raw materials. Besides color Huang Zhi, bamboo paper has the disadvantage of brittleness. The prosperity of bamboo paper in Yuan and Ming Dynasties opened a new chapter in history, especially in Fujian. The use of "clinker" production and natural bleaching has greatly improved the output of bamboo paper. There was a scientist named Song in the Ming Dynasty. He wrote a "Tiangong Tu", in which he talked about the method of making bamboo paper: first, cut bamboo into pieces, soak them in the pond with lime, then take them out to boil the pulp, and then swing them on the pulp surface with bamboo curtains stretched on the wooden frame. In this way, a layer of fiber is left on the bamboo curtain, peeled off and dried, and the paper is made. At that time, boiling pulp with lime was actually a chemical treatment method. This is a fairly complete paper-making method. Due to the great development of the paper industry in Qing Dynasty, traditional paper-making materials such as hemp and bark can no longer meet the needs. Bamboo paper occupied a dominant position in Qing dynasty, and other straw pulp also developed. Some people in Henan, Shandong and Shanxi use wheat straw and cattail. Some people in Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia use Alternanthera philoxeroides, Achnatherum splendens in the northwest and Wusu grass in the northeast. Make some wild plants, which were used by local residents to make coarse papyrus in the late Qing Dynasty. China began to use bagasse to make paper in the late Qing Dynasty, and Zhang Dongming started a paper mill in Xujiapo with bagasse as raw material, which was recorded in Qing Continued Literature (Volume 384). The production technology of straw pulp in Qing dynasty has made great progress. Bleached straw pulp is refined from bamboo pulp and sulfate pulp. The famous Jingxian Xuan paper is made of refined rice straw pulp and sandalwood pulp in a certain proportion, and its manufacturing technology has continued to this day. Reed was also used in the late Qing Dynasty. According to the third issue of the thirty-second year of Guangxu in Oriental Magazine, "Chen Xingtai set up a paper mill in Hankou Qiaokou, and tried to make daily paper with reed pulp (reed), bagasse and straw, which was fruitful." After papermaking spread to the west, the raw materials and techniques used were still familiar to China, mainly hemp and rags. In Europe, rags are generally cotton fibers, so the paper is not as supple, light and tough as China products, and the supply of rags is in short supply. By the end of 19, under the impetus of industrial revolution in europe, machine-made paper with wood as raw material developed rapidly, and it is generally believed that wood is a better raw material for papermaking. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, a mechanized paper mill appeared in China, with both wood and non-wood raw materials. The expansion of the range of papermaking raw materials is of great significance to the development and progress of papermaking industry, and locally produced materials can be used everywhere to make paper. Due to the expansion of raw materials, there are more and more kinds of paper, the quality of paper is getting better and better, and the quantity of production is also greatly increased. In addition, there are some terms mentioned in history books, such as cocoon paper, moss paper, stationery paper, edge paper and so on. So, did you use moss and hair to make paper at that time? According to the characteristics of this fiber, the fiber binding force of hair is very small, and the strength of paper is very low, which is not suitable for making paper alone. As for cocoon paper and stationery paper, it is probably a pictographic noun. The surface of white and thin hemp fiber paper looks like cocoon, so it may be called cocoon paper. If a little colored long fiber or hair is added to the pulp, which gives people the feeling of hair, it may be called hair paper. Those that look like moss and show green patterns may be called coated paper. This is just an inference, which needs further research. As early as 1930s and 1990s, there was a heated debate about whether paper was invented by the Western Han people or by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty, because archaeologists kept discovering hemp paper in the Western Han Dynasty. Little-known is that Gansu repeatedly found that the fragments of hemp paper from the Western Han Dynasty-Fangmatan paper, Shoushui Jinguan paper, Maquanwan paper (Dunhuang remnant pages), Jinguan paper and Dunhuang paper-were all relics before "Cai Hou paper", which refuted Cai Lun's paper-making theory with conclusive evidence. Especially, the Fangmatan Paper in Tianshui is a relic of the early Western Han Dynasty, which advanced the invention of papermaking in China by nearly 300 years and provided valuable information for studying the history of papermaking in China. Today, the "remnant pages" in Dunhuang complement each other with the hemp paper of the Western Han Dynasty left by all parts of our province, rewriting the history of papermaking in China with indisputable facts, and becoming a "natural museum" witnessing the history of papermaking development in China with rich treasures. The "Western Han Hemp Paper" written with Chinese characters in Dunhuang, once recognized by the relevant departments, immediately attracted the attention of all those who paid attention to the historical age of China's paper industry. Hemp paper in the Western Han Dynasty was actually born in a specific historical era. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, due to the demand for communication tools, paper came into being as a new writing material. Xu Shen, the author of Shuo Wen Jie Zi, thinks that paper is a thin silk wadding left on the bed after being hit by water. This kind of sheet is probably the most primitive "paper". Some people call this kind of "paper" "fit". This "paper" record can be traced back to the first year of Yan Yuan in the Western Han Dynasty 12 BC. It is recorded in Hanshu Zhao Chuan that Cao Wei, the princess of Emperor Cheng, was able to give birth to a prince and was persecuted by Zhao Zhimei. The poison they gave Cao Weineng was wrapped in "Heti" paper, which read: "Tell Wei to try this medicine! You can't re-enter, you know! " This should be the earliest historical record written on paper, but with the discovery of hemp paper in many places in Gansu, there are "residual pages" in Dunhuang, which not only proves the authenticity of the historical record, but also pushes the history of papermaking in China to an earlier era!