Refer to other similar abbreviations:
Transaction country is an important reporting element in China's balance of payments statistics. In the process of verifying counterparties and trading countries, we found that there are various abbreviations in the names of payees (companies) in many countries and regions, such as Co.Ltd, Corp, S.A., GmbH, BHD SDN and so on. After investigation, we found that the main reasons for the above phenomenon are: (1) different languages in different countries, and the same word has different names in different countries. For example, the abbreviation of "company" is generally Co, Inc. or Corp in English and AB in Swedish; (2) There are differences in legal systems and usage habits in different countries, which leads to the uniqueness of enterprise names in some countries and regions. For example, the law of Singapore stipulates the word Pte. It must appear in the names of private enterprises, which is rare in other countries. Because some abbreviations are unique to a country and some are common to countries and regions with the same language. Therefore, we can exclude or infer the country of balance of payments transaction by the abbreviation of counterparty.
In view of this, based on nearly 200,000 balance-of-payments statistical transaction records in some parts of China in the past two years, we have consulted and studied the company laws and investment laws of China's major trading partners, and sorted out many abbreviations of counterparties that frequently appear in balance-of-payments statistical information and can be used to judge the country of balance-of-payments transactions. Now they are listed and translated as follows:
I. Relationship between BHD Special Development Network and Malaysia
SDN is the abbreviation of Malaysia Sendirian, which means "private". BHD is the abbreviation of Berhard, which means "company".
SDN BHD refers to "private limited company", and single BHD generally refers to "public limited company".
In Malaysia, enterprises are generally registered as individual enterprises, partnerships or private limited companies, among which SDN BHD Private Limited Company is the most common. For example:
M ALAYSIABHD of CSP company
BHD United with Microsoft Electric Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
Except for Singapore and Brunei (Malay is the official language of these two countries), there is basically no SDN BHD in the corporate names of other countries. Therefore, if SDN BHD appears in the counterparty and the country of the transaction is not Malaysia, it can basically be concluded that the country of the transaction is wrong.
2.GmbH is a German-speaking country. Besides Germany, there are Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Belgium and Luxembourg.
GmbH is the abbreviation of Gesellschaft MIT Beschrankter Haftung in German, and it is equivalent to Limited liability company in English, namely "limited liability company".
Limited liability company is an enterprise form between large joint-stock companies and small partnerships, and it is the most widely used enterprise form in Germany at present. For example:
Team B.EDV B version of Breidenstine Co., Ltd. (Germany)
Frankfurt Exhibition Medical Service Co., Ltd. (Germany)
This kind of company mainly exists in German-speaking areas. In addition to Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Belgium and Luxembourg also speak German as their mother tongue, and GmbH may appear in the names of enterprises in these countries. For example, Hutchison 3G Austria GmbH is an Austrian enterprise with its address in Vienna.
Therefore, the transaction records of GMBH in counterparties should never be regarded as German.
Three. AG (Germany and Switzerland) and S.A. (South Europe and South America)
AG is the abbreviation of Aktiengesellschaft in German, and SA is the abbreviation of French Societe Anonym, Italian Societa Anonima and Spanish Society Dad Anonima, all of which are translated as "joint-stock companies".
AG is mainly included in company names in Germany and Switzerland, such as:
Psi Bt industrial commercial technology ag (Germany)
XCHINDLER information company (Switzerland)
The United States mainly appears in France, Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Panama, Argentina, Mexico and Chile. For example:
ETABLISSEMENTS TREVES Ltd. (France)
Nestle Switzerland Limited (Switzerland)
Cockerill machinery industry company
Fourth, S.A.R.L
South A.R.L means "limited liability company", and its organizational form is similar to that of joint-stock company, which mainly appears in France, Spain and Lebanon. The full name of French is Societe a Responsabilite limite, and the full name of Spanish is Sociedad Anonima de responsabili dad limitada. For example:
Gerlin Street 15.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) B.V./ N.V
B.V. and N.V. are Dutch abbreviations for Besloten Vennootshap Met Beperkteaan Sprak-Elijkhed and Naamloze Vennootschap, which refer to private limited company and public limited company respectively. For example:
WEISMULL ER import and export agency
Johnson controls International Limited
Dutch law stipulates that a company must have a name. The name may not be Dutch, but it must be written in Latin letters. A private limited company must start or end with Besloten Vennootshap Met Beperkte Aan Sprak-Elijkhed or B.V. for short. Foreign capital is also the largest of such companies, and its actual operating conditions are similar to those of British private limited companies, German GmbH or French SARl companies. The general characteristics of listed companies (Naamloze Vennootschap or N.V.) are the same as those of joint-stock companies in other parts of the world.
In the Netherlands, the most companies at present are B.V. and N.V. types.
It is also common for Belgian enterprises to add N.V. before their names.
Intransitive verb American Airlines
A/S is the abbreviation of Danish aktieselskab and Norwegian Aksjeselskap, which means joint-stock company. When A/S appears in the name of an enterprise, it can generally be recognized that its trading country is Denmark or Norway. For example:
Copenhagen airport development international company
7.S . p . a . S . r . l
SPA and SRL are the two most popular corporate forms in Italy.
SPA is the abbreviation of Italian Society Perazioni, which means (* * *) joint-stock company, and SRL is the abbreviation of Italian Society Responsibilita Limitata, which is translated into (joint-stock) company in Chinese. For example:
Dagnelie & ampOFFICINE MECCANICHE Co., Ltd.
Investex Holdings Italy Ltd.
Eight, PLC
PLC is the abbreviation of English public limited company.
According to the British company law, the forms of company registration are mainly divided into limited companies and unlimited companies, and limited companies are divided into public limited companies and private limited companies.
To establish a public limited company, the company name must include a public limited company or be abbreviated as PLC. For example:
London Stock Exchange Limited
It should be noted that PLC refers to a public limited company, not a private limited company.
Nine, AB, OY
AB is the abbreviation of Altiebolag in Swedish and OY is the abbreviation of Osakeyhtio in Finnish, both of which mean "company" in Chinese.
According to Finnish law, the company name must have Finnish Osakeyhtio or its abbreviation OY, or Swedish Altiebolag or its abbreviation ab.
Therefore, OY appears in the counterparty, and the trading country is generally Finland; AB appears in the counterparty, and the trading country is generally Sweden or Finland. For example:
Metso Actuator Manufacturing Company (Finland)
SANMINA Shell Systems (Sweden)
X. Swedish automobile company
South A.de C.V is one of the two forms of joint-stock companies stipulated in Mexican company law. Its full name is Sociedad Anonima de Capital Variable (written in Spanish and English), and its Chinese translation is "Variable Capital Company". The company's articles of association stipulate that capital can be increased. For example:
CONSULTORIA International Limited v. Mexico
Xi。 Korea/Japan
K.K. is the abbreviation of Kabushiki Kaisha in Japanese, which is equivalent to joint-stock company in English. For example:
Hamamatsu Photonics Company
Y.k is the abbreviation of Yugen Kaisha (Limited Company) in Japanese, which is equivalent to limited liability company in English. In fact, most of them are small and medium-sized enterprises, and many of them are domestic craftsmen, such as tofu shops, vegetable shops and butcher shops, which cannot be found in the balance of payments transaction records.
Twelve, PT, TBK
PT and TBK mainly appear in Indonesian enterprise names, such as:
PTGILANGCITRASENTOSAJAKARTA
PTIndofood Sukses MakmurTBK
In Indonesian, PT is the abbreviation of Perseroan Terbatas, which means "limited company", and TBK is the abbreviation of "share" in Indonesian.
Thirteen. PVT private limited
Pte and PVT are abbreviations for the English word Private.
To set up a company in Singapore, the name must be in English, the name of a Limited company must be added with English Limited, and the word Private or Pte must be added before the limited company. For example:
Vocational Technology (Singapore) Pte Ltd.
Aina bearings Singapore ltd
In India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bangladesh, the name of private enterprises generally contains the word PVT. Such as:
Shula organization PVT (India)
Davenport international (PVT) co., ltd
In Australia and South Africa, the name of private enterprises often contains the word PTY, such as:
Jinchao International Group Co., Ltd. (South Africa)
YARRATRAILPTYLTDMELBOURNE (Australia)
PTY is the abbreviation of Proprietary in English, which means that the enterprise is a private enterprise.
There are also abbreviations in the names of counterparties in other countries:
APS: Denmark
Lda: Portugal
Ltda: Brazil, Chile
Species Z.O.O: Poland
TIC: turkey
Southern Republic: Czech Republic
EIRL: Portugal, Peru
Because these keywords are related to China's major trading partners, it is of great benefit to correctly interpret and use these counterparty keywords to improve the accuracy of China's balance of payments transaction country information. In practice, we should only pay attention to the following issues:
First of all, do two premises.
First, the examiner should dissect and translate the keywords themselves accurately and strictly grasp their connotation and extension; Second, the trading entity can standardize the declaration, and the bank can correctly input or read the name of the counterparty.
Second, the location of off-site verification
The above counterparty keywords are applicable to the management of country information of balance of payments statistics, but they can only be located in off-site verification. For trading countries that can't match keywords, they can only be in doubt, and their correctness can only be finally determined after full understanding or on-site verification.
Third, comprehensive judgment should not be taken for granted.
Due to ethnic migration and colonial expansion, there is no unique correspondence between many languages and countries, such as German, French, Spanish and Portuguese, which are not limited to these countries, but also the mother tongues or lingua franca of other countries. Therefore, when using the keywords of the counterparty to identify the country of the transaction, we must consider it comprehensively, and we can't just look at the words and make sense. You can't think of Germany when you see GmbH, and Sweden when you see AB.
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Thank you, backstroker. I don't know anything about trade. I looked it up online.