Yunnan plateau wine co., ltd
Chairman Wu, chief winemaker Chen Yong.
First, the traditional excellent grape growing areas
Grape is a plant with strong adaptability to the environment, and it can survive in the theme vegetation area on the earth. However, planting excellent grape varieties, especially excellent wine grape varieties and excellent table grapes, requires a variety of special geographical and climatic environments. Pure copper thinks that the latitude of 30-50 degrees (corresponding to the northern and southern hemispheres) is an excellent planting area for grapes. France, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Germany in Europe, California in the United States, Argentina, Chile, South Australia and South Africa in South America all produce excellent grapes in this planting area. Xinjiang, Shandong and Hebei, the famous grape producing areas in China, are also in this suitable planting area, forming the so-called suitable planting zone of excellent grapes. And 30 degrees north latitude just intersects with the Yangtze River in China, forming the traditional saying that Jiangnan is not suitable for planting fine grapes. Generally speaking, this traditional understanding is scientific and basically correct.
Second, the reasons for the formation of suitable planting areas for excellent grapes
If you know everything, you will find out why. It is a fact that the suitable planting area for excellent grapes has been formed. But what are the reasons for the formation of suitable planting zones for grapes? This is a problem that should be studied clearly. The formation of suitable planting areas for excellent grapes is mainly due to the contradictory needs of geographical and climatic conditions for the good growth of grapes. The good growth of grapes mainly requires the following conditions:
1. plenty of sunshine
2. Warm climatic conditions
3. Long growth time
4. Timely rainwater irrigation
5. Dry and dry climate
6. The temperature difference between day and night is large
7. Breathable sand
8. Suppress the occurrence of pests and diseases
These eight conditions for the growth of excellent grapes are the characteristics of grapes. These eight conditions are contradictory to the first four conditions and the last four conditions in the geographical environment demand. It is not difficult to see that the first four conditions are easier to meet as they get closer to the equator (China is closer to Vietnam), and the last four conditions are indeed easier to meet as they get closer to the poles (in China, they are farther north). Only by considering these conditions can we grow relatively good grapes. This has formed a suitable planting area for high-quality grapes in geography. Simply put, it is because of the growth characteristics of grapes that they like sunshine but dryness, warmth but fear humidity. Close to the poles (our country is farther north), the climate is dry but cold. The contradictory demand for grape growth is like an excellent grape planting belt with latitude of 30-50 degrees, while in China, Shandong, Hebei, Xinjiang and other regions in the Yellow River basin north of the Yangtze River (about 30 degrees north latitude) have formed excellent grape planting belts.
Third, the special geographical and climatic conditions of the Tropic of Cancer Plateau in Yunnan.
To understand the reasons for the formation of good grape planting areas due to the contradictory demand of grape growth characteristics, and whether we can find a good planting area that can better meet the eight conditions of grape growth in China. Plenty of sunshine is caused by the angle between the sun and the earth. Simple logic tells us that there is no better sunshine area to the north of 50 degrees north latitude, and we can only look for four northern conditions that can meet the needs of grape growth, such as dry and breathable, large temperature difference between day and night, breathable sand and insect prevention, to the south of 30 degrees north latitude.
People are pleasantly surprised to find that the dry-hot valley of Yunnan Plateau, a mysterious plant kingdom, is located in the south of the traditional grape growing belt near the Tropic of Cancer, with an average elevation of 1800 meters, which almost perfectly meets the eight excellent growth conditions of grape eugenics. The dry-hot valley of Yunnan Plateau has low latitude and high altitude, and the climatic conditions here are unique. This area has abundant sunshine, moderate rainfall, dry climate and sandy soil. It completely meets the grape planting conditions required by traditional grape belts. Moreover, the annual effective temperature period is long, the temperature difference between day and night is large, the rainy season is short, the evaporation is large, and the short-wave component of sunlight is particularly strong. Therefore, the tropic of cancer plateau grape growing areas in Yunnan Province have unique advantages that cannot be compared with several traditional grape belt areas.
1. The dry-hot valley of Yunnan Plateau has reached the Tropic of Cancer. The sunshine time is quite long, the light intensity is strong and the light quality is relatively good. The traditional grape planting area with photosynthesis fence has been greatly strengthened, which is very beneficial to grape growth. The "biological zero" of grapes is 10 degree, and the sum of the annual day and night average temperature ≥ 10 degree is called "the sum of effective accumulated temperatures in this area". In Yunnan Plateau, which is spring-like all the year round, the average day and night temperature is below 10 degrees for a short time. The effective accumulated temperature of grape growth in the whole year is over 4000 hours, which is close to 3500 hours only in March-August when the grapes grow vigorously, which is suitable for the growth and reproduction of almost all grape varieties.
2. Compared with the low altitude area, the plateau area is less filtered by the air layer of nearly 2000 meters, and the short-wave component of sunlight is 20 times higher than the sea level. The nutrient precipitation of excellent grapes, especially the accumulation of purple grape pigments, almost depends on the photosynthesis of short-wave sunlight, which makes the colored grapes in Yunnan Plateau particularly dark in color, high in solid content and particularly strong in taste.
Row planting has been carried out in Yunnan Plateau, and the canopy planting method (rose honey) has been cancelled, and it has been planted on hillsides and hills. From May to July, the cumulative sunshine hours in grape coloring maturity exceeded about 350 hours/month, and its radiation intensity was the first in China, and the sunshine hours were also in the forefront.
Hydrothermal coefficient k=PX 10/∑t = precipitation X 10/ effective accumulated temperature.
According to David's theory: (Take the climate data of 1992 as an example)
A: Grapes grow vigorously in Yunnan Plateau from March to June.
k = 10x 150/30.5 x 18 = 2.73
B: Before the grape harvest in Yunnan Plateau in July 1 month.
k = 10x 92.5/3 1x 2 1.4 = 1.39
C: August grape harvest month in Yunnan Plateau.
k = 10x 64.6/3 1x 2 1.7 = 0.96
K value standard of world famous wine producing areas;
A: K>2.5
B:K< 1.5
C:K< 1.0
It can be seen that the growth K value of excellent wine grapes in Yunnan Plateau has reached the K value area of world famous wine producing areas.
3. The low latitude of Yunnan makes the growth time of grapes reach 250 days per year, so that grapes can fully grow. This area is especially suitable for cultivating early-maturing and late-maturing varieties (such as American Heiti and Hongti) and can still bear fruit until June165438+1October. Such a long harvest period has never been seen in grape producing areas around the world. Because of the plateau climate in Yunnan, there is no problem of forced dormancy and cold winter of grapes, and grape dormancy depends entirely on the characteristics of grape varieties. When the grapes were harvested and the new branches gradually lignified, the characteristics of grape varieties began to dormancy at the end of 1 1, and at the beginning of February of the following year, they were dormant for 3 months in awake and resting state, and the total dormancy time exceeded 1600 hours. During this period, although winter buds could not germinate, they accumulated a lot for early spring.
4. The sandy soil in Yunnan dry-hot valley is breathable but fertile, especially the trace elements needed for grape growth are rich, which makes the grapes produced here unique in flavor and rich in nutrition.
Red soil in Yunnan Plateau is rich in minerals and low in humus, with a PH value of 6-7. The bottom of red soil is limestone or gravelly soil, which is fluffy and hydrophobic, with deep roots, developed root hairs, early flowering and long sugar accumulation.
The average annual ground temperature in Yunnan Plateau is 13 degrees, and the grape roots can grow all year round, so the vegetative roots of seedlings are particularly developed, and the deepest part exceeds 10 meter. (The growth condition of grape root system is: the soil temperature is higher than 28 degrees, and it stops growing when it is lower than 10 degrees. Grapes can absorb and accumulate nutrients all year round.
5. The temperature difference between day and night in Yunnan Plateau is large, but the absolute value of low degree is higher than that in northern grape growing areas, so there will be no frost cooling, which is harmful to the climate. An early-maturing variety will not freeze buds, and a late-maturing variety will not freeze fruits.
6. The intense ultraviolet radiation on the plateau greatly suppressed the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. Grapes in Yunnan Plateau hardly need pesticides, especially in the fruiting period, which ensures the excellent quality of plateau grapes.
7. The plateau air is fresh, the mountains and rivers are clear, and the natural environment is pollution-free. Grapes grow here, without using chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and are very rare all-green fruits.
It can be seen that the dry-hot valley of the Tropic of Cancer Plateau in Yunnan is an excellent grape growing area that is hard to find in the world, which can be called "not in the grape growing area, far better than the grape growing area". In this sense, the theory that China Jiangnan is suitable for growing grapes is different. According to the local microclimate environment, excellent grape growing areas such as dry-hot valley in Yunnan Plateau have appeared. This is an inevitable conclusion after understanding the reasons for the formation of the suitable planting zone of high-quality grapes in Yunnan and the excellent growth practice of high-quality grapes.
4. The history and present situation of grape cultivation in the dry-hot valley area of the Tropic of Cancer plateau in Yunnan.
Grapes in Yunnan dry-hot valley have a long history of growth, which also saves grapes from blooming everywhere. It is impossible to confirm whether they are local or when they were introduced. The history of modern grape cultivation can be traced back to the beginning of18th century, when French missionaries entered Yunnan to preach through the Vietnamese border and brought grape cultivation. The French church gardens in Zhongdian and Mengzi areas and the vineyards in the courtyards of Sino-French railway stations are well preserved and flourishing. In 1950s, agricultural experts were sent to Honghe Prefecture to breed grapes to several large farms in these gardens. Dongfeng Farm in Mile County, Honghe Prefecture planted 10000 mu of this ancient French grain and wine variety. According to the research of French expert Nicholas, after the development of edible and brewing varieties in France, this dual-purpose variety was not planted on a large scale. At present, a vineyard in Yunnan may be the only ancient and excellent French grape variety preserved-Rose-dense Vineyard.
Since 1980s, Hong Kong Tongheng International Investment Co., Ltd., an investment group with international consortium background, has made large-scale investment in the grape industry in this hot land of Yunnan Plateau. Established a grape seedling company with an annual output of 4 million seedlings, purchased the original 5,000 mu old variety-Rose Honey Vineyard, and planted nearly10,000 mu of fine wine grapes and fresh fruits imported from France. Most of them grew well, showing an excellent growth trend of grafting for one year and planting for two years. In addition to Tongheng Group, local self-employed individuals in Yunnan, such as Zhang, Shenquan Liquor Company and Guangming Beer Group, have cultivated a large number of high-quality vineyards in valley areas such as Mengzi, Honghe and Kaiyuan.
All these have proved the theory that the tropic of cancer plateau in Yunnan province forms a suitable planting area for excellent grapes.
5. Prospect of suitable grape planting areas in the Tropic of Cancer Plateau of Yunnan Province
After recognizing the attractive prospect of plateau grape development, governments at all levels in Yunnan Province strongly supported the development of grape industry, and regarded grape industry as a major event to develop Yunnan's agricultural industrialization and new economic growth point. The provincial government has held two working conferences on grape industry in the whole province, and made plans for the development of grapes in the dry-hot valley of the plateau. Recently, the province has developed 50,000 mu of high-quality wine grapes and 50,000 mu of fresh grapes. Each state and county is implementing the plan according to its own situation. With the increasing investment of foreign capital, state-owned, private and individuals in the grape industry, and with the development of Yunnan wine market and Yunnan table grape market, Yunnan grape industry will surely develop at a faster speed, which is of great significance for developing Yunnan's local economy, helping the old frontier areas get rid of poverty, maintaining the water and soil environment and adding new tourist landscapes. We can believe that the fiery red grape industry will inevitably become another beautiful landscape of Yunnan's green plant kingdom.
Temperature data of dry-hot valley in Yunnan Plateau
relative humidity
(%) Monthly Maximum Temperature
(℃) monthly minimum temperature
(℃) Monthly average wind speed
(m/s)
65438+82 years1October 22.7-1.5 1.4
February 22.5, 751.42.1
March 29.7, 62 4.0 2.3
April 58 th
May 33.6, 6311.7 2.3
June 32.5, 7214.32.1
July 8130.914.51.4
August 32.0, 751.5
September 75, 32.9 1.4
65438+84 years1October 27.5 7.5 1.2
165438+80 years1October 26.0 -3.3 1.3
65438+February 23.5-1.6 1.2, 78
Annual extreme value 33.6 -3.3
Average 74 1.7
Data of precipitation, temperature and sunshine in dry-hot valley of Yunnan Plateau
Monthly rainfall
Monthly average temperature (mm)
(℃) sunshine hours
(hours)
65438+1October 55.2 7.4 1 16.9
February 54.0 9.2 1 16.7
March 3 15. 1 239.8
April 5.8 18.8 223.6438+0
May 8 1.7 22. 1 233.7
June 37.2
July 92.5 2 1.4 134.4
August 64.6 2 1.7 228.9
2 1.2 154.9
65438+1October 94.9 16.0 123.9
165438+1October 40.61.4139.1
65438+February 2.6 8.7 2 17.9
The annual total is 586.7 2, 136.3.
Annual average 16.3