The secretariat system in the Han Dynasty is the inheritance of the supervision and suggestion system in the Qin Dynasty. After the unification of the six countries, Qin Shihuang established a set of local supervision system-the system of supervising the imperial history. At the local level, "the world is divided into 36 counties, guarding, guarding and supervising." Supervisors can also be called "supervisors"] or supervisors' suggestions, supervisors' suggestions and county supervisors. The position of the censor can be said to be the same as that of the county magistrate and county commandant. Its main duty is to "supervise the county", that is, to supervise the administrative affairs of the county magistrate and others.
The imperial history of the Qin Dynasty is divided into two parts, one in the central government and the other in the local government. Yushi generally does not supervise county-level administrative affairs. As the chief executive's duty, the county-level administrative supervision in Qin Dynasty became a part of the chief executive's power. "In addition to the main functions and powers of supervision, there are other functions and powers of the suggestion, such as recommending talents, building water conservancy projects, and the power to lead troops to fight when the war is tense.
During the reign of Emperor Gaozu, the system of monitoring the imperial history was once abolished. The reasons are as follows: First, on the economic side, after the brutal rule of Qin and the long-term war, the economy in the early Han Dynasty was in a state of decline-"Han flourished, taking over the disadvantages of Qin, the princes merged, the people were unemployed, and they were hungry and cold." Five thousand stones per meter, people eat people, and more than half of the dead. Gaozu asked people to sell their children, so they ate Shu Han. The world stands and the people are buried. Since the son of heaven can't drink, he has to take an ox cart. "Restoring the economy is a top priority for the government. We should mobilize local enthusiasm and strengthen local autonomy. Therefore, there are no examiners. Second, politically, the contradiction between the Han government and the princes with different surnames is sharp, and the conflict with the Huns is serious. Hundreds of thousands of Han troops were almost wiped out around Deng Bai, the city of peace. At that time, the Han government was committed to solving the problem of local separatist forces and Xiongnu, and had no time to take care of local supervision. Thirdly, in terms of emotion, Liu Bang once shared weal and woe with the heroes to start a business, which was deeply emotional. Not sending people to monitor the place is not only a trust in local officials. However, the Emperor Gaozu Gaudi did not set up an imperial history, which left the local supervision system in a blank state. He indulged the county too much, neglected supervision, and finally let the princes sit on the throne, leaving a stubborn disease for his successors.
During the Hui Di period, the censorship system was re-established. At that time, the economy had recovered to a great extent, the king with different surnames had been eliminated, the threat of Xiongnu was slightly reduced, and the relationship between Hui Di and local officials was far less close than that during Liu Bang's period, so the government strengthened the supervision of local governments. In addition, the central government stipulated the functions and powers of the restored imperial censor with clear legal provisions, which made the imperial censor a simple local inspection, unlike the imperial censor of the Qin Dynasty, which had many functions and powers except supervision. During the period of Hui Di, the historical scope of censors was set in all counties of the country. Due to the great power and special status of governors, there is no supervisor in the kingdom. Examiners should report to the Central Committee regularly every year. In order to prevent them from colluding with the county magistrate, they should be rotated every two years.
However, many censors neglect their duties, and some collude with the county magistrate, shielding and conniving at the county magistrate, and their work is very poor. The Central Committee of the Han Dynasty discovered this phenomenon, so it set up a new local supervision system-Prime Minister's Stab System, which was parallel to the Imperial System. "In the thirteenth year of Emperor Wen's reign, he refused to obey the law with remonstrance and neglected his duty. He sent the Prime Minister to stab him and supervise remonstrance." Thorn, check the meaning of the question.
Wendi sent the Prime Minister to make a secretariat, making him the prefect and the censor. Nine prime ministers each supervised a Kyushu, which laid the foundation of the secretariat system in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and formed the embryonic form of the secretariat system. The prime minister's history is an official of the prime minister, and he is responsible for the prime minister, rather than being responsible to the ancient censor like the secretariat. It seems that the secretariat of the prime minister system has also increased the power of supervision and expanded the power of the prime minister. However, Prime Minister Shi is a temporary official and is not always set up. Moreover, the two sets of supervision systems are parallel, and their responsibilities overlap, which is prone to problems such as pushing the Committee and wrangling. Obviously, it is difficult for this system to effectively supervise the localities, nor can it be imitated by future generations. The local supervision system needs to be further improved.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, thirteen states (Jizhou, Qingzhou, Yanzhou, Xuzhou, Yangzhou, Jingzhou, Yuzhou, Yizhou, Liangzhou, Youzhou, Bingzhou, Jiaotoe and Shuofang) were set up as thirteen monitoring areas, and each state set up a secretariat to monitor local politics and strengthen the central government's control over local areas.
In the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, the secretariat system was further developed, which played an active role in safeguarding imperial power, managing bureaucracy and promoting economic and social development.
In the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, although the main authority of the secretariat was supervision, in performing official duties, the secretariat did something beyond supervision. Such as: suppressing warlord rebellion, suppressing people's resistance, resettling refugees, handling minority affairs, and participating in central decision-making.
In a word, although the secretariat of the Western Han Dynasty gradually alienated in the process of exercising its supervisory power, there were incidents of constantly encroaching on the fishing right, and the secretariat of the Western Han Dynasty was once renamed as Zhou Mu, but the nature of its supervisory officer has not changed. However, this is an important stage for the Secretariat to begin to change from a supervisor to a local official.
During the reign of Wang Mang, the secretariat was renamed as Zhou Mu, and its authority was further expanded, from supervisor to local military chief. Wang Mang set up deputy director of animal husbandry, whose main function is to supervise and play the role of secretariat. The state shepherd becomes the local military chief, and the local supervision power is exercised by the deputy shepherd.
At that time, the local armed struggle against Wang Mang was surging. In order to strengthen local strength and suppress armed riots, Wang Mang not only gave the state animal husbandry the right to fight, but also gave it the title of general. State shepherds have the right to lead troops to attack ethnic minorities. State shepherds have the right to lead troops to suppress domestic armed riots. In times of crisis, the Secretariat should not only suppress armed riots in its own area, but also support the fighting in other areas according to the needs of war.
In the first year of Liu Xiujian-wu, the state animal husbandry system was restored. In the eighteenth year of Jianwu, the state animal husbandry was changed to "secretariat". The secretariat of the Western Han Dynasty should report to the Central Committee in person, and the Eastern Han Dynasty should not leave without leave for any reason. "Although his parents have passed away, he should not leave his post." Before Emperor Lingdi of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the main authority of the secretariat was supervision, but the authority was further expanded and the degree of local bureaucracy was further deepened.
During and after the Lingdi period in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the secretariat gradually became a local official, and some even became a local separatist force.
During the Lingdi period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the government of the Eastern Han Dynasty faced a more severe situation than before. At that time, the main forces that threatened the Han government were: civil resistance, military resistance and minority resistance.
In order to suppress many anti-government armed riots, the Han government had to strengthen local strength. In the process of suppressing riots, some people mastered the local military power, and gradually mastered the local administrative power on the basis of mastering the military power, becoming separatist forces and becoming the master of one side. Some names are secretariat, some are state shepherds, some are satrap, some are generals or others, but they are all local separatist forces in essence. As for the difference of names, it is just a title, and there is no substantive difference.
At that time, the sources of the secretariat (state animal husbandry) can be roughly divided into the following categories:
First, because of strength. Self-styled secretariat of Xuzhou (state animal husbandry), for example, after Lu Bu won Xuzhou from Liu Bei, he had the strength to dominate one side, so he made a "self-styled secretariat of Xuzhou".
Second, it was elected as the secretariat by local forces (state animal husbandry). For example, when Cao Cao was appointed as the prefect of Dongjun, "(Bao) Xin Nai and Wan Qian, the state official, went to Dongjun to meet Taizu and lead Yanzhou to shepherd." Chen Gong "takes his public welcome cloth as Yanzhou animal husbandry, according to Puyang."
Third, appoint local forces. After Yuan Shao occupied the four states of Youzhou in Hebei Province, "the eldest son Tan is Qingzhou, ... and his nephew Gao Qian is Youzhou."
Fourth, the appointment of the central government. The Central Committee "takes Liu Yu as a secluded state, Ada as a profit state, Liu Biao as Jingzhou, and Jia Cong as Jizhou."
Some of these separatist forces claimed to be one, and the central government of the Han Dynasty only existed in name, but in essence it had already perished. Some separatist forces even want to replace the central government, such as "Jizhou secretariat Wang Fen, Nanyang Xu You, Guo Pei Zhou Jing, etc. to pick up heroes and seek to abolish the spirit emperor." Yuan Shao and Han Fu once "established Youzhou as the emperor". At that time, there was no group to unify this divided country. However, with the merger war, the separatist forces gradually decreased, and then a three-legged situation was formed. It was not until 280 AD that reunification was completed.
The secretariat system in Han Dynasty is a relatively complete local supervision system. The functions and powers of the secretariat are mainly supervision, and there are some other functions and powers. During the Lingdi period, in the process of suppressing local armed riots, the secretariat gradually mastered the military power, and on this basis mastered the administrative power, becoming a separatist force, and then perished the Han Dynasty.
In a word, the brewing, formation and evolution of the secretariat system run through the politics and political system of the Han Dynasty. In the long evolution of the secretariat from six curious prison troops to independent towns with troops controlling counties, each quantitative change has a specific reason. In several repeated quantitative changes, the secretariat and the state animal husbandry completed the qualitative changes of local bureaucracies in Xin Mang and the early Eastern Han Dynasty, and then became the opera Jianfang town in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. As a result of the melee between Fang and Zhen, the Eastern Han Dynasty perished and was replaced by the Three Kingdoms. The brewing, formation, development, alienation, deterioration and expansion of the secretariat system completed the complicated political rise and fall of the Han Dynasty.