(1) Direct financing. This kind of financing is mainly based on local governments to obtain funds for urban infrastructure construction. The specific performance is: (1) the equity income obtained by financial capital investment; (2) The financial investment of some urban infrastructure projects will drive the investment of foreign capital and private capital; (3) Domestic and foreign government bonds issued by the central government and lent by the central government; Loans from international and regional financial institutions such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank; (5) Loans lent by the central government to foreign governments; (6) Aid grants from foreign governments.
(2) Indirect financing. This kind of financing mainly obtains funds for the construction and transformation of urban infrastructure through intermediaries such as banks, insurance companies and investment companies. At present, local governments mainly adopt this way for large-scale financing. The concrete manifestations are as follows: (1) The government authorizes some state-owned investment companies engaged in urban infrastructure construction to lend money to banks and provide financial guarantees and interest subsidies; (2) The government authorizes enterprises to issue corporate bonds for local infrastructure construction, with financial guarantee and bond interest.
(3) Project financing. This kind of financing mainly uses various specific resources of the government to obtain funds by various market means for the construction and transformation of urban infrastructure in order to achieve the specific goals of the government. The concrete manifestations are as follows: (1) using the differential effect of land to obtain land transfer fees; (2) BOT mode, that is, enterprises build and operate special projects authorized by the government, and hand them over to the government when they expire; (3) TOT mode in which the government hands over the completed large-scale infrastructure projects to enterprises, and the enterprises hand over them to the government free of charge after operating for a period of time; (4) BOST mode, in which enterprises build special projects granted by the government, and financial subsidies are given and transferred to the government when they are due; (5) The government "bundles" profitable projects with business opportunities with non-profit public welfare projects, and enterprises develop and repay projects by themselves through interest comparison; (6) Some large state-owned companies are authorized by the government to implement financial leasing for special projects.
(4) Non-project financing. This kind of financing mainly uses asset action means to attract all kinds of social funds. The specific performance is as follows: (1) Raise funds from social investors through relevant investment trust companies, and the funds obtained will be used for urban infrastructure construction; (2) The way of packaging and listing some public utilities and raising funds from the capital market by these enterprises; (three) the construction and renovation funds of this project or other projects obtained by the government from the transfer of part of the equity of public utilities.