The so-called "distributed energy" refers to the energy comprehensive utilization system distributed at the user end. Primary energy is mainly gas fuel, supplemented by renewable energy, and all available resources are utilized; Secondary energy is mainly heat, electricity and cold (value) co-production distributed at the user's end.
( 1)? Primary stage (1990? -2000? Year)
Since the 1990 s? After the concept of distributed energy was introduced into China in 1990s, several cogeneration projects were explored. 1992? Zhangdian Thermal Power Plant in Zibo City, Shandong Province took the lead in implementing cogeneration of cooling, heating and power in, mainly providing energy supply for customers such as hotels, commercial buildings, office buildings and residences. 1996? In 2006, Shanghai proposed a small-scale cogeneration project to encourage the development of a single building or several buildings.
Huangpu district central hospital 1000? 1998kW gas turbine cogeneration project? It was put into operation in 2000, which was the first time that public buildings in Shanghai implemented "distributed energy supply". Cold, heat and electricity)? System "project. The system is not connected to the power grid or the Internet during operation. However, because the design load of the system is higher than the operation load, 200 1 has suffered a loss? Forced to close in 2006.
At 1990? From 2000 to 2000? During 2000, some preliminary attempts were made to implement distributed energy in various fields and industries. This stage is defined as the primary stage, and its policies and projects appear in the form of "cogeneration" or "cold cogeneration", and there is no such thing as "distributed energy".
(2)? Substantive implementation stage (200 1? -20 10? Year)
Enter 2 1? In the 2 1 century, some large-scale distributed energy projects began to be put into use in big cities such as Beishangguang, especially distributed energy systems fueled by natural gas. Because of the high cost, pilot projects are carried out in areas with developed economy and high electricity price tolerance.
The feasibility study report of Beijing Zhongguancun International Mall CCHP project was published in 2003? It passed the acceptance test in 2000, and it is the first large-scale distributed energy project directly participated by electric power enterprises in China. The system adopts the mode of "connecting to the grid without selling electricity".
Beijing Gas Group in 2004? In 2006, two triple supply pilot projects, the dispatching and command center of Beijing Gas Group and the office building of the second-class canal natural gas receiving station, were completed one after another. These projects have accumulated some experience and laid a foundation for the popularization and application of distributed energy systems.
The first phase of gas distributed energy supply system in Shanghai Pudong International Airport Energy Center was completed in 2000? Put into operation at 200 1? Approved power grid connection. 2008? The second phase of Pudong International Airport was completed and put into operation in 2006, and it is still running efficiently.
Shanghai Minhang Central Hospital 400KW? Gas internal combustion engine system in 2007? Put into use, grid-connected power generation, realize self-provided power generation equipment and power grid to supply power to users at the same time, but do not sell electricity to the power grid. Shanghai Shu Ya Health and Leisure Center distributed energy station energy saving 0. Compared with the electricity purchased from the large power grid, the electricity per kilowatt hour is reduced by 0. 04%. Yuan.
In 2005, University of Science and Technology Shanghai undertook the key discipline construction project of "Key Technology Research and Base Construction of Energy Island" in Shanghai? Passed the acceptance in Shanghai in.
Guangzhou University Town Distributed Energy Station in 2009? It was officially put into commercial operation in 2000, and won the title of "Ten-year landmark project of distributed energy in China". The surplus power of the project can be connected to the Internet, and the government gives some subsidies to the on-grid electricity price, and enjoys a series of preferential policies in tax reduction, land use and pipe network construction.
These projects have produced good economic and social benefits and enhanced the confidence and prospect of market application. This stage is defined as the substantive implementation stage, because not only more large-scale projects are successfully piloted in this stage, but also the concept of "distributed energy" is accepted by more people and appears in relevant government documents one after another.
However, there are still difficulties in the grid connection of distributed energy at this stage. Only with the support of the local government can several successful projects be successfully connected to the grid. Although this stage is called the substantive implementation stage, its development is still relatively slow compared with the previous stage. Table 2? The policies listed in belong to this phase.
(3)? Turning stage (20 1 1? Year-)
With the promulgation of distributed energy policy, the importance of distributed energy is recognized, new distributed energy projects and energy companies are put into the market, and the development process of distributed energy is also accelerating.
However, due to the lack of unified standards and norms, the case development resistance is great, and it is difficult to form economies of scale, and it is difficult to really see the beneficial changes brought by distributed energy to the power market and society. There are no strict standards for the definition and support scope of distributed energy in existing policies.
After brewing for many years, State Grid Corporation of China issued "Opinions on Doing a Good Job of Grid-connected Distributed Generation Services" in 20 13, which put forward the definition standard of distributed energy that allows grid-connected, and promised to provide many conveniences for distributed energy projects to access the grid.
The Opinions on Grid Connection broke through many difficulties in the process of grid connection of distributed energy in the past, and truly realized the legalization and order of grid connection. This is groundbreaking for promoting distributed energy.
After the liberalization of the policy, there have been many cases in Tianjin and other places where individual users applied for self-generation grid connection. Dong Qiang, a citizen of Tianjin, installed a set of 3? Kilowatt photovoltaic power generation equipment and a set of 1. 5? KW wind power generation equipment, half for personal use, half sold to power companies; Zhu Jianbing, a resident of Pingxiang City, Jiangxi Province, installed 4? Kilowatt photovoltaic equipment has also been successfully connected to the grid for power generation.
Allowing distributed energy to be connected to the grid is an important turning point in its development process, which is of great historical significance for promoting the development of distributed energy. Following the document, a number of supporting measures, such as the electricity price subsidy scheme, have entered the stage of soliciting opinions. After the implementation of this series of documents, it will clear the obstacles for the development of distributed energy, and it is expected that distributed energy will enter a mature stage as soon as possible.
Extended data
The growth of distributed energy in major countries is affecting existing industries, especially public utilities. In the United States, most electricity prices vary according to the amount of electricity used. Distributed energy reduces the amount of electricity that grid companies sell to consumers.
Because small-scale electricity sales are an important basis for sharing the fixed cost of power grid, the cost pattern has changed greatly. Future rate changes, such as introducing fixed fees or demand fees, may help to mitigate the impact of cost changes in the short term.
But it can't change the potential fact that the dominant position of public utilities in the field of power generation and transmission is being challenged. This once unchangeable market is now more and more competitive. The comprehensive value chain of long-term monopoly of public utilities will be changed.
With government policy support and subsidies alone, distributed energy is doomed to be an industry challenger. The continuous improvement of project economy is the key to the rise of industry. For example, in 2009- 13, the cost of photovoltaic modules decreased by 80%. At the same time, with the progress of energy technology and application design, the system performance is continuously improved, which can further reduce the cost in an indirect way.
By 20 14, in many countries, the self-use power generation cost of distributed photovoltaic projects has been significantly better than the local average residential electricity price.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Distributed Energy