When the wheel of history entered the May 4th period, with the evolution of society, China had many factors to spread Marxism.
First, China has a class foundation of accepting Marxism. In the early 1920s, the proletariat in China has become a powerful political force and stepped onto the historical stage. According to data, there were about 1894 industrial workers in China at that time. Since then, China's national capitalism has developed greatly. 19 15- 1920 is the "golden age" for the development of China's national capitalism. With the development of national capitalism and the increase of foreign enterprises in China, there were about 2 million industrial workers in China during the May 4th Movement. [1] The Japanese speculate that "there are about 2-2.5 million". [2] Although the total number of industrial workers in China is small, there are a certain number of female workers and child workers (lack of statistics, according to relevant data, it is estimated that it will not exceed 500,000). [3] However, the proletariat in China has its unique advantages: First, it is particularly capable of fighting because of its triple oppression. It is also braver than anything anyone has done, and we must be firm. [4] Second, some industries mainly distributed in coastal cities and along the Yangtze River are easy to organize into powerful political forces. Third, it has a natural connection with farmers and is easy to form an alliance with them. In addition, there are about100000 handicraft workers and shop assistants in China. [5] In the process of the growth and development of the proletariat in China, from 19 12 to 19 19, reaching more than 130 times before the May 4th Movement. 7. During the May 4th Movement, the proletariat in China played a major role in the struggle. The "60,000-70,000" workers in Shanghai went on strike, and the workers of the Beijing-Han Railway Changxindian and Tangshan Railway protested. Workers in Nanjing, Xiamen, Ahava, Jinan, Jiujiang and other places participated in various forms of struggle; Workers and other working people in Tianjin are also planning strikes. These struggles played a decisive role in the victory of the May 4th Movement. It also shows that the proletariat in China is changing from a comfortable class to a self-sufficient class, forming a political force. The proletariat of China, which stepped onto the historical stage, needs the guidance of scientific theory, which is the main reason for the spread of Marxism in China. As we all know, Marxism is the crystallization of the highest wisdom of mankind and the theoretical summary of the world workers' movement. It serves the proletarian revolutionary struggle, represents the fundamental interests of the proletariat, and has a distinct class nature. Only the proletariat can accept it, and only the proletariat and its party can master and use it. Therefore, the proletariat is the material force to practice Marxism. Without the growth and development of the proletariat, there would be no acceptance of the material strength of Marxism, and there would be no widespread spread of Marxism.
Second, the New Culture Movement created conditions for the spread of Marxism in China. 19 15 The New Culture Movement held high the banner of democracy and science and launched an unprecedented fierce attack on feudalism in China in the ideological and cultural fields. The New Culture Movement criticized China's feudal autocracy with bourgeois ideological weapons such as freedom, equality and democracy. Criticize and maintain feudal autocracy. Advocates of the New Culture Movement pointed out: "If our country wants to survive in the world, it must abandon bureaucratic autocratic personal politics handed down for thousands of years and easily use free and independent national politics." [8] "Jun and the people are not at odds, freedom and autocracy do not coexist, so Jun lives and people die. Authoritarian life leads to free death. " [9] Feudal ethics is a ritual of eating people. [10] Confucius is "the amulet of autocratic emperors in past dynasties" and "the idol to protect monarchy". He called on the people of China to "have thorough consciousness and brave determination" to eliminate feudal thoughts and concepts. 【 65438 】 Oppose superstition, blind obedience and arbitrariness. It is pointed out that "science can teach people to understand truth and think clearly". [13] claims that "China people should get rid of the age of ignorance, be ashamed of being shallow, catch up quickly, and pay equal attention to science and human rights". [14] The New Culture Movement is the most profound enlightenment thought in China's modern history and a great enlightenment thought. Smashed the mental shackles that imprisoned people, and emancipated the minds of the people of China, especially the youth. As soon as the ideological barriers are opened, all kinds of new ideas and theories will fly in, and the ideological and cultural fields will show a scene of a hundred schools of thought contending, a hundred flowers blooming and "each with its own strong points". Although Marxism was originally just one of many new ideas and theories, its truth was soon discovered by advanced elements in China.
Third, the China revolution urgently needs the guidance of scientific theoretical weapons, which is also the reason to promote the widespread spread of Marxism in China. After the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Generations of advanced elements in China struggled for the independence and prosperity of the country and the happiness of the people, but failed again and again. Until the Revolution of 1911, although the Qing Dynasty was overthrown, the feudal monarchy of more than two thousand years ended. However, the ideal of establishing bourgeois democracy and a harmonious country was finally shattered. Under the rule of northern warlords and local warlords, the country is more chaotic and people's livelihood is more painful. Sun Yat-sen once pointed out angrily: "The husband went to the puppet Manchukuo dictatorship, and countless violent dictatorships were born, which was even more poisonous than before. So people are suffering more and more! " [15] The May 4th Movement made the advanced elements in China more aware of the imperialist oppression, the rampant warlords and the precarious state of the country and nation, and thus determined to save the country and the people as their own responsibility. Mao Zedong pointed out in "Great Unity of the People": "The country is extremely bad, human beings are extremely miserable, and society is extremely dark." The cloud is in On Saving the Nation. Those who are not insane will not hold this theory. "[16] Saving the country and the people requires scientific theoretical weapons. After the May 4th Movement, the advanced elements in China tried to find a good way to save the country and the people. At first, they either believed in anarchism and new village doctrine, or hoped to cooperate, and finally decided that Marxism was a good way to save the country. As Cai Hesen said, "I have made a comprehensive review of various theories recently. People think that socialism is really the right way to transform the modern world. China can do nothing else. " [17] The urgent need of revolutionary struggle accelerated the advanced elements in China to accept Marxism and put it into practice immediately. As some scholars have pointed out: "Marxism has been accepted, understood and applied as a direct guide to guide current actions from the beginning." [18] Fourth, it is also conducive to the advanced elements in China to accept Marxism. In ancient China, people had the ideal of pursuing happiness and a harmonious world. Confucian classics The Book of Rites and Liu Yun described a harmonious society. Later generations have always expressed their pursuit of the ideal of great harmony in different ways. The ancient peasant uprising put forward the requirement of "equal wealth and equal dignity"; Modern Taiping Heavenly Kingdom designed the Great Harmony Plan of "four haves and two have nots" and "one family in the world, enjoying peace". Kang Youwei's Book of Great Harmony outlines a plan to go to the "Nine Realms" to abolish private interests and eliminate private interests.
The blueprint for a "peaceful and harmonious society" in which all classes and people are equal and happy. Although China's thought of great harmony in traditional culture is only an idealized recollection of ancient society and a yearning for a better future for mankind, it cannot provide scientific basis, let alone find the main force to realize it. Therefore, it is essentially different from the Marxist capitalist ideal. However, it is necessary to eliminate the system of exploitation by man. There are similarities in public property, equality for all and rich and stable life. Therefore, China people, influenced by traditional culture, often compare socialism and * * * productism with Datong society. For example, Cai Yuanpei thinks that the idea of great harmony in China's traditional culture is "socialist theory", "from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"; And it contains feminism. " [19] China's advanced elements believe that the social system established by Soviet Russia on the basis of Marxism "conforms to the harmony of heaven and earth that I believe in". [20] Later, Mao Zedong directly referred to * * * materialism as "mankind entered the realm of great harmony" in his article "On the People's Democratic Dictatorship". It can be seen that the idea of great harmony in traditional culture has made China people interested in socialism and * *.
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During the May 4th Movement, Marxism began to spread widely in China, which was influenced by both domestic and international factors, that is, a favorable "world climate".
First, the influence of the October Revolution in Russia. Mao Zedong once said in vivid language: "The October Revolution brought us Marxism." He generally pointed out the great influence of Russian October Revolution on China people's acceptance of Marxism. The influence of the October Revolution on China is mainly manifested in the following aspects: First, it pointed out that Marxism is a scientific theory for the advanced elements in China and set an example. Although the imperialists and the government of the Northern Warlords either blocked the news or slandered the Russian Bolsheviks as "extreme radical parties" and "murderous people", which made Russia completely dark after the revolution, the dark clouds could not cover the brilliance of the sun after all, and the advanced elements in China gradually learned the truth of the October Revolution through various channels. 2001165438+1October Li Dazhao. The October Revolution "was the pioneer of the world revolution in the 20th century" [22]. On the eve of the May 4th Movement, Chen Duxiu thought that "Russian social revolution" was "the key to the change and evolution of human society". [23] Mao Zedong pointed out in "People's Unity" that the October Revolution will be "popularized in the world". In the process of understanding the October Revolution, China's advanced elements got three understandings: First, they realized that. The victory of the October Revolution is the victory of Marxism. They said, "Marxist socialism has been fully realized in Russia." Second, they summed up the experience of the October Revolution and pointed out that the Russian revolution was a "mass movement" and that "Russia won the victory of' social reform' by uniting the people with nobles and capitalists". After the success of the October Revolution, the "Party" was regarded as "the initiator, leader, vanguard and war department, and the nerve center of the proletarian movement"; Organize "trade unions", "cooperatives" and "Soviet"; Third, it thinks that Russia's national conditions are similar to those of China, and China's revolution can only succeed if it is imitated. It pointed out: "Russia is an agricultural country, and China is also an agricultural country. In the future, the revolutionary movement in China may have the possibility of taking direct action in industry and agriculture. " "China's social organization, industrial conditions, people's nature and other national conditions are similar to those of Russia. Therefore, Russian ultra-radicalism can be implemented in China. " "Russia is an agricultural country with backward industry", "The peasants and proletariat are extremely oppressed by the international economy, which leads to the bankruptcy of war and social revolution", "China is oppressed by international capital imperialism" and "unemployment" is even worse, "I'm afraid the fate of social revolution is inevitable". Although these understandings are not accurate in some aspects, it is important for China's advanced elements to see them. Summing up the basic experience of the October Revolution, I realized that the China Revolution should take the road of the Russian Revolution, so I studied Marxism, accepted Marxism and imitated the Russian Revolution.
Second, the internal and external policies of the Soviet government strongly attracted the people of China, especially the advanced elements of China. They believe that the Soviet regime nationalized "big industries, banks, railways, etc." And give the land to farmers who can grow their own crops, abolish the inheritance system and land ownership, and eliminate the evil system left by the proletariat. "Factories and enterprises are democratically managed by workers, and the 8-hour working system has been implemented, which has enabled the broad masses of working people to be masters of their own affairs. The Soviet government opposes hegemonism. The foreign policy of holding small and weak ethnic groups has also left a deep impression on the people of China. The Soviet Russian government has issued three declarations to China, solemnly announcing the abolition of the unequal treaties that the old Russian government signed with China and other countries to oppress China, the abolition of privileges in China, and the abandonment of boxer indemnity, suggesting that the two countries establish equal relations and expressing their support for the revolutionary struggle of the China people. The declaration caused great repercussions in China, which was bullied by imperialism. First, it warned people not to be deceived and intimidated again, to trust Soviet Russia and to approach Soviet Russia. Don't treat him like an extremist, and don't dare to approach him. "Second, praising the foreign policy of the Soviet Russian government is an unprecedented fair and equal move for mankind. Shanghai Weekly Review said that the announcement of the Soviet Russian government "is indeed an unprecedented beautiful move in human history. No nation or country in history has ever had such a great cause and such a clean and noble morality. The China Association of Industry said the move was "enough to clean up the international situation in the old world". Open the macro foundation of mutual assistance among all ethnic groups in the world. Third, we advocate self-reliance and make joint efforts with the Russian people to realize a bright future. The Shanghai Federation of Students proposed to "make achievements in' fighting for freedom' in order to truly be worthy of the Russians and restrain themselves?" Trade unions in China expressed their willingness to support "all Russian Red Guards of farmers and workers" and "work together to achieve world harmony except that special class". The internal and external policies of the Soviet Russian government made China's advanced elements recognize that she is the most just and reasonable system and the best government in the world, thus attracting them to accept and practice Marxism.
Second, the capitalist system is eclipsed in the eyes of China's advanced elements, which makes them look to Soviet Russia and Marxism. The main reasons why the capitalist system lost its "charm" to the advanced elements in China at that time were as follows: First, the First World War launched by the capitalist powers caused great disasters to mankind, which proved with cruel facts that there were insurmountable contradictions in the capitalist system. China's advanced elements have doubts about the superiority of the capitalist system. Li Dazhao once quoted the Japanese as saying: "This war has cast doubt on the authority of European civilization. Europeans themselves have to reflect on the true value of their own civilization. " Even Liang Qichao, who was once obsessed with the capitalist system, saw the ruins of Western Europe after the European War. It is also believed that capitalist civilization needs the adjustment of eastern civilization. Second, the contradiction between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie in the capitalist countries in Europe and America is sharp, and the trend of strikes around the world is growing day by day, which makes the advanced elements in China see the disadvantages of the capitalist system. Chen Duxiu said: under the capitalist system, "private capital" divides society into two opposing classes; "Overproduction" triggered an economic crisis. Only by abolishing private capital, overproduction in production and surplus value in distribution can we alleviate the crisis of modern economy and social unrest. Yun said: "Capitalism should be overthrown, because capitalists have poisoned the stars of the majority with the interests of the few. "Third, the capitalist powers fought for power and profit at the Paris Peace Conference and bullied the weak. The people of China have seen the ugly faces of the capitalist powers. At first, the people of China had high hopes for the Paris Peace Conference. They generally believe that unequal treaties can be abolished, the rights and interests of Qingdao and Shandong can be recovered, and the semi-colonial situation can be shaken off. They believe that justice will prevail over power, and weak countries and small parliaments will emerge. They naively believed that the League of Nations had been established. Then "the unequal treatment of Asians in Europe and the United States and various unequal treaties will naturally be eliminated from the root causes." But in the end, China people saw that Britain, France, the United States, Italy and Japan were manipulating the Peace Conference, not only did they not cancel the unequal treaties, but even transferred German rights and interests in Shandong to Japan. The cruel reality makes the people of China see clearly the essence of capitalist imperialism. As Mao Zedong said, "I officially told a politician like Louis George that what you said was a big article. We are all innocent, which is nonsense. We're already awake. We are not who we used to be. Take it away and don't come back. "The gloom of the capitalist system in the eyes of Russian advanced elements shows the dazzling light of China's new social system and attracts them to believe in Marxism and practice it.
Third, the surging of the world workers' movement and the rise of the socialist movement encouraged the advanced elements in China to accept Marxism. At the beginning of the 20th century, especially after the First World War, the contradiction between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie in capitalist countries in Europe and America intensified, and workers' movements broke out one after another. For example, Britain went on strike as many as 4000 times in the four years after the war. The number of participants reached five or six million. "In 2009, 1965438+ American workers went on strike more than 3,600 times, with 4 million workers participating. On May 1st of the following year, 1.5 million people took part in the general strike initiated by French railway workers. Liang Qichao, who spent a year in Europe, said: "I see and hear this trend of strikes several times a month. ..... Quite simply, two enemy countries are at war. "In the climax of the world workers' movement, the socialist revolutionary movement rose. After the October Revolution in Russia, revolutions broke out in Finland, Austria, Germany, Hungary and other countries. The climax of this world revolution made China's advanced elements experience the rise and development of the socialist revolution: "In the last twenty years, the workers' movements in various countries have developed, which is in line with Marx's prediction." "Now the world economic organization. Capitalism and even socialism ","In this rising wave of workers' movement, it is inevitable to try to protect the capitalist system, but it is impossible to restrain it ". "Capitalism has become a timely medicine for all the proletariat in the world today. It is only a matter of time before ........................................................................................................." Undoubtedly, the vigorous world workers' movement and the surging tide of socialist revolution have had a "profound influence and strong encouragement" on the advanced elements in China, urging them to accept Marxism and strengthening their belief in it.
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The scientific and practical nature of Marxism is also a factor that can be widely spread in China.
Marxism can scientifically explain nature and human society. China's advanced elements were impressed by its scientific nature after they came into contact with Marxism. Cai Hesen said: "Philosophical thoughts (life philosophy and social philosophy) since Plato's rule are characterized by emphasizing that ideals are more important than life and spirit is more important than matter." Marx's historical materialism ... takes historical materialism as the starting point of life philosophy and social philosophy ... This is really a great event in the history of thought. " Li Dazhao believes: "Historians have always wanted to explain social changes from the upper level, that is, history, regardless of the foundation. That method can't really understand history." "History is placed on the same footing as natural science only because of its historical materialism. These achievements have really opened a new era for historians. " Yang Paoan said. Socialism has never lost its luster in theory and practice. Mao Zedong pointed out that historical materialism conforms to the objective reality, "unlike the rational point of view, which is unprovable and easily shaken".
Marxism has a strong practicality, and China's advanced elements put it into practice immediately after accepting it, and used it to guide the mobilization of workers and peasants and carry out revolutionary struggles. Starting from 1920, early Marxists in China started revolutionary practice under the guidance of Marxism while brewing the establishment of China * * * production party. Li Dazhao organized revolutionaries to investigate the living conditions of workers in Beijing. Deng Zhongxia, Zhang, etc. Publicize railway workers in Changxindian, set up labor cram schools, set up workers' clubs and organize workers. Chen Duxiu and others organized Shanghai workers to commemorate May 1 ST Labor Day, and at the end of the year, they established modern trade unions in China-Shanghai Machinery Trade Union and Printing Trade Union. The revolutionaries in Wuhan first went deep into rickshaws to understand their sufferings, enlighten them and set up trade unions. Lead the strike struggle. 192 1 China * * * After the establishment of the Production Party, under the specific leadership of the Gonghe Secretariat, the Wuhan Party Organization led the strike struggle of Guangdong-China railway workers. Li and others mobilized Anyuan road and mine workers to form trade unions and carry out strike struggle. Wang Jinmei and Deng Enge launched the workers' movement in Jinan, Qingdao, Ji Jiao and Gimpo. Han and others work among workers in Tianjin and other places. Deng Pei and Liang work among Tangshan railway workers. Ruan Xiaoxian and Liu Ersong went deep into Guangzhou to publicize and organize activities among workers in various industries. With their efforts, from the beginning of 1922 to February of 1923, the first climax of the workers' movement in China was set off, and 100 strikes were held all over the country. Shen and others launched peasant movements in Yaqian, Xiaoshan, Zhejiang, Pengpai, Haifeng, Guangdong, Liu and Xie Huaide, Hengshan, Hunan, and soon launched poor peasants, organized peasant associations and launched a struggle to reduce rents and interest rates. This is the beginning of the modern workers and peasants movement in China, which proves the scientific and practical nature of Marxism with living facts. It is a sharp ideological weapon to guide the revolutionary struggle. On the other hand, other social theories, such as anarchism, new village doctrine, cooperation and Kilt socialism, were all the rage during the May 4th Movement and were "favored" by many people. People who believe in anarchism set up groups and publish publications all over the country for publicity. Young intellectuals who believe in New Village Doctrine and Cooperative Doctrine have set up "Work-study Mutual Aid Group" and conducted experiments in Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Changsha and Guangzhou. However, these activities either failed quickly or gradually disappeared. The fundamental reason is that these theories lack scientificity and practicality. The blueprint for transforming society constructed by these theories is like a mirage.
The widespread spread of Marxism in China is also inseparable from the propaganda and practical efforts of China Marxists. Since the May 4th Movement, China Marxists, with tenacious fighting spirit and high degree of dedication, have combined Marxism with the concrete practice of the China Revolution, made efforts to spread Marxism and practice Marxism, and gradually developed the revolutionary movement, and the China * * * production party has continued to grow and develop. The development of revolutionary movement and the growth of Chinese production party.
As can be seen from the above, many factors have contributed to the widespread spread of Marxism in China since the May 4th Movement. All the conditions for the spread of Marxism in China have been met, and the October Revolution and other favorable international factors have had an important impact. At the same time, Marxists in China have made unremitting propaganda and practice. In this way, Marxism has been widely spread in China. Bloom and bear fruit. Engels once brilliantly pointed out: "History is created in this way, and the final result comes from the conflict of many individuals' will, and each of them has become what it is because of many special living conditions. In this way, there are countless intertwined forces, countless parallelogram forces, and a total result is produced. That is, historical events This result can be regarded as a product of the whole, which has played a role unconsciously and involuntarily. " In a word, the widespread spread of Marxism in China is the result of the development of China's modern history. It must be pointed out that from the perspective of dialectical materialism, among many factors contributing to the widespread spread of Marxism in China, the domestic factors in China and the hard work and practice of Marxists in China are the first and decisive. The influence of Russian October Revolution and other international conditions are important, but these factors are secondary and can only work through China's domestic conditions. The problem is simple: the October Revolution and the socialist movement at that time affected the whole world, not just China. However, the widespread spread of Marxism in China is obviously mainly rooted in China's domestic conditions. It is worthless to say that the proletarian movement was "transplanted from Russia" by China.