In fact, as early as March 19 12, when Sun Yat-sen was hunting in Zijinshan, he once said nonsense: "When I die, I will ask the people of China for this land and put my body in place."
After Sun Yat-sen's death, according to Sun Yat-sen's wishes, his body was embalmed in Union Medical College Hospital, temporarily buried in Biyun Temple in Xiangshan, Beiping, and then buried in Nanjing after the mausoleum was completed. Only under the careful protection of the night watchman can we avoid accidents.
Before his death, Sun Yat-sen ordered the funeral ceremony and coffin style to imitate Lenin's format, so that people could pay tribute to the remains. However, when Sun Yat-sen died, the FRP coffin presented by the Soviet Union could not be delivered in time, so it had to be temporarily buried in a western-style glass coffin and parked in the stone tower of Biyun Temple in Xiangshan, Beiping. 1925 On March 30th, when the Soviet government sent the FRP coffin, Dr. Sun Yat-sen's body had been buried for more than half a month. Due to improper anti-corrosion measures for technical reasons at that time, the remains could not be seen by future generations and had to be buried. 1On April 4th, 925, the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang Peiping made preparations for burial, and elected Zhang Jingjiang, Wang Jingwei, Lin Sen, Yu Youren, Dai Chuanxian, Yang Shukan, Shao Lizi, Song Ziwen, Kong Xiangxi, Ye Chuchen, Lin Huanting and Chen Qubing 12 as the preparatory committee members responsible for Sun Yat-sen's burial.
1925 April 18 held the first meeting at Zhang Jingjiang's home in Guangrenli, Chengdu Road. According to records, from1April, 925 18 to1June, 929 18, the funeral preparatory committee held 69 meetings, such as raising funds for Dr. Sun Yat-sen's funeral (including the funds for the mausoleum project), collecting the design patterns of Sun Yat-sen's mausoleum, selecting contractors for the mausoleum project, and setting up. As early as the first year of the Republic of China (19 12), when Sun Yat-sen took office as interim president in Nanjing, he visited Purple Mountain several times. 19 12 March 10 After Sun Yat-sen resigned as interim president, he went hunting with Hu and others in Zijinshan. When he saw it, there were green hills on his back and Pingchuan in front, and the momentum was very magnificent. He smiled and said to the left and right: I will die in one day, and I will beg the people for this land and put my body in place.
Dr. Sun Yat-sen's coffin is temporarily stored in Biyun Temple. Sun Yat-sen has long expressed his hope to be buried in Purple Mountain in a hundred years. On his deathbed, he will still be buried in Zijinshan, Nanjing, to greet his family and patients. Mr. Sun has a will: "When I die, I can be buried at the foot of Purple Mountain. Because Nanjing is the seat of the interim government, I will not forget the Revolution of 1911. " In accordance with Sun Yat-sen's wishes, Lingshu temporarily stayed at Biyun Temple in Xiangshan, Beiping, and built a mausoleum in Zhongshan, Nanjing. There is a famous saying in Chen Yunhe's poem Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum: "Life is a standing Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, and I am lucky enough to reach the end of your life."
According to Sun Yat-sen's wishes, he was buried in Zijinshan, Nanjing. Before the establishment of the funeral preparatory committee, Beijing Funeral Office had sent Lin Sen to Nanjing to inspect the burial place. Lin Sen made a report to the funeral home after returning to Beijing, and the representative of the funeral home contacted Duan Municipal Government.
On April 4, 1925, the Beijing government secretariat called Nanjing to urge it to be properly kept with Jiangsu Governor Han. After the establishment of the funeral preparation office, first of all, family members and representatives of the funeral preparation office, such as Lin Huanting and Ye Chucang, visited the tomb site on the spot to determine the work order. (a) determine the location of the tomb; (2) Surveying cemeteries; (3) Negotiating enclosure; (4) Collecting tomb designs; (5) To decide on the design of the mausoleum; (6) Bidding and contracting; (7) Palace.
On the morning of April 2 1, Soong Ching Ling and Sun Ke arrived in Beijing (Nanjing) from Shanghai. In the morning, they attended the memorial meeting for Sun Yat-sen from all walks of life in Nanjing and went to Zijinshan in the afternoon. First, go to Hushan, a hill on the west side of the Ming Tombs, which is low in terrain and not suitable for the tomb site. Then climb eastward to Xiaomao Mountain. On the way, I found two small slopes, both higher than the Ming tombs. I couldn't make a decision that day. The next day I climbed the mountain again, from the top to wanfu temple, the kitten. This temple is located on a platform in the northeast of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. From the top of the mountain, I found that there is also a platform on Xiazi Lake, but the area is very small, which is not suitable. Soong Ching Ling said that the tomb site should be built in Pingyang on the south slope instead of on the top of the mountain. After the field trip, she will return to Shanghai.
On the evening of April 23rd, the preparatory committee for the funeral held its second meeting, and decided to send Yang Xingfo, the director general, to Nanjing for enclosure, investigation and photography, so as to prepare for the establishment of the mausoleum. At the same time as the site selection and enclosure of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, the work of collecting design patterns of Mausoleum by hanging prizes is also being actively carried out.
On May 2nd 1925, the funeral organizing committee decided that the total prize money would be 5,000 yuan.
On May 65438+3, 2003, the Funeral Preparatory Committee adopted the Provisions on Collection of Mausoleum Hanging Award Patterns drafted by Sun Ke and Song Ziwen, the architectural consultant in charge of the project.
On May 15, the Preparatory Committee for Funeral Affairs issued a notice in the newspaper requesting the design of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. In the "Regulations", the funeral preparatory committee stipulated the nature, function, architectural style and building materials of the mausoleum: first, the mausoleum should reflect "particularity and commemoration"; Secondly, memorial halls and mausoleums should be convenient for the public to enter and admire, and there should be an open space for 50 thousand people to hold large-scale commemorative activities outside the memorial hall; Thirdly, the architectural style of the memorial hall must be "China ancient style" or "innovation according to the architectural spirit of China"; Finally, for the permanent preservation of buildings, stones and reinforced concrete are required to replace bricks and wood; The "Regulations" also require that the mausoleum building should be simple and solemn, and not extravagant and luxurious.
It was originally scheduled to end on August 3 1, which lasted for three and a half months, but it was postponed to September 15 due to the request of overseas applicants.
By the end of September 15, * * * had received more than 40 design applications, all of which were displayed on the third floor of Shanghai Dazhou Company. From September 16 to September 20, the funeral preparation office urged the evaluation consultant to read the evaluation in the showroom. Members of the jury include all members of the funeral preparatory committee and representatives of their families, and four experts are hired as consultants, namely, civil engineer, President Ling Hongxun of Nanyang University, German architect Pu Shi, China painter Wang Yiting and sculptor Li Jinfa.
On September 20th, 1925, a joint meeting of the funeral preparation committee and family members was held on the third floor of Dazhou Company, Sichuan Road, Shanghai, to review the applied patterns. Soong Ching Ling, Sun Ke and his wife, Lin Huanting, Ye Chuchen, Kong Xiangxi, Chen Qubing and Yang Xingfo attended the meeting. The day before, excellent evaluation consultants also wrote a written evaluation report, and Yang Xingfo reported the consultant's evaluation results at the meeting. Everyone agrees on the first prize and the second prize, but has different views on the third prize. Finally, they voted for the winners:
Grand Prize Lv Yanzhi; Second prize fan Zhao Wen; Third prize: Yang Xizong. Honor Award: 1. Cyril Nebraska; 2. Zhao Shen; 3. Francis Carus; 4. Enna and Frey. Levin Golden Stade; 6.Zdanwitch and Goldenstaedt, etc.
The winners were informed by the funeral preparatory committee, and the losers each presented a portrait of Sun Yat-sen and his works as a token of their gratitude. At the same time, advertisements were published in newspapers such as "Republic of China Daily" and "Shenbao" to announce the evaluation results. From September 22 to September 26, the exhibition was held in public for five days, and more than 1000 people visited it every day. Various Chinese and western newspapers in Shanghai have published articles to comment on this, praising the hanging award for mausoleum design as an unprecedented architectural design competition in history.
On September 27th, at 4pm, the preparatory committee for preparation and burial held another meeting at Zhang Jingjiang's home in Guangrenli, Chengdu Road. After a detailed review and comparison of the tomb shape, specifications and valuation table designed by Hefan, it was unanimously decided to adopt the designed tomb shape and hire him as the tomb architect.
The pattern designed by Lv Yanzhi is an alarm bell, which means "wake people up". The appearance of the memorial hall gives people a solemn feeling. The whole building is concise and solid, which conforms to China's idea and the spirit of western architecture. It combines the essence of ancient China and western architecture, and conforms to the spirit of Sun Yat-sen.. The Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum designed by Lv Yanzhi combines the national styles of ancient buildings in China, such as bucket arches, eaves rafters, ticket doors and roofs leaning against mountains. At the same time, it also absorbs western architecture, such as the square house with double eaves and four corners, and the mourning hall rests on the mountain, which is solemn and simple, but not innovative. In particular, its global plan is a wake-up call, so it has been well received by the judges. The architecture of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum excludes the Shinto stone carvings of ancient mausoleums, but retains the memorial archway, mausoleum gate, tablet pavilion, memorial hall and tomb. After the memorial hall, the tomb communicates with the memorial hall, and people can enter the tomb from the memorial hall to pay their respects.
Ling Hongxun, president of Nanyang University, praised Lv Yanzhi's design pattern in the evaluation report as "simple and vigorous, which is most suitable for the nature and topography of the mausoleum, and the plane is bell-shaped, especially as a warning to Muduo".
Lv Yanzhi was hired as the chief architect of the mausoleum, and Lv Yanzhi, the winner of the mausoleum sample, designed and built the mausoleum.
1March, 92918th, Lv Yanzhi presided over the construction of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Before the project of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum was completed, he died of liver cancer at the age of 36.
1930 On May 28th, in recognition of Lv Yanzhi's outstanding contribution to the construction of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, the management committee of the Prime Minister's Cemetery passed a resolution and decided to erect a monument for Lv Yanzhi in the basement of the southwest corner of the memorial hall, with the same status and size as the cornerstone. This monument was carved by Czech sculptor Gaucci, with a bust of Lv Yanzhi on it and an inscription by Yu Youren: "The Prime Minister's Mausoleum Architect Lv Yanzhi supervised the mausoleum workers to die of overwork, and the Prime Minister's Mausoleum Management Committee decided to erect a monument to commemorate it on May 28th, 19." After the first phase of the project determined the design and architect of the mausoleum, the funeral preparation office began to prepare for bidding contract. 1925 19 February 19 bid opening, only seven bidders, Yao Xin finally remembered the bid.
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is the last project contracted by Yao Xizhou. Because the mausoleum project is huge, it needs all kinds of building materials, and often needs contractors to support it, so it is difficult for manufacturers without more than 202 thousand silver to contract this project. According to Yao Xizhou's account, he contracted the mausoleum project from the beginning, not for profit, but with a sense of credibility, obligation and determination. "At the beginning of the appraisal, it was a concept of worshipping great men, so it was repeatedly deleted, which was really unprofitable, which was different from abnormal operation." That's what happened. Yao Xizhou lost 1.42 million silver in addition to his hard work in building Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Later, Lin Sen once said to Yao, "Sir, this time he made a contribution to the restoration of the Prime Minister's Mausoleum, and the National Government knew it ....."
According to the contract signed between the funeral preparation office and Yao Xinji Construction Factory, the mausoleum project officially broke ground on 1926 1.05. March 12 this year is the first anniversary of Sun Yat-sen's death. At 3 pm, a grand foundation laying ceremony was held at Zijinshan Cemetery. Although it was raining, about 10,000 people, including more than 3,000 foreigners, came to attend the ceremony as party member. Deng Zeru, a representative of the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee, presided over the ceremony. Ye Chuchen read out the will of the Prime Minister as the master of ceremonies. Deng Zeru delivered a speech, and Yang Xingfo, director of the funeral preparation office, reported the funeral preparations. Then, Deng Zeru, a representative of the Central Party Department, held a groundbreaking ceremony to uncover the Kuomintang party flag, which had been covered in advance, revealing the cornerstone, and inscribed "The China Kuomintang laid the foundation stone for Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum on March 12, the fifteenth year of the Republic of China". Tan's words and the cornerstone of Tang's stone carvings are now placed at the foot of the southwest corner of the memorial hall.
After May 1927, the progress of the first phase of the project was gradually accelerated. Engineer Liu Mengxi personally stationed in the construction site to supervise the construction. In order to ensure the quality of the mausoleum project, the material selection is very particular. "All cement must choose first-class Mabai and Taishan cement, the inner wall of the memorial hall must be protected by gray Italian marble, and the painting must be mixed with hemp in the paper reinforced ash. The floors of memorial halls and graves must be made of white Italian marble and those without gray markings ... "The tensile test of slub steel bars in reinforced concrete and the strength test of sand, stone and concrete were presided over by Ling Hongxun, president of Nanyang University, and Xu, president of China Engineering Society. The technical requirements for construction are extremely strict. Before each project starts, the model should be made in advance according to the detailed drawings. Lv Yanzhi can't start work until he is personally examined and approved. Some things have to be reported to Lin Sen, a member of the funeral preparatory committee in charge of the project, for approval.
The first phase of the mausoleum project, including the mausoleum, altar, platform, stone steps, fences and stone slopes, was undertaken by Juhai Yaoxinji Construction Co., Ltd. and started on 1926 65438+ 10/5. First, blasting mountains to fill the land, dating back to 1927. Due to military influence, transportation is very difficult. On April 26th, the funeral preparation office moved from Shanghai to Nanjing. At this time, the National Revolutionary Army recovered Nanjing, and the overall situation was set. Redefines the method of completing unfinished projects in stages. The first project of the Prime Minister's Mausoleum was completed in the spring of the 18th year of the Republic of China (1929). The next step is to welcome the burial of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's coffin. The second and third phases of the project 1928, the second phase of the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum project, was decided by the funeral preparation office through discussion, and was contracted by Shanghai Xinjin Jikang. The original planned archway, mausoleum gate, stele pavilion, big fence and guard room all belong to the second phase of the project, but for various reasons, they are all retained in the next three phases. By June 24th 165438, the new Jinjikang started construction within 10 days after the contract was signed. At that time, the national government had made Nanjing the capital, and the transportation of materials was much more convenient than the first phase of the project. Except for the fine stone pavement and stone steps of the reinforced concrete retaining wall in front of the memorial hall, the other digging, filling and trenching are all rough work. Therefore, the second project can be completed in the spring of 1929 as stipulated in the contract.
The third phase of the project started after Dr. Sun Yat-sen was safe. 1In July, 929, several major domestic newspapers published advertisements for the third phase of bidding for Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. After Dr. Sun Yat-sen was buried in Nanjing, the preparation office for Dr. Sun Yat-sen's burial was cancelled and replaced by the "Prime Minister's Cemetery Management Committee" to continue to preside over the mausoleum project. Lv Yanzhi's close friends, architects Li Jinpei and Huang Tanfu completed his unfinished business according to the blueprint designed by Lv Yanzhi.
The third phase of the project includes: archway, mausoleum gate, tablet pavilion, guard room, big fence and other buildings. After bidding, the result was contracted by Shanghai Taofuji Construction Factory and won the bid with 4 1.97 million silver. 65,438+0.929 was officially started at the end of August, and it was completely completed at the end of 20 years of the Republic of China (65,438+0.931).
1July, 929, Tao Fuji Construction Factory contracted the third phase of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. At this time, the transportation of various building materials is much smoother than the first phase of the project. For example, the glazed tiles used in the tomb gate, the tablet pavilion and the memorial archway were all ordered from Guangdong Yuhua Company in winter. After Yuhua Company was fired, it was shipped from Guangzhou to Nanjing in three batches. At the request of the Prime Minister's Cemetery Management Committee, the Ministry of Finance not only issued duty-free passports, but also ordered all the customs along the way to supervise them. Once the glazed tiles used by mausoleum workers were declared for shipment, they would be released duty-free.
However, the third project is huge and still encounters many difficulties. The big stone tablet in the pavilion, the pedestal, columns and beams of the archway should all be a whole giant Fujian granite. Although Taofuji Construction Factory was a famous construction company, there were not many modern equipment at that time, mainly relying on manual handling. The procurement of these giant granites used in the project and the construction of buildings on the south slope of Zijin Mountain require a lot of labor. We can still see this great and arduous project from the memorial archway, stele pavilion and tomb gate. As of 193 1, the third phase of the project has been completed, which indicates that the main project of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum has been completed except the memorial building. 1929 65438+ 10/0/4 Feng 'an Committee was established.
1929 65438+ 10 18, the first committee meeting was held in the conference hall of the national government, and it was decided to set up an office in the national government and start work, actively making various preparations to meet the safety. A Ying 'an Avenue has been built in Nanjing, with a total length of15km from Zhongshan Wharf on Xiaguan River to Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum via Drum Tower, Xinjiekou and Zhongshan Gate, including a section from Zhongshan Gate to Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum with a length of 3km, which was built by the funeral preparatory committee. In May of that year, all the preparations for Dr. Sun Yat-sen's relocation were ready.
1929 April 23rd, the national government, what is "the prime minister, there is often".
1929 may 10 at 3: 00 pm, the publicity special train for welcoming the Games departed from Pukou, Nanjing, passing through Chuzhou, Bengbu, Xuzhou, Chongzhou, Taian, Jinan, Dezhou, Cangzhou and Tianjin for a long time, and arrived in Beijing at 6: 00 pm on May 2/kloc-0.
On May 26th 1929, the body was transported from Beiping to Nanjing. At that time, a custom-made copper coffin from the United States was placed about 5 meters below the current statue of the couch.
1929 On May 28th, Sun Yat-sen's coffin was delivered from Beiping to the capital Nanjing. After three days of public sacrifice, a grand ceremony was held on June 1 day.
At two o'clock in the morning of June 1, 1929, the two sides of Wanying Avenue (now Zhongshan Road) in Nanjing, the capital, were already crowded with people welcoming guests.
At about three o'clock in the morning, Soong Ching Ling, Sun Ke and their children, Chiang Kai-shek and his wife, Song Ziwen and his wife, Song Ailing, Mei Wu Zhuang Ji and other members of the Kuomintang Central Committee, members of the National Government, members of the funeral preparatory committee, commissioners for welcoming the spirits, and representatives of diplomatic envoys from various countries arrived at the Central Party Department.
At 4 o'clock in the morning, Hu was the chief priest of the ceremony, and the Lion Mountain Fort began to salute 10 1. Then the coffin moved out of the gate and was carried by a porter. Soong Ching Ling, Chen Shuying, Sun Wan, He Xiangning, Song Meiling, Song Ailing and other family members and their wives took the carriage under the escort of the coffin.
At 4: 25 in the morning, the bugle sounded the flag and the hearse set off. The funeral procession stretched for five or six miles, with more than half a million people paying tribute along the way. Along Han Ying Avenue, 565 and 438+0 pine and cypress arches, green and white cloth arches and rescue sheds were set up.
At 9: 20 am, the hearse slowly sailed to Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum and stopped in front of it. Dr. Sun Yat-sen's coffin got off the hearse and moved to Yu Ling. The porter raised the lever and went up the stairs.
/kloc-0: 08, the coffin arrived at the sacrifice hall and stopped at the center of the sacrifice hall. Xuanzan, a member of Xuanzan, held a security ceremony. Play funeral music, bow three times, present wreaths and read obituaries. Tan, Hu, Dai and Cai Yuanpei are priests. After the ceremony, Kong Xiangxi led the porter to move the coffin into the grave and settle down in it. Sun Yat-sen's relatives, Chiang Kai-shek, the representative of the Central Committee, Inukai Tsuyoshi, the old representative, and diplomatic envoys from various countries also entered the mausoleum. At this time, the salute of 10 1 sounded again at the Lion Mountain Fort, and the people of the whole country stopped working and observed three minutes of silence.
12: 00, when Feng 'an was finished, the people who attended the ceremony in the sacrificial hall entered the tomb door in turn to pay their respects. After paying their respects, they returned to the altar and all bowed to the music. Finally, Mrs Soong Ching Ling led Mr. and Mrs. Sun Ke and the Dionysian couple to close the tomb door, and the Feng 'an ceremony was completed.
1929 1 In June, the National Government held a Feng 'an ceremony, and Sun Yat-sen's body was buried in Zhongshan, Nanjing.
1929, 1 In July, the National Government organized the Prime Minister's Cemetery Management Committee, and the funeral preparatory committee was cancelled on the same day, and all matters were handed over to the Prime Minister's Cemetery Management Committee.
193 1 year, the whole mausoleum project was completed for the second time, covering an area of 80,000 square meters.