(A) the concept and significance of the balance sheet
1. concept
The balance sheet is a financial statement that reflects the financial situation of an enterprise on a specific date (end of the month, end of the quarter or end of the year). It is compiled according to the accounting equation of "assets = liabilities+owners' equity" and certain compilation requirements, and the balance sheet is the main statement in the enterprise financial statement system.
The balance sheet is essentially a static financial statement, which reflects the total amount and composition of enterprise assets, liabilities and owners' equity in a relatively static way. In other words, the financial status reflected in the statement is only the status at a certain point (the preparation date), and then the financial status of the enterprise will change.
2. Significance
(1) Through the balance sheet, we can know the economic resources owned or controlled by the enterprise on a specific date and their composition, debts and liabilities undertaken and the rights and interests owned by investors;
(two) to assess the liquidity and solvency of enterprises;
(3) Investigating the preservation and appreciation of enterprise capital;
(4) Assessing the capital structure and financial strength of the enterprise;
(5) Forecast the future financial situation of the enterprise.
(two) the format and content of the balance sheet
The format of balance sheet is divided into accounts and reports.
1. Account Balance Sheet
Account balance sheet, its basic structure is divided into left and right sides, the left side is the asset side, reflecting the assets of the enterprise; On the right are liabilities and all equity parties, reflecting the source of assets. Total assets are equal to the sum of liabilities and owners' equity. Its simplified format is shown in the following table: balance sheet
According to the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No.30-Presentation of Financial Statements, the balance sheet of enterprises in China adopts the account structure.
Report balance sheet
Report the assets, liabilities and owners' equity items in the balance sheet vertically. The upper part of the table lists the asset items, followed by the liabilities and owners' equity items. The relationship among the three in the report is "assets-liabilities = owners' equity", and its simplified format is shown in the following table: balance sheet.
Classification and arrangement of items in the balance sheet
Because China's accounting standards stipulate that enterprises can only use the account balance sheet format, all the following introductions and examples about the balance sheet are based on the account balance sheet.
1. Classification and arrangement of asset items
Principle: According to the liquidity of assets, those with strong liquidity are in the front and those with weak liquidity are in the back. (The so-called liquidity of assets refers to the liquidity of assets, that is, whether it can be realized, whether it can be realized in time or not. )
(1) Current assets include monetary funds, transactional financial assets, notes receivable, accounts receivable, prepayments, dividends receivable, interest receivable, other receivables, inventories, non-current assets due within one year and other current assets.
(2) Non-current assets include available-for-sale financial assets, held-to-maturity investments, long-term receivables, long-term equity investments, investment real estate, fixed assets, projects under construction, engineering materials, liquidation of fixed assets, productive biological assets, oil and gas assets, intangible assets, development expenditures, goodwill, long-term deferred expenses, deferred income tax assets and other non-current assets.
2. Classification and arrangement of debt items
Principle: In the order of repayment period, the one with short repayment period (less than one year) comes first, and the one with long repayment period (more than one year) comes later.
(1) Current liabilities include the following items: short-term loans, trading financial liabilities, notes payable, accounts payable, accounts received in advance, salaries payable to employees, taxes payable, interest payable, dividend payable, other payables, non-current liabilities due within one year and other current liabilities.
(2) Non-current liabilities include long-term loans, bonds payable, long-term payables, special payables, estimated liabilities, deferred income tax liabilities and other non-current liabilities.
3. Classification and arrangement of owners' equity items
Principle: According to the order of durability (enterprise availability), the one with the highest durability comes first and the one with the lowest durability comes last.
Owners' equity items include paid-in capital (or share capital), capital reserve, treasury stock, surplus reserve and undistributed profit in turn.
(D) the preparation of the balance sheet
Because the balance sheet is a report that comprehensively reflects all assets, liabilities and owners' equity of an enterprise on a specific date, and the classification of ending balances of all related accounts reflects the assets, liabilities and owners' equity of an enterprise on a specific date, the ending numbers of all items in the balance sheet and the ending balances of all related accounts are * * * in content, which determines that the balance sheet items should be filled out according to the ending balances of all related accounts. However, the items in the balance sheet are not exactly the same as those in the relevant accounts. Some items can be filled in directly from the accounts, some are more general and some are more concentrated. Therefore, some items in the balance sheet are filled directly according to the ending balance of related subjects, while others are filled according to the ending balance analysis of related subjects.
The specific filling method of balance sheet items is as follows.
1. Fill in the "balance at the beginning of the year" in the table.
The figures in the "balance at the beginning of the year" column of the balance sheet shall be filled in according to the figures in the "balance at the end of last year" column of the balance sheet. If the name and contents of the items specified in this year's balance sheet are inconsistent with those of the previous year, the names and figures of the items in the balance sheet at the end of last year shall be adjusted according to the provisions of this year, and the column of "balance at the beginning of the year" in the table shall be filled in.
2. Fill in the "ending balance" of each item in the list.
The figures in the "ending balance" column of the balance sheet shall be filled in according to the accounting books. Among them, most items can be filled in directly according to the account balance, and a few items need to be filled in after analysis and calculation according to the account balance. The specific filling method is as follows:
(1) Fill in the column directly according to the general ledger account balance.
The figures of most items in the balance sheet can be directly filled in according to the balance of the relevant general ledger account. Some report items are the same as accounting subjects, such as trading financial assets, notes receivable, accumulated depreciation, short-term loans, other payables, paid-in capital, capital reserve and surplus reserve.
(2) Fill in the column according to the final balance of several general ledger accounts.
For example, the items of "monetary funds" should be filled in according to the total ending balance of general ledger such as "cash on hand", "bank deposit" and "other monetary funds"; Inventory items should be filled in according to the total balance of materials in transit, raw materials, production costs, turnover materials and goods in stock. The item of "long-term equity investment" shall be filled in according to the balance of the subject of "long-term equity investment" minus the balance of the subject of "provision for impairment of long-term equity investment"; "Fixed assets" items should be filled in according to the account balance of "fixed assets" minus the account balance of "accumulated depreciation" and "fixed assets impairment reserve"; "Intangible assets" should be filled out according to the balance of intangible assets minus the balance of "accumulated amortization" and "intangible assets impairment reserve"; Because enterprises generally adopt the method of "closing accounts but not closing accounts" in an accounting year, the undistributed profit item in the balance sheet at the end of each month in an accounting year should be filled out according to the total credit balance of the subjects of "current year's profit" and "profit distribution". If there is a debit balance after the merger of these two accounts, it will be filled as a loss.
(3) analyze and calculate the balance of the subsidiary ledger to which the general ledger belongs and fill in the column.
Some items in the balance sheet cannot be calculated and filled in according to the ending balance of the general ledger account or the ending balance of several general ledger accounts, but need to be calculated and filled in according to the ending balance of the relevant subsidiary accounts to which the relevant accounts belong, such as accounts receivable, prepayments, accounts payable and accounts received in advance.
(1) The item of "Accounts Receivable" shall be based on the ending debit balance of each detailed account in the general ledger of "Accounts Receivable" and the ending debit balance of each detailed account in the general ledger of "Accounts Receivable in advance" minus the amount of bad debt provision in the account of "Bad debt provision". That is, if there is a credit balance in the detailed account of the "accounts receivable" general ledger account, it should be reflected in the "prepayments" item; For example, the debit balance of "accounts received in advance" general ledger account details should be consolidated and included in this item.
(These two accounts reflect the settlement of sales payment, so they are counted together. )
(2) The item of "prepayment" should be filled out according to the ending debit balance of each subsidiary ledger account to which the general ledger account of "prepayment" and "accounts payable" belongs, that is, if the account payable belongs to the subsidiary account with debit balance, it is also reflected in this item.
(These two accounts reflect the payment settlement in the purchase process, so they are counted together. )
(3) "Accounts payable" should be filled out according to the ending credit balance of each subsidiary ledger of "Accounts payable" and "Prepaid Accounts" general ledger. If there is a debit balance in the "accounts payable" subsidiary account, it should be reflected in the "prepayments" item.
(4) The items of "accounts received in advance" shall be filled out according to the ending credit balances of the sub-items of the general ledger of "accounts received in advance" and "accounts receivable". If there is a debit balance in the detailed account of "accounts receivable in advance", it should be reflected in the item of "accounts receivable".
(4) Analyze and calculate according to the balance of general ledger account and subsidiary account.
Some items on the balance sheet cannot be filled in directly or calculated according to the ending balance of related general ledger accounts, nor can they be filled in according to the ending balance of related subsidiary accounts to which related accounts belong. They need to be filled in according to the balance analysis and calculation of general ledger accounts and subsidiary accounts. For example, for the "long-term loan" project, the long-term loan due within one year should be deducted from the general ledger account balance of "long-term loan".
(v) Examples of balance sheet preparation (see case 7- 1 on page 222 of the textbook)
For example, ABC Co., Ltd. 20×9 years 65438+1October 3 1 day, the ending balance of each account is shown in the following table: account balance table.
Note: According to the ending data, the balances of the above three accounts are as follows:
(1) The debit balance of the general ledger account of Accounts Receivable is 402 10 yuan, which consists of two parts: the total debit balance is 452 10/all the detailed accounts in 0 yuan; The credit balance of all subsidiary accounts totals 5000 yuan.
(2) The debit balance of 4000 yuan in the general ledger account of "Prepaid Accounts" consists of two parts: all detailed accounts with a total debit balance of 5000 yuan; Total credit balance of all subsidiary accounts 1000 yuan.
(3) The credit balance of "Accounts Payable" general ledger account is 79 120 yuan, which consists of two parts: total debit balance 10000 yuan for all detailed accounts; The total credit balance is 891all the detailed accounts of 20 yuan.
According to the above data, the balance sheet prepared by ABC Company1October 365438+20×9 is as follows (the balance at the beginning of the year is omitted):
balance sheet
In this case, the relevant data in the balance sheet is calculated as follows:
(1) The item amount of "monetary fund" is filled in according to the total balance of the two accounts, that is, the item amount of "monetary fund" = 850+200760 = 201610 yuan.
(2) Items such as trading financial assets, notes receivable, other receivables, short-term loans, other payables, taxes payable, salaries payable to employees, long-term loans, paid-in capital and surplus reserves shall be filled in directly according to the balance of general ledger accounts.
(3) Amount of accounts receivable = sum of debit balances of accounts receivable+sum of debit balances of accounts received in advance-balance of bad debt provision = 45,265,438+00+0-720 = 44, 490 yuan.
(4) The item amount of "accounts received in advance" = the sum of credit balances of detailed accounts of accounts received in advance+the sum of credit balances of detailed accounts of accounts received in advance = 5000+10000 =15000 yuan.
(5) The item amount of "Accounts Payable" = the sum of credit balances of accounts payable+the sum of credit balances of prepayments = 89120+1000 = 90120 yuan.
(6) Item amount of "prepayment" = sum of debit balances of accounts payable+sum of debit balances of prepayment = 5000+10000 =15000 yuan.
(7) The amount of "inventory" is filled in according to the total balance of "raw materials", "production cost" and "goods in stock", that is, the balance of "inventory" is =135000+138000+7200 = 280200 yuan.
(8) The amount of "long-term equity investment" is calculated and filled in according to the account balance of "long-term equity investment" minus the account balance of "provision for impairment of long-term equity investment", that is, the amount of "long-term equity investment" =30050- 1000=29050 yuan.
(9) The item amount of "fixed assets" is calculated and filled in according to the account balance of "fixed assets" minus the account balance of "accumulated depreciation", that is, the item amount of "fixed assets" =2087520-804000= 1283520 yuan.
(10) The amount of "intangible assets" is calculated and filled in according to the account balance of "intangible assets" minus the account balance of "accumulated amortization", that is, the item amount of "intangible assets" = 600,000-170,000 = 430,000 yuan.
(1 1) The credit balance of "profit of this year" is 20,000 yuan, representing the profits realized by the company in that year, and the credit balance of "profit distribution" is 234 520 yuan, representing the accumulated retained profits of the company by the end of last year. When filling in the ending number of the balance sheet, it is necessary to add them together to calculate the amount of the "undistributed profit" item, which represents the accumulated retained profit as of the end of the current period. Therefore, the amount of "undistributed profit" =20000+234520=254520 yuan.
Second, the income statement
(A) the concept and significance of the income statement
1. concept
Income statement, also known as income statement and income statement, is used to reflect the operating results of an enterprise in a certain period (such as year, quarter and month). The income statement is compiled according to the accounting equation of "revenue-expense = profit".
The income statement is essentially a dynamic financial statement, which matches the income and income of an accounting period with the costs and expenses of the same accounting period to find out the net profit (loss) of the accounting period. In other words, the financial situation reflected in the statement is the result of the production and operation of the enterprise in a certain period of time, and it is a number of periods. (Balance sheet reflects one hour)
2. Significance
(1) Through the income statement, you can know the net profit or loss of an enterprise in a certain period;
(2) Analyze the implementation of enterprise profit plan and the reasons for profit increase and decrease;
(3) Evaluating the economic benefits of the enterprise;
(4) to judge the profitability of the enterprise and the profit trend in a certain period in the future.
(B) the format of the income statement
As a financial statement reflecting the operating results of an enterprise, the income statement must include all gains and losses that affect an accounting period, including all realized income from production and operation, all costs and expenses that need to be matched in the current period, as well as investment gains (or losses) and all non-operating income and expenditure that occurred in the current period. There are two formats of income statement: multi-step and single-step
1. Multi-step income statement
Multi-step income statement is a report prepared step by step according to the composition of enterprise profits and the contribution of operating activities and non-operating activities to enterprise profits. According to the provisions of accounting standards, the income statement of Chinese enterprises adopts multi-step method, and its steps are as follows:
(1) Operating profit = operating income-operating costs-business taxes and surcharges-sales expenses-management expenses-financial expenses-asset impairment loss+fair value change income+investment income.
(2) Total profit = operating profit+non-operating income-non-operating expenditure
(3) Net profit = total profit-income tax expense
In which: operating income = main business income+other business income.
Operating cost = main business cost+other business cost
The basic format of multi-step income statement is as follows: income statement
It should be noted that the above table is a monthly income statement format. When compiling the annual income statement, the "amount of this month" in the table is changed to "amount of this year"; Change the "Cumulative number of this year" in the table to "Number of last year".
2. One-step income statement
One-step income statement is not calculated step by step according to the composition of enterprise profits, but adds up all the income in the current period, then adds up all the expenses, and subtracts the two to get the current profit and loss through one calculation. Its basic format is as follows: income statement.
Compilation method of income statement
The preparation of the income statement is mainly to report the income, expenses, costs and profits and losses calculated by this ratio to the information users, so the income statement is a dynamic report, reflecting the operating results of the reporting entity in a certain period. Only the amount of the account can reflect the changes in a certain period, so the income statement is based on the amount of the account. However, not all accounts are related to profits, and only the contents registered in the profit and loss accounts (that is, income accounts and expense accounts) can calculate the current profits. Therefore, the income statement is based on the amount of the current profit and loss account.
1. How to fill in this month's amount
(1) The item of "operating income" shall be filled out according to the total amount of the subjects of "main business income" and "other business income" this month.
(2) The item of "operating cost" shall be filled out according to the total amount of the subjects of "main business cost" and "other business cost" this month.
(3) Items such as business tax and surcharges, sales expenses, management expenses, financial expenses, asset impairment losses, non-operating expenses, non-operating income, income tax expenses, etc. shall be filled out according to the amounts of their respective general ledger accounts.
(4) The items of "gains and losses from changes in fair value" shall be filled in according to the current amount analysis of the subjects of "gains and losses from changes in fair value", and those belonging to losses from changes in fair value shall be filled in with "-".
(5) The item of "investment income" should be filled out according to the analysis of the current amount of the subject of "investment income". If it is an investment loss, it should be filled with "-".
(6) "Investment income of joint ventures and associated enterprises" reflects the investment income of joint ventures and associated enterprises. This project should be filled out according to the analysis of the current amount of the detailed classification subjects to which the "investment income" subject belongs. If it is an investment loss, it should be filled with "-".
(7) The item "Loss from disposal of non-current assets" reflects the loss from disposal of non-current assets by enterprises. This project should be filled out according to the analysis of the current amount of the detailed classification subjects belonging to the "non-operating expenses" subjects.
(8) The items of "basic earnings per share" and "diluted earnings per share" are earnings per share calculated on different bases, reflecting the profitability of enterprises. It is not required to master the calculation of these two indicators in basic accounting.
(9) Other items in the statement, including "operating profit", "total profit" and "net profit", shall be filled in after calculation according to a certain formula.
2. Filling method of accumulated amount in this year
The cumulative amount of this year reflects the cumulative actual amount of each project from the beginning of the year to the end of this month, and its amount is equal to the sum of the cumulative amount as of the end of last month and the amount of this month.
3. How to fill in the amount of the previous year
When compiling the annual report, the "cumulative number of this year" in the table should be changed to "cumulative number of last year", and the actual cumulative number of last year should be filled in. If the name and content of the items in last year's income statement are inconsistent with this year's income statement, the names and figures of the items in last year's income statement should be adjusted according to the provisions of this year, and filled in the column of "amount of last year" in this table.
Examples of compiling income statement (see case 7-2 on page 229 of the textbook).
For example, the profit and loss account amount of ABC Co., Ltd. for 20×9 years 1 month is shown in the following table: the profit and loss account amount of ABC Co., Ltd.
According to the above information, the multi-step income statement is compiled as follows: income statement
In which: operating income = main business income+other business income = 500,000+15000 = 515000 yuan.
Operating cost = main business cost+other business cost = 300,000+8,000 = 308,000 yuan.