Experience of Jurong Island in Singapore: How to Develop Industry without Water (3)
The starting point of designing high-quality waterworks is the quality of industrial water. So far, Singapore Public Utilities Bureau (PUB) has been operating Jurong Industrial Water Network for 20 years, and has accumulated rich data on industrial water quality.
However, just like many other coastal cities with old sewers and high groundwater level, seawater intrusion causes the composition of industrial water to change sharply with the tide level. For a long time, we have observed that the conductivity of industrial water (IW) can fluctuate from as low as 800mS /cm to as high as 1800mS/cm/cm, and sometimes even as high as 2000 ms/cm. Therefore, in order to be prudent, a certain degree of safety design should be provided. In the design of reverse osmosis system, the raw water specification adopts the maximum conductivity equivalent to TDS1300/L. In addition, considering the gradual pollution of reverse osmosis membrane and the increase of salt flux with time, we also provide a high safety design margin.
At the beginning of 1997, the project of building a 30,000 cubic meter advanced treatment plant for industrial water was invited for bidding, and more than 10 internationally renowned water companies participated in the bidding. The bid evaluation is based on the actual net value of each tender (combined with the impact of capital and long-term operating costs), and the most reliable advanced technology at that time is considered.
The various bids submitted can be roughly divided into three basic different processes:
Filling electrodialysis technology
-Reverse osmosis technology with microfiltration membrane as pretreatment.
-Reverse osmosis technology with traditional double media filtration as pretreatment.
To the satisfaction of Singapore Public Affairs Bureau, Fertilizer Co., Ltd., located in Inmadras, has successfully used traditional dual-media filtration and standard Dow reverse osmosis membrane for many years, with a daily output of product water 12000 cubic meters. Therefore, the reverse osmosis (RO) scheme with traditional double media filtration (DMF) as pretreatment was determined.
System recovery rate and project economy
Since the public utilities charge S $0.43 per ton of industrial water used in Singapore, the wastewater recovery plant can only make the project economically feasible if it adopts the highest feasible recovery rate. At the same time, consumers also expect competitive water prices. Therefore, medium filtration must be used as pretreatment of reverse osmosis when screening the remaining tenders, and the recovery rate of reverse osmosis device is as high as 86%. Combined with the recovery rate of 99% in the pretreatment part, the recovery rate of the whole system finally reached 85%.
Milestone of new water
Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong presided over the promotion ceremony of Xinshui Company recently. Xinshui Company provided industrial water to fabs and injected it into reservoirs as indirect water supply, which marked that Xinshui Company officially became one of the water supply sources in China and wrote a new page for China to pursue self-sufficiency in water supply.
New water is the source of living water for Singapore to break through the national survival dilemma. Especially in the unstable situation where Malaysia has repeatedly threatened to extort water supply contracts, it has a positive effect on calming people's hearts and invigorating their spirits. The new water has opened up a new road for Singaporeans, and there is no turning back. Singapore is densely populated and it is difficult to survive independently in water supply. Before the implementation of the new water plan, even if we don't like it, we have to rely on Malaysia for water supply, otherwise we will have to pay other prices and look at the faces of other countries. Although there is a written contract guarantee, the capricious and arrogant attitude of Malaysian leaders in dealing with bilateral issues has always made Singaporeans feel uncomfortable.
At present, Newwater plans not only to provide stable water supply, but also to meet the basic living needs of China people in time and inject great confidence into industrial water use. Singapore's industrial water consumption accounts for almost half of the water consumption, and the wafer factories that are particularly picky about water quality can accept Newwater, which is a reassurance for Singapore to strive for investment in high-tech industries.
Although we accept Newwater's report card, due to the elimination of sensitive water supply problems, Singapore-Malaysia relations are expected to develop positively, as Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong pointed out: "The two countries can focus on mutually beneficial cooperative relations." Singapore and Malaysia should really work together to face the competition and other challenges from other economies. Of course, Singaporeans are grateful for Malaysia's water supply contracts over the years and in the future. Singaporeans drink water in the same boat.
However, the significance of new water is not only from the perspective of Singaporeans' interests. The success of the new water plan not only frees Singapore from the fetters and entanglements of Malaysia beautifully, but more importantly, it provides a new direction for the earth, where water resources are seriously unbalanced and always scarce. Especially for countries and cities with insufficient natural and geographical conditions, Newwater proved the positive significance of human conquest of nature.
Looking back at Newwater's successful experience in the local area, we find that if we rely solely on technology, Newwater cannot be a guarantee for survival. Newwater's successful production is due to Singapore's high degree of self-discipline in the process of treating sewage (to be discharged into the sea), far exceeding international standards. Only when the conditions are ripe can the conversion distance between sewage and pure water be shortened, and "water cleaner than water" can be put into industrial production and injected into the reservoir at a relatively low cost. Singapore's responsible attitude towards the environment and its position of not deceiving nature have contributed to the natural development of new water.
It is true that the preciousness of water resources will not change because of convenience and scientific progress. Singaporeans should always cherish the concept of water use, and after experiencing hard-won water, they should raise their awareness of saving and cherishing water. In order to survive in the reality that water resources are always scarce, Singaporeans must save water and always remember the value of water. Even when we are constantly exploring new cost-effective water sources, saving water must always be the attitude of Singaporeans.
We overcame the challenge of survival with creativity. New water is a milestone in Singapore's survival, which has a far-reaching and significant impact on China's future water supply. This is a rare experience, technology and the strategic concept that human beings will overcome the environment and be self-sufficient, and it is also a valuable lesson for Singaporeans to learn to survive in adversity.
Experience and Enlightenment of Jurong Industrial Zone in Singapore
Singapore is the most famous clean country in the world and one of the countries with extremely rapid economic development. It is indeed a miracle that Singapore has jumped from an island country with poor resources to a developed country in the world. In the process of Singapore's rise, Jurong Industrial Zone, founded in the 1960s, contributed greatly.
Basic situation of Jurong Industrial Zone
Jurong is located in the southwest coastal area of Singapore Island, about 10 km away from the urban area, with an area of 60 square kilometers. This area used to be a barren land, with marshes and hills, but it has good natural geographical conditions for building a modern industrial zone: there are natural harbors with a water depth of nearly 12 meters; Railway and highway trunk lines from Singapore to Malaysia; Jurong River, the largest river in southwest Singapore, can provide industrial water, complete infrastructure and industrial raw materials.
The founder of Singapore's industry, represented by former Finance Minister Bill Han, clearly realized that the only way to make this island country prosperous and strong is to carry out large-scale industrialization. They chose Jurong as an industrial park for three reasons: first, this zone is located in the southwest of Singapore, close to the sea, and deep-water docks can be built to transport industrial raw materials and finished products; Second, the land here is barren and there is no problem of residents' migration. The land is state-owned and the collection fee is low; Third, there are many hills in this area, so it is easy to add swamps, sea and land to level the land. To this end, the government has set aside 6,480 hectares of land in Jurong to develop industrial parks and allocated S $6,543.8 billion for infrastructure construction.
The development and construction of Jurong Industrial Zone is divided into two stages. From 196 1 to 1968, * * opened up 14.5 square kilometers of land, built a number of standard factories, and focused on the construction of ports, docks, railways, highways, electricity, water supply and other infrastructure. In order to attract domestic and foreign capital to invest in Jurong Industrial Zone, the Singapore government provides loans to investors and enjoys preferential policies of unified taxation. However, due to the import substitution strategy implemented by Singapore during this period and the unstable political situation in the early 1960s, only 150 enterprises have invested in Jurong Industrial Zone, most of which are domestic and the proportion of foreign investment is very small. This stage is actually the initial and exploration stage of Jurong Industrial Zone.
From June 65438 to June 0968, the Singapore government established Jurong Town Administration, which was responsible for managing Jurong Industrial Zone and other industrial zones in China. At this time, the development of Jurong Industrial Zone has entered a new stage, and the construction speed has been greatly accelerated. By the mid-1970s, the development area of Jurong Industrial Zone had reached 50 square kilometers, and by the first half of 1980s, the overall development and construction had been basically completed. With the change of macro-strategy and the improvement of investment environment, foreign businessmen have come to Jurong Industrial Zone to invest and set up factories, and many internationally renowned manufacturers have chosen it as an overseas production base. The total economic output has gradually increased, and the number of enterprises has increased from more than 2,000 in 1990 to more than 7,000 in 2003, with an average annual GDP exceeding 200 billion yuan, which has effectively boosted the overall economic development of Singapore.
The Successful Experience of Jurong Industrial Zone
1. Reasonable institutional arrangements. The institutional arrangement of Jurong Industrial Zone has two important characteristics. First of all, it is a single-level system of central and local integration. Parks are local works. Speed largely determines the transaction cost. One-stop service is not so much a practical service mode as a manifestation of supporting business in the investment decision-making process. The real advantage of Jurong Industrial Zone lies in the low transaction costs related to the government, including investment license, business license, urban planning and construction design license, labor, taxation, import and export customs declaration services and other regulatory activities. Especially in some special industrial fields, such as government investment, cluster policy, human capital policy, capital cooperation and labor cooperation, the cooperation between institutions has become simple. The information flow is greatly simplified, and the transaction speed is faster than almost all parts of the world, including Hong Kong. Throughout the world's major cities, the public regulatory framework is more complicated than Singapore. The structural model of national, provincial and municipal governments in ASEAN countries cannot enjoy this advantage. Therefore, it has laid a good institutional guarantee for the development of industrial zones.
2. Industrial zone management agencies have greater autonomy. Jurong Industrial Zone is managed by Jurong Administration, which was established on 1 June, 9681day. After the establishment of Jurong Authority, it took over the planning, construction, leasing and management of all industrial zones in Singapore, including Jurong Industrial Zone. Jurong Town Government in Singapore has a high degree of autonomy. As long as it conforms to the industrial policy of the Singapore government, it has the right to attract all kinds of investors. Although Jurong Town Administration Bureau is only a real estate developer in essence, the park management committee has the power to examine and approve projects, urban planning and park planning, and can also issue temporary residence permits to residents, manage trade and markets, collect taxes and issue business licenses. It is not only the developer of the park, but also the promoter of attracting investment in the industrial zone. At the same time, the Committee also provides public services such as police, taxation, customs, social security, education, family planning, national sports, community development and labor. At the same time, Jurong Town Government also controls the supply of industrial land, science and technology parks and commercial park facilities. The institutional arrangement of Jurong Industrial Zone ensures a good scale economy, provides a good space for economic development, brings down rents, reduces the cost of some public facilities, and provides good supply prospects such as free public services, efficient promotion strategies and brands, sustainability, innovative facilities and better infrastructure.
3. All-round development and rational planning. From the very beginning, the Singapore government designated Jurong as a comprehensive industrial zone with all-round development, and the planning was reasonable and proper. According to the different geographical environment, the northeast near the urban area will be divided into emerging industrial areas and pollution-free industrial areas, focusing on the development of electronics, electrical appliances and technology-intensive industries; The southwest of the coast is designated as a port and a heavy industrial zone; The central region is light industry and general industrial zone; There are residential areas and various living facilities on both sides of Jurong River. In order to give full play to the comprehensive functions of Jurong Industrial Zone, the Singapore government set up a free trade zone at Jurong Pier in September, 1969, making Jurong Industrial Zone both an industrial production base and an activity place for entrepot trade. In the process of overall development and construction, environmental protection issues are also taken into account. From the beginning, 65,438+00% of the land was reserved for the construction of parks and scenic spots in a planned way. More than 10 parks have been built, including world-famous bird parks, Chinese parks and forest parks. , making Jurong a unique industrial area and tourist area, known as "Garden Industrial Town".
4. Improve infrastructure and develop production and life at the same time. There are generally two modes of infrastructure construction in industrial zones in the world: one is to attract investment to build factories and gradually solve the problems of transportation and water supply according to the needs and expansion of production. The advantages of this model are: it is built according to actual needs, with strong adaptability and low input cost and risk; The disadvantage is that infrastructure is often scattered and inefficient, which hinders the development of production. The other mode is to start from the overall development of the whole industrial zone, and according to the requirements of the overall construction plan, first invest in building a complete infrastructure to lay a solid foundation for the development of the industrial zone. The advantages of this model are good planning, high efficiency and rapid improvement of investment environment, but the input cost and risk are also great. Jurong Industrial Zone adopts the latter mode. From the beginning, infrastructure construction was regarded as the focus of development, and a large amount of money was invested to form an infrastructure system, which played an important role in promoting the development of Jurong Industrial Zone. At the same time, various social service facilities have also developed simultaneously, and schools, science and technology museums, shopping malls and gymnasiums have been built one after another, making Jurong Industrial Zone a complex of production and life. Production and life complement each other, which greatly promotes the talent reserve in the industrial zone.
5. Actively introduce investment from multinational companies. Singapore used to rely on entrepot trade for a long time, its industrial base has not yet been established, and its domestic market is narrow. In view of these unfavorable conditions, the Singapore government has adopted the strategy of vigorously introducing foreign capital, and obviously focused on the investment of multinational companies. The rapid development of Jurong Industrial Zone is to seize the opportunity and vigorously introduce the investment of multinational companies. Since the 1960s, multinational companies such as Shell and Mobil have been introduced to set up factories. Philips of the Netherlands; World-famous big shipbuilders such as Ishikawa Island Heavy Industry Company of Japan and Remington Company of the United States; So far, Singapore has become the third largest kerosene center in the world, the largest overhaul shipbuilding center in Southeast Asia and the second largest offshore oil platform production circle in the world, which shows the success of the introduction strategy.
Enlightenment to the development of development zones in China
The development of Jurong Industrial Zone and its successful experience have given us great enlightenment. We should proceed from our own reality, absorb and draw lessons from excellent experience, and use it for our own use to promote the development of China's park economy.
1. From the perspective of overall economic development, define the establishment purpose and construction goal of the park. The main purpose of establishing and developing Jurong Industrial Zone in Singapore in the early 1960s is to attract foreign investment to promote the overall economic development and industrialization of Singapore, not just to develop Jurong, and to plan and manage Jurong Industrial Zone according to this purpose. Jurong Industrial Zone has also been promoting the development of the national economy, which makes it the best investment zone in China. Therefore, grasping the angle and purpose is essentially to lay the foundation for the development and management of the whole industrial park, which is an important reason for the successful development of Jurong Industrial Park. At present, there are more than 4,600 economic and technological development zones in China, and their development is in a very unbalanced state. Therefore, we must be clear about our development goals, take ourselves as the leader, promote the development of the overall regional economy, ultimately develop our socialist market economy and promote the improvement of national competitiveness.
2. Gradually improve the management system and establish a good system guarantee. An important reason for the success of Jurong Industrial Zone is its perfect system and self-management mode. At present, the management of development zones in China is mostly directly controlled by the government. Compared with relying on market players for management, its enthusiasm and efficiency are greatly reduced. Jurong Town Government in Singapore has a high degree of autonomy. As long as it conforms to the industrial policy of the Singapore government, it has the right to attract all kinds of investors. Although Jurong Town Administration Bureau is only a real estate developer in essence, the park management committee has the power to approve projects, urban planning and park planning, and can also issue temporary residence permits to residents to manage trade and markets. It is not only the developer of the park, but also the promoter of attracting investment in the industrial zone. However, in China, this cannot be done at present. The government is more to perform the duties of the development zone manager and exercise the power of management. The management subject of the development zone itself has not really integrated with the market, which is a very big obstacle to attracting investment in the development zone and needs to be improved. So that the government is not the main body of industrial development, not directly involved in specific management, but indirectly managed and regulated; Administrative management and development management are separated, and the development management organization adopts the mode of operation.
3. Clarify its own advantages, promote industrial upgrading and the leading development direction of the development zone. Jurong Industrial Zone chose the traditional processing zone in the early stage of development, but the market prospect is good. Kerosene, in particular, is suitable for giving full play to regional advantages, is a leading industry, focuses on development, and then gradually promotes upgrading and develops high-tech industries such as electronics and communications. Therefore, before establishing a new industrial park, we should carefully study the regional characteristics, trends and opportunities of international industrial development, and set out from reality to establish the industrial structure and leading direction. On the other hand, many development zones in China have not made clear what the industrial model is and what advantages it has, and blindly introducing foreign capital has caused a lot of waste of manpower and material resources, and also caused great pollution to the environment, which is not worth the loss. Therefore, we must pay attention to the importance of this point, adjust measures to local conditions, make clear what our leading development direction is, and then carry out the next operation and development. At the same time, it is necessary to change ideas, jump out of the existing rigid development model, promote the development and upgrading of advantageous industries, and promote the development of other related industries, and finally realize economies of scale.
4. Strengthen the software construction of the development zone and improve the development planning of the development zone. The Singapore government has always believed that hardware construction is only the basis for running the industrial park well, and software construction is the key to ensure the normal operation and healthy development of the industrial park. The success of Jurong Industrial Park lies in a complete and feasible development plan. China has a vast territory and abundant resources. It should have great advantages in developing the development zone economy, but an important reason why it has not formed the scale economy so far is that the software construction lags behind, and it pays too much attention to the hardware construction and the image of the development zone and ignores the software construction such as human capital, intellectual factors and advanced thinking modes, which is very unfavorable to an immature development zone. For a mature development zone, its side effects are likely to be devastating. Therefore, the vast number of development zones in China must attach importance to software construction, including the construction and improvement of the service system of development zones. At the same time, the overall planning of the development zone also needs to be cautious, and its operating mechanism and operating procedures also need to be carefully formulated. Generally speaking, there are two ways to formulate operation mechanism and operation rules: one is to adopt various special policies to deliberately create a small area different from the macro-economic environment, and the other is to emphasize the advantages of location and construction industry agglomeration under the unified macro-economic environment. Jurong Industrial Zone chooses the latter idea, and China is a country that uses more macro-control means, so we can also learn from the latter idea to develop regional economy and advantageous industrial economy.