The Federation of Credit Guarantee Funds establishes a re-guarantee relationship with local credit guarantee funds, automatically re-guarantees the guaranteed projects provided by credit guarantee funds all over the country, and assumes joint and several liability for compensation. The proportion of liability sharing is 50%-60%, and the amount of single re-guarantee compensation does not exceed 200 million won (about 200 thousand US dollars). Under normal circumstances, if the credit guarantee business of small and medium-sized enterprises defaults, the credit guarantee fund will first compensate 85% of the loan amount, and the other 15% will be shared by the lending bank. The Credit Guarantee Fund Federation will compensate 42.5% of the loan amount to the credit guarantee fund. The Korea Credit Guarantee Fund Federation collects the re-guarantee fee from local credit guarantee funds, and the benchmark rate is 0.8% per year. Since the guarantee rate charged by the local credit guarantee fund to the insured enterprises fluctuates within the range of 0.5%-2% every year, the actual re-guarantee rate can also fluctuate. 1953, Japan promulgated the Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Fund Pool Law, which established a small and medium-sized enterprise fund pool in full according to law, which is a symbol of the establishment of Japan's re-guarantee (credit insurance) system. The fund pool of SMEs is dominated by the government, and re-guarantee relationships have been established with 52 local credit guarantee associations according to law. Credit guarantee associations sign secured loan agreements with small and medium-sized enterprises applying for loans and financial institutions issuing loans, and automatically obtain the re-guarantee confirmation of secured loans from the fund pool of small and medium-sized enterprises through the re-guarantee information platform, effectively dispersing the risks undertaken by credit guarantee associations. Small and medium-sized enterprise fund pool and credit guarantee association shall be jointly and severally liable for the guaranteed projects in proportion, with the former accounting for 70%-80% and the latter accounting for 20%-30%, thus increasing the credit magnification of credit guarantee association to more than 30 times. Small and medium-sized enterprise fund pool and small and medium-sized enterprises pay guarantee fees to the credit guarantee association, and the credit guarantee association pays re-guarantee fees to the small and medium-sized enterprise fund pool. The biggest factor of its success is the strong support of the government and advanced technical support.
The Japanese government injected 654.38+035.65 billion yen (about 654.38+022 billion US dollars) into the financial treasury of small and medium-sized enterprises, which is the largest amount of government re-guarantee investment in the world. Through huge financing assistance and preferential tax policies, the credit rating and profitability of 52 credit guarantee associations will be improved, so as to realize financing support for small and medium-sized enterprises. In the process of handling guarantee projects, the procedural affairs are handled by loan financial institutions, the daily management is implemented by local credit guarantee associations, and the risk control is managed by Japan Credit Risk Database Association (CRD). In the credit guarantee of small and medium-sized enterprises in Japan, the business without counter-guarantee measures accounts for more than 60% of the total business, which mainly provides reliable information for financial institutions and investors through a perfect credit risk data information platform for small and medium-sized enterprises. The credit guarantee system in the United States is relatively perfect and distinctive. The US Small Business Administration was established in 1953, and is an independent federal agency. Its main function is to provide financial assistance, management and technical support for small enterprises. It integrates guarantee and re-guarantee and provides loans to commercial financial institutions or non-profit organizations. In China, 7,000 commercial banks have joined the national credit guarantee system for small enterprises as cooperative banks. Guarantee and re-guarantee are directly operated by the government, and no special re-guarantee mechanism has been established.
The federal government has formulated a small business guarantee loan plan, which clearly stipulates the purpose of each fund, loan conditions, guarantee amount and guarantee fee, loan interest standard and the responsibilities of the executing agency. The US Small Business Administration will be jointly and severally liable for the loan bank afterwards, and the relevant annual budget will be incorporated into the fiscal budget after being approved by Congress, so as to establish a normal compensation mechanism for the guarantee funds.
Specifically, credit institutions apply to the US Small Business Administration for guarantee, and the US Small Business Administration examines the guarantee items declared by lending institutions and borrowing enterprises according to the guarantee plan, and decides whether to provide guarantee for lending institutions, and the government bears the ultimate responsibility of re-guarantee. Lending banks share the risk of secured loans according to the requirements of the government. Under normal circumstances, the proportion of loans within $654.38+$00,000 is not less than 25%. For small loans within $654.38 million+,the share ratio of the lending bank shall not be less than 20%. The operation of credit guarantee system for small and medium-sized enterprises in Germany mainly depends on the banking system. Since 1945, when the first German guarantee bank was established, 16 German states have established at least one guarantee bank, forming a relatively complete guarantee system, and the federal and state governments have formulated a re-guarantee risk sharing system.
The risk sharing ratio between German loan banks and guarantee banks is 2: 8, and the guarantee banks bear 80% of the loan risks, which are shared by the national banks. Among these 80% loan risks, the re-guarantee provided by the federal government bears 3 1.2%, the re-guarantee provided by the state government bears 20.8%, and the guarantee bank only bears 28%, which largely disperses and transfers the risks of the guarantee bank. At the same time, the term of re-guaranteed loans is longer.
In order to support entrepreneurship in Germany, the federal government's financial assistance can be roughly divided into low-interest loans and long-term loans, that is, low-interest long-term loans are provided to small and medium-sized enterprises through a series of refinancing of national banks, and loan guarantees are provided through guarantee banks, and the re-guarantee period is correspondingly longer.