Major shareholder: usually an institutional investor or a corporate legal person, with large shares and great influence on the company's decision.
Small and medium shareholders: individual investors or small institutional investors, with relatively small shareholding ratio, have limited influence on the company's decision-making.
Controlling shareholder: some specific shareholders can control the decision-making and operation of the company by holding a large proportion of shares.
According to the actual situation, the ownership structure of listed companies can be divided into decentralized and centralized:
1, scattered: multiple shareholders hold relatively equal shares, and there is no obvious controlling shareholder. This ownership structure is likely to lead to inefficient decision-making.
2. Centralized: A few large shareholders hold a large proportion of shares, which can control the company's decision-making and operation, which is conducive to the company's rapid decision-making and development.
Listed companies need to strictly abide by relevant laws and regulations and articles of association, and standardize equity management. Mainly includes the following aspects:
Equity registration: register and manage shareholders to ensure the legitimacy and security of shareholders' rights and interests.
Equity transfer: formulate rules and procedures for equity transfer to ensure equity transfer is fair, just and legal.
Equity pledge: Manage equity pledge and guard against market risk and credit risk.
Handling of equity disputes: formulate rules and procedures for handling equity disputes to ensure the legitimacy and security of shareholders' rights and interests.