In his reign, the great emperor. Father Sun Jian. Sun Quan didn't pay much attention to filial piety, so he raised Cai Mao and became the leader of the righteous. Follow my brother Sun Ce to conquer Jiangdong. Han Jian 'an Five Years (Ⅱ) 200
After Sun Ce's death, with the assistance of Zhang Zhao, Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu and others, Jiangdong area was successfully unified. He accepts talents, and Lu Su and Zhu Gejin are his guests. In the thirteenth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao seized Jingzhou and went down the river. Sun Quan gave up the idea of ministers surrendering, and appointed Zhou Yu and Zhou Yu as the left and right governors, each with 10,000 men, and joined forces with Liu Bei to form a joint army of Sun and Liu, which was defeated in Chibi. After Sun Quan's victory in Battle of Red Cliffs, he relied on the natural barrier of the Yangtze River to repel Cao Wei's attacks in the north many times. Cao Pi built Wei on behalf of Han Dynasty, and Sun Quan was a vassal on the surface, striving for time to consolidate the political foundation. In the second year of Wei Huang (22 1), he accepted the title of Wei Guo, which was called in Wuchang (now Sun Yicheng, Hubei). Huanglong proclaimed himself emperor in the first year, established Wuchang as its capital, and then moved to Jianye (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), ruling Jiangdong for more than 50 years. By eliminating separatist forces, ethnic minorities were pacified and surrendered, and their jurisdiction extended from Jiangdong to the vast areas equivalent to Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hunan today. These areas have been in a state of division since the end of the Han Dynasty, and then they have been reunified, and their social economy has been restored and developed.
Sun Quan accepted Lu Su's suggestion and adopted the basic policy of uniting Shu and Han to defend Cao Wei. Later, due to the capture of Jingzhou and the killing of Guan Yu, the two sides disagreed, and Liu Bei led the army to take revenge. The battle of Yiling broke out and Liu Bei was defeated. However, due to the need to fight against Cao Wei, the Wu-Shu alliance was restored. For a long time, he was unmoved by rumors and firmly believed that Shu Han would not betray the alliance. The long-term reconciliation between Wu and Shu contained Cao Wei's attack.
Sun Quan attributed the credit to the powerful people who crossed the river to the south, and at the same time, he did not stick to one pattern for those who were really talented and poor, and paid attention to promotion. Later, according to the characteristics of the south, it gradually joined forces with the landlords of Haozu in Jiangdong, especially in Wu Jun, and entrusted them with important positions. These gentry landlords are located in the economically developed areas of Taihu Lake basin, with strong influence and deep roots. Seeing that Sun Quan could protect his own interests, they also gave him sincere loyalty and full support.
Sun Quan developed the economy by protecting private feudal land ownership, and gave part of the "raw mouth" of conquering Shanyue as a trilogy and a part of tenant farmers to the heroes of big landlords and aristocratic families. Hereditary leaders are allowed, and their tenants are exempted from corvee and military service. It is called repeat customer system. In the Taihu Lake Basin, where the labor force is tight, this is an effective measure to compromise with the landlords of the Hao nationality and promote economic development.
Sun Quan monopolized the power and used it seriously. In order to prevent political influence, local governors are forbidden to attend official funerals without authorization, and offenders will be executed. In his later years, contradictions within the Wu ruling clique intensified, the prince and Pakistan attacked each other, and courtiers were divided into two factions, brewing a serious ruling crisis. He flatly abolished the prince, killed Ba, severely punished a number of courtiers, and set up a son as the prince, which eased the contradiction.
Sun Quan's Rule over the State of Wu
I. Sun Quan's appointment
As mentioned earlier, since Sun Quan took office, Wu has won several major battles, such as Battle of Red Cliffs, attacking Jingzhou, Yiling and pacifying diplomatic relations. Therefore, Sun Quan not only saved Jiangdong, but also expanded a lot of territory. Sun Quan's success is inseparable from his good at employing people. The fourth chapter of this book mentions the early establishment of Sun Quan. In order to stabilize the situation, he paid great attention to recruiting talents. Here, we will continue to analyze Sun Quan's employment profile and characteristics in more detail. Throughout Sun Quan's employment, he has the following advantages:
(1) Be good at identifying, cultivating and reusing outstanding talents. In wartime, generals who can conquer enemy territory are naturally rich in military strategies. Sun Wu's outstanding generals are not inferior to Wei and Shu. Zhou Yu, Lu Su, Lu Meng and Lu Xun are called "four generals of Sun Wu". Among them, Zhou Yu is the most famous. He was appreciated and valued when he was in Sun Ce. Zhou Yu is as enterprising as Sun Ce. After Sun Ce's death, Sun Quan succeeded to the throne when he was young, and became the mother of Wu Quan, making him serve his younger brother. More than "as a heart, and as a pawn". Yu is not as narrow-minded as described in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The History of the Three Kingdoms (54 volumes) and Biography of Zhou Yu say that Yu is "generous in character and has a high success rate, but he is not harmonious with others". "Biography of Yu" quoted "Biography of Jiang Biao" as saying:
Pu is quite old, and several tombs are insulting. Yu's festival will be tolerated, and he will not be with the school. After the general self-weight and pro-value. But he said to people, "You won't get drunk if you drink with friends from Zhou Jin's bus."
It can be seen that Zhou Yu is cultivated and can get along with colleagues with an open mind.
Lu Su and Zhou Yu have long been married, which determines the difference between overseas Chinese and Zagreb. Zhou Yu recommended Lu Su to Sun Quan twice. For the first time, "when recommending Su Cai as a suitable assistant, we should solicit extensively so as to have a successful career and not let him go." The second time, when he died, he was given the right to say "Lu Su is resourceful and begging for his position". But the reason why Sun Quan reused Su is not only because of Yu's introduction, but also because he has a deep appreciation of Su, such as The Three Kingdoms (Volume 54) and The Biography of Lu Su:
On the right is to see Sue ... I am very satisfied with this language ... Because of the secret discussion, I said, "... I inherited my father's career alone, and I think I have the credit of Huan Wen. Since you patronize, how can I help? "Su Dui said," ... for General Cao's sake, he can't be killed, but he will set foot on the east of the Yangtze River to see the gap between the human beings ... to destroy Huang Zu and attack Liu Biao, and the Yangtze River is so extreme that he can build an emperor to seize the world. This is also a matter of Gaudi. "
Above, Lu Su proposed to Sun Quan the strategic plan of "entering Jingzhou, relying entirely on the Yangtze River and seeking the world", which is similar to Zhuge Liang's "Longzhong Dui", but not so detailed. Zhang Zhao, a minister and celebrity at that time, didn't like Lu Su's ambition and said to Quan, "Young and ignorant, you can't be appointed." . Power does not take words for granted, but pays more attention to Sue. Chen shou in the reflection, volume 54, Lu Su Biography, commented that:
Tso Gong used the wealth of the Han Dynasty, and with the help of the emperor, he swept away Jie Group and confronted Eastern Xia in a new way. At that time, everyone who discussed this matter was suspicious. Zhou Yu and Lu Su built an arbitrary knowledge, which made everyone's desk all over the place. It was really a wizard.
Both Zhou Yu and Lu Su are courageous, but Sun Quan can reuse them, which shows that power can also be very useful to people.
Lv Meng was born in poverty. At the age of fifteen or sixteen, in order to get rid of poverty, he secretly attacked his brother-in-law Deng. Later in his teens, he was appreciated and promoted by Sun Quan for his "military practice" and "meritorious service". In many wars with Cao Cao, and in the war for Jingzhou, Meng Du showed extraordinary military strategy. Chen shou in the reflection volume 54 "Lv Meng biography" comments said:
Lv Meng is brave and resourceful, but he knows nothing about military tactics. He is the best. At first, it was suicide, and finally it was self-denial. It was a national hero. Is it just a military commander?
Lv Meng's brilliant plan cannot be separated from Sun Quan's careful cultivation. Mongolia had no culture at that time. "If you don't write a book, every major event will be ignored." Meng Zhuan quoted Jiang Biao Zhuan:
When Quan Chu said Meng, Jiang Qin said, "Qing is in charge now, so you should learn from yourself." Meng said, "I often suffered a lot in the army, so I'm afraid I can't go back to school." "Do you want to be a doctor alone? But when the season is over, I can see the past. If you feel lonely when talking about many things, you will feel lonely ... since the unification of things, you have kept three histories and various military books. I think I did a lot of good things. If it is two people, you will be enlightened and you will learn. Why not do it? I should read Sun Tzu's Art of War, Six Towers, Zuo Zhuan, Mandarin and Three History urgently ... I have been studying since I was a child, and my ambition is tireless. What I have seen and heard is incomparable to old Confucianism.
After studying hard, Lv Meng talked with Lu Su, which embarrassed Su Imagination. Lu Su said these two idioms: "Go to Amon without going back to Wu" and "I will be more impressed if I don't stay for three days" (2). Sun Quan often sighs: "People's long-term benefits, such as Jiang Qin, are unattainable."
In addition to Zhou Yu, Lu Su, Lu Meng and Lu Xun, Wu Dong's main generals include Lv Dai who made meritorious service in Jiaozhou. At that time, Lv Dai was only acting as a small official of Wuxian Xiancheng, because "the law should be asked, and he called it right". After promotion, I defended Jiaozhou twice, which was very effective. "Zi Tong Zhi Jian" Hu Sansheng commented: "Being in a foreign country is like Lv Dai; The person who entrusts respect to others should be regarded as Sun Quan. Sun Quan is good at teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.
(2) To a certain extent, under certain circumstances, people can be "effective", neither supercilious nor supercilious, regardless of old grievances, not seeking perfection. During the reign of Sun Yun, Lu Kai praised Sun Quan for his "supercilious" but "fruitful" employment. Judging from Sun Quan's employment situation, it is also true. The so-called "pull in Rongxing, know Pan Jun in Lubu". Other Chen Wu, such as Pan Zhang, Ding Feng, Guli, Ding Lan, Kan Ze and Buzhi. , all from humble origins, or loyal to Sun Shi, or do a little better, or learn well, have been appreciated and promoted by Sun Quan. Another example is Zhou Tai, who was born in a "poor family". He was authorized as a Pinglu general, commanding the generals to guard the riverside area-ruxu. Zhu Ran, Xu Sheng and others refused to accept Zhou Tai, so Sun Quan "went to your virtual dock and was very happy to see people. Quanzi drank wine and went to Thailand, ordering Thailand to undress. Izumi pointed to his scar and asked him what he had done. He remembers that he fought in the past. After that, the messenger took the clothes and feasted all night. Tomorrow, the emissary will be granted royal status. Therefore, the first class is all V "(5) General Chen Wu was killed in the battle of Hefei, and illegitimate children Zhuge Ke, Gu Tan, succeeded to the throne. Chen Shou commented in the biography of Chen Biao, Volume 55 of the History of the Three Kingdoms: "Chen Biao will support his family and stand on an equal footing with celebrities. Isn't it beautiful! " According to the social atmosphere at that time, military men and illegitimate children were looked down upon by scholars. As a breadwinner, Chen Biao is also valued as a celebrity. According to the reflection volume 5 1 biography of imperial clan sun Huan, the biography of Jiang Biao is quoted:
At the beginning, the power was in Wuchang, and I wanted to return the capital to Jianye, but I was worried about going back two thousand miles by water. There was a policeman once, and I didn't go with him, so I was suspicious. When it comes to the throat, it is necessary to discuss it with hundreds of officials in the dock. The imperial edict said, "A general should not be confined to his post. Those who have plans speak for the country. " All the generals, whether Chen Yi or the right person to reset the iron lock, think that this is not a plan. At that time, Sean, a teenager, was not famous yet, so he stepped onto the table and said, "I have heard that' sweet bait attracts spring fish, and a lot of money is spent on warriors'. Now I should know the reward and punishment letter on the tree. Sending a general into the river to compete with the enemy for profit, the situation is given, and he dare not do it. Wuchang has 10,000 elite soldiers, and those who are both wise and brave are appointed generals, which often makes them uniform. Once there is a policeman, answer and go. As a water city, there are thousands of light boats, and they are all suitable for use. In this way, if you open the door and delay the enemy, the enemy will not come. " The beam is the best weight, that is, it exceeds the position of the beam. After that, I went to Zhong Mian with a little achievement.
As can be seen from the above, Sun Quan is quite able to brainstorm, choose good and follow, regardless of seniority, so he can find talents, make an exception and promote them, and even entrust them with important tasks.
Sun Quan can sometimes choose people who have no resentment. For example, Gan Ning originally belonged to Huang Zu, and once shot General Wu, but later he abdicated his power, so that his son Ling Tong could not harm Gan Ning because of his father's revenge. Therefore, I would rather show my strength and make a contribution. Liu You and Sun Ce, the former Yangzhou secretariat, used to be "enemies", but Liu Ji, the son of Liu You, was authorized to "love and respect". One day, it suddenly rained heavily on the right to dine with ministers on the boat, and Quan Geji was ordered to come. No one can get such preferential treatment. Low officials despise Lu Xun and divide history (1). The ability to reuse talents from former enemy countries is best reflected in his use of Pan Jun. Pan Jun was originally Liu Bei's, but he failed to make the best use of it. The reflection (volume 6 1) and the biography of Pan Jun quoted the biography of Jiang Biao;
Quanke Jingzhou, all the officials attached it, but Xun said that the disease had not been seen. The right to send people home to sleep. I sat face down on the bed and couldn't help crying. The right to comfort and talk, ... make public and wipe his face with a towel. I went underground to thank humbly, just thinking that the military in Jingzhou would consult.
At that time, other Jingzhou generals, such as Hao Pu, Mi Fang and Shi Ren, were demoted, and only Pan Jun was authorized. Because Pan Junde has both ability and political integrity, he has the right to receive him humbly. Later, Pan Jun and Lu Xun "were both stationed in Wuchang and were in charge of * * *". Become one of the most important ministers. Jun is the aunt and brother of General Jiang Wan. Someone said to Quan, "Your secret emissary heard that he wanted to stand on his own feet." Quan immediately retorted: "Cheng Ming is not for this." So he demoted the man to an official. Quan Zeng ordered Jun to "attract 50,000 people to discuss the barbarians in Wuling" (2). The number of troops led by Xun reached so much that it can be seen that Sun Quan dared to let go of the use of generals. Judging from the use of the monarch, the power is still superior to Liu Bei. If Cao Jun had replaced Guan Yu in Jingzhou, he might not have suffered such a terrible defeat.
Sun Quan can use his own strengths on his subordinates without seeking perfection. For example, Hu Zong, who is in charge of secret affairs in the military, said: "Sex is addicted to alcohol, and after drinking, I am very happy ... fighting everywhere. The right to love talents is the responsibility of Buddha "(3). Another example is General Lv Fan, who said that "clothing was luxurious at that time, but he was diligent in serving the law, so he had the right to be loyal, so don't blame his extravagance". Other generals, such as Ling Tong, Pan Zhang, Gan Ning, Huan Zhu, etc., are good at fighting, or arrogant and illegal, or violent killings, all of which have their shortcomings to show their use. Therefore, Chen Shou commented at the end of Volume 55 of Biography of Cheng Huang, Han Jiang, etc.: "The History of the Three Kingdoms" said: "If Pan Zhang lacks self-cultivation, he will forget his merits and protect the southeast. Very suitable! "
(3) It is best to listen to negative opinions and use the wisdom of the masses. The reflection, Wu Zhuchuan volume 47 cited "Jiang Biao biography" yue:
There is no white fox in the world, only white fur, which is accumulated by everyone. ..... So, if you can use all your strength, you will be invincible in the world. If you can use all your wisdom, you will be fearless of saints.
Because the above words are quite reasonable, some people suspect that non-power can say 6. Judging from Sun Quan's poets and literati, he can still say such things. At the end of the forty-eight biographies of three heirs in the center of the country, Lu Ji's "theory of death" is called Sun Quan:
Seeking wisdom is better than seeking wisdom ... pushing honest people, ... pretending to be false, in order to accept consultants. Therefore, Lu Su took care of himself, while Shi Xie took risks and worked for him. Publicize the virtues of the masses, but save the entertainment of the field. The words of sage Zhuge cut the joy of lust. Feel the rules of Duke Lu, but get rid of the troubles of criminal politics. Liu Ji made an oath of three masters, holding his breath and stumbling, in order to care for the illness of the Ming Dynasty, and also to care for the loneliness of Ling Tong ... It is based on loyalty and ministers, and people with lofty ideals are salty.
Zhao Yi's "Notes on the Second History of Winning", Volume 7, "The Three Kingdoms Owners Choose Different People" also said:
Liu Bei attacked Wu, or said that he had sent people to Shu, and Quan Yue said:
"Loneliness is difficult to live and die with Zi Yu. Zi Yu is not lonely, but he is still lonely." Tonghe, who lives in Xiling, Luxun Town, has the right to seal up Luxun's office. Every time I write a letter with Liu Chan and Zhuge Liang, he often makes a statement. If he is unhappy, he will change it and seal it. Is there anyone who doesn't realize what happened on such a date and is exhausted? Power will not defend itself. Power wanted to send Zhang Mi and Yan Xu to Liaodong and seal Gongsun Yuan. Zhang didn't listen, Mi was killed by Yuan. The right to be ashamed to thank Zhao can't help but show it. Because of the right to call Zhao through the door, Zhao still resigned from his illness. The right to burn the door for fear, Zhao Geng closes the door, and the right to put out the fire. Having been under the door for a long time, Zhao returned to the palace and felt deeply responsible. If, like Yuan Shao, you don't use a giant hand (such as Tian Feng), you will be laughed at and killed if you are defeated.
Besides what Zhao Yi said above, when Sun Quan was ready to attack Nanjun, he wanted his cousin to recruit generals Sun Jiao and Monroe as governors. Lv Meng said: "If the Supreme can collect energy, it should be used; Be able to use it properly. Yesterday, Zhou Yu and Cheng Pu attacked Jiangling for the left and right governors. Although Yu has the final say, Pu has been relying on himself for a long time and is a vassal. So, * * * discord, lost several national affairs. This is also the current commandment. " Hearing this, Sun Quan also felt that he had done something wrong. He apologized to Meng and said, "Qing is the chief inspector and Li Jiao is the successor". So Jingzhou and Guan Yu made a smooth decision. It shows that Sun Quan's frank exchange of views with Monroe's ministers and his ability to correct his original improper intentions are one of the reasons why they can defeat the enemy.
From the above description, among the feudal emperors, Sun Quan was one who was good at employing people. But some of Sun Quan's advantages, like Cao Cao's, were mainly manifested in the early days of his rule. In the later period, the dark side of Sun Quan's employment gradually rose, and even made major mistakes. Investigate its reason, in addition to the commonness of feudal rulers, but also from the class status and interests of members of Sun Wu's ruling group to analyze:
When the Sun Shi brothers established their political power in Jiangdong, the Central Plains was devastated by war, and scholars in Jiangbei kept crossing the river to the south. Sun Shi brothers pay great attention to win over scholars from the south. Zhang Zhao and Zhang Hong, who have a certain reputation, took refuge in Sun Ce earlier and were reused. "Ji and Zhang Zhao are both aides, often making one guard and one from the campaign." However, after most scholars fled to Jiangnan, the situation was still quite difficult. Such as Bu Zhi, Wei Jing and Zhu Gejin. But they were lucky enough to vote for the shogunate of Sun Quan. Other literati who went south suffered from "upside down" and "lack of dross", and there were many places where the rich in local governments needed to take in relief workers. In order to regain land and property and seek a political way out, they also tried their best to take refuge in and be loyal to the rulers of Sun Shi. In order to strengthen themselves, Sun Shi rulers must also attract talents to resist the strong military pressure from the north, and they are naturally willing to absorb talents and celebrities in Jiangbei. In view of this, the landlords who went south became the backbone of the Sun Shi regime.
Since the Han Dynasty, scholars in the south of the Yangtze River have gradually increased, but until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, scholars in the south of the Yangtze River were still despised by scholars in the Central Plains. For example, Yu Fan, a native of Huiji County, sent the Book of Changes to Kong Rong, and replied: "He who knows the beauty of the southeast does not remember bamboo arrows"; Zhuge Liang praised Li Yin, the envoy of the State of Wu, and said, "I didn't expect Wei Qi to exist in Wu Dong." . It shows that the central plains literati's evaluation of Jiangdong scholars is still low. The establishment of Sun Shi regime undoubtedly brought a good opportunity for scholars in Jiangdong to become officials. Therefore, it goes without saying that the landlords in the south of the Yangtze River are willing to support Sun Shi. With the long-term rule of Sun Quan, the position and power of the scholars in the south of the Yangtze River in the Sun Shi regime are also growing. Such as Gu Yong, Zhi Zhu, Zhu Ran, Zhu Ju, Lu Xun, Liu Huan, Quan Cong and Pan Jun, all of whom are leaders and have outstanding children.
Sun's group, in addition to the literati north of the Yangtze River, also has a large family. At the beginning of Sun Jian Uprising, his younger brother Sun Jing "corrected five or six hundred people in rural songs and imperial clan to protect them". It shows that the Sun Shi family is still very powerful in the local area. Chen Shouyan's grandchildren "praised the beginning of the inheritance, or ruled the border." Although Sun Quan did not give the clan extra power, he gave priority to the clan.
In the early days of Sun Quan's rule, when the enemy was in the current situation, both the monarch and the minister demanded the preservation of Jiangnan, so the internal coordination was relatively harmonious and the contradictions were not obvious. After the three-point situation is roughly determined, with the reduction of external pressure, the internal long-term accumulated contradictions are increasingly exposed. Furthermore, for a long time after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the economic and political power of the civil and military ministers and the Sun Shi family gradually expanded. In line with this, they are becoming more and more corrupt and arrogant. Although they didn't do anything, they defeated the enemy, expanded their territory, obstructed others' reform and rejected dissidents, but they were arrogant. The growth of these negative factors in the ruling group of Wu State is also reflected in Sun Quan, which gradually makes him lose his enterprising spirit and his thirst for talents is not as good as before. Coupled with Sun Quan's advanced age, various concerns behind him, such as the succession to the throne and the reliability of the current minister, are increasingly entangled in his mind. As a result, the way Sun Quan controlled ministers and the attitude of employing people gradually lost its original brilliance. Sun Quan's "only when you have something can you have a plan" finally became Sun Quan's "jealousy is the result of killing people" and "as for what you say and do, Yin Si was abolished and killed". In the later period of Sun Quan and the Wu State behind him, they finally fell into a dynasty with fierce factional struggles and dark and brutal politics.
Second, the events of Zhang Wen, Ji Yan and Lu Yi
Zhang Wen, a native of Wuxian, was born by his father Yun. He values wealth more than people. His name is Zhou Xianjun. He was named Sun and Cao Mao. Wen Shaoxiu's moral integrity, "outstanding talents stand out." Hearing this, Sun Quan asked Gong Qing, "Who does Wen compare with now?" Gu Yong, the minister, thinks that "there is no generation today". Sun Quan's words are right, the audience is inclined, and there is the right to change the courtesy ... It is very reliable to worship Lang, choose Cao Shangshu, and move to be a prince and a teacher. Huang Wu was in the third year (224), and Zhang Wen was thirty-two years old, assisting the corps commander to levy Shu. You said, "You shouldn't go far away, for fear that you won't know me, so you will understand Cao Shi, so Qu Qing went." After Wen arrived in Shu, "Shu is very expensive." Even the attache Li Yin is highly valued by Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang also married Wen "well" [2]. But since then, Sun Quan's views on Zhang Wen have deteriorated rapidly. "Power is called Meishu Mansion, but it doesn't respect its name, confusing the public, fearing that it will not be used for its own use and will be slandered." . Just then, something happened. Ji Yan tried to reform some shortcomings in the official election. The cause of the incident was that Zhang Wen recommended Wu Jun, Yan Wei Cao Lang and Shang Shu as important officials. Ji Yan was conceited, refused to follow the crowd, liked to discuss things clearly and judge people, in an attempt to reform the bad habits of ignorance, partiality and confusion in talent selection at that time. So he "catapulted a hundred people, chose three, dropped the rate, lost the number, and so on." And those who keep the old habits fail to become one, while those who are greedy and humble and those who are determined to be dirty and humble. As a result, many people opposed it. They complained in front of Sun Quan in various ways. " It is not an axiom to fight for words and choose Cao Lang and Xu Biao for personal gain. Yan Hebiao committed suicide by sitting.
As Ji Yan was recommended by Zhang Wen, this case became an excuse for Sun Quan to accuse Zhang Wen. Sun Quan put Wen in prison on the grounds that "Wen Su agreed with Yan and Biao to hand in several books". Sun quan also ordered that:
I called Zhang Wen yesterday, and I cured him. I have a program. I have an old minister. What I want is fierce, ugly and disloyal ... whether the face is advancing or retreating, it is warm and superficial. * * * is a tepid party, but it is flawed. It is a life theory ... aimed at showing off Jia Guoen and slapping him for his own situation. I can't bear the violence in the city, and I'm going to punish my fellow officials in the county. Well, I'm glad I was exempted from punishment! ①
General Luo Tong is quite unfair to Zhang Wen of Sun Quan. The above table is Wen Li Shen, who refuted the charges imposed on Zhang by Sun Quan one by one. As a minister, it is natural for him to state his opinions in front of the autocratic monarch, not to mention that Luo Tong is a man with both ability and political integrity. We can believe that Luo Tong's statement has its basis, but Sun Quan's accusation of Zhang Wen is untenable. According to Zhang Wenchuan's Notes on Records of Meetings, "Zhuge Liang was defeated when he heard this, and I don't know why. He thought for a few days and said,' I see, he is too clear and too bright, and good and evil are too divided'. Chen Shou commented in Zhang Wenchuan: "Zhang Wencai is brilliant, but he is unprepared for his wisdom, so it is troublesome to use it." It can be seen that Zhang Wen's failure was not because he did anything wrong, but because he dared to fight against bad phenomena, which aroused the opposition of powerful and huge conservatives. As for the failure of Ji Yan's reform determination, the same is true. When Ji Yan, regardless of personal gains and losses, was determined to eliminate greed, famous officials such as Lu Xun, Zhu Ju and Liu Xun dissuaded her, thinking that things could not be done, which would lead to disaster. Lu Xun and others consider the possibility of reform and personal interests. Ji Yan only considers refreshing the political style, regardless of personal safety gains and losses. Therefore, Zhang Hehe's failure can only show that (1) Sun Quan's ruling group has fallen into despair, and even those who are determined to reform are powerless; (2) The History of the Three Kingdoms, Volume 55, Biography of Chen Biao, said: "In the case of post-adultery, when people protect themselves, they are honest and thin, so scholars attach great importance to it." It can be seen that Ji Yan is not only not a bad person, but also sympathizes with the gentleman; (3) The misfortune of Zhang Wen and Ji Yan once again shows that in the later period of Sun Quan's rule, Sun Quan's advantages in employing people have been gradually replaced by shortcomings.
At the same time, the Coco incident also reflected the disharmony and contradiction within Sun Wu Group. The reflection, Volume 52, Biography of Gu Yong, contains:
Coco and Qin Bo are China's books, which are used to proofread official and county documents. As a result, the first class has gradually become a blessing, so they regard it as a privilege to blame obstacles, punish rape, punish punishment, blame ministers, destroy ministers and trap innocent people.
With the volume "Oracle Biography" also said:
Later, Lu Yi corrected many documents. Shu Shang said, "I'm afraid of the subtlety of the classics and find fault with them. Serious crimes are deeply false, trying to trap people, making me a blessing, innocent, and severely punished, making the people's bureau devastated. Who doesn't tremble! "
According to the above two records, Sun Quan used Lu Yi and others as the school affairs supervision picket minister. These school affairs are also eager to cater to rights and interests, causing opposition from ministers. At that time, besides Bu Zhi, Prince Sun Deng, General Lu Xun and Taichang Pan Jun told Sun many times that Lu Yi's treachery was harmful. Pan Jun even wanted to kill Lu Yi himself at a public banquet, preferring to do it himself. Another official, Yang Li, and his minister, * * *, recommended eloquent businessmen to expose their betrayal of Sun Quan. Coco was finally killed for exposing Zhu Ju's corruption. The story goes like this: It turns out that Zhu Ju's trilogy was charged 30,000 Jin, and the craftsman Wang Sui kept it for himself. Coco suspected Zhu Ju was corrupt, so he interrogated the official in charge of Zhu Ju's trilogy, who was beaten to death. Zhu Ju pitied the official and buried him thick. Coco saw that Zhu Ju was so kind to the dead, and then accused him of having an affair with the government. It goes without saying that he had to wait for conviction. However, the craftsman Wang Sui cheated from it, and then the matter was exposed. So Sun Quan killed Lu Yi to thank his ministers. Judging from this incident, Coco's mistake is that he didn't find out the truth, that is, he insisted that Zhu Ju was corrupt, which was a corrective action. But it's not just Lu Yi that ministers are against. Bu Zhi believes that "the villain is bound by fate, so it is useless to watch and listen, which is more harmful to the people. I foolishly thought that everything could be saved. " (2) Lu Kai believes that "school affairs are the enemy of the government and the people." (3) that as long as the school affairs are established, the minister will object. All these show that the contradiction between ministers and school affairs is a tortuous embodiment of the contradiction between ministers (big families) and Sun Quan (imperial power). But after all, Sun Quan relied on his ministers to govern the country and attack the enemy. So when the school affairs were caught by the minister, Sun Quan killed him to appease the minister. To put it bluntly, the Coco incident only reflected the contradiction between Sun Quan's speculation and the clan's maintenance of its political and economic privileges.
Third, the heir to the throne and the death of Lu Xun.
In the second year of Wei Wendi (22 1), Sun Quan was the king of Wu, and the eldest son was the prince. In the first year of Huanglong (229), he proclaimed himself emperor and became the Crown Prince. The Crown Prince is Zhuge Ke, Zhang Xiu, Gu Tan and Chen Biao. Guests include Xie Jing, Fan Shen, Diao Xuan and Yang Yan. So the East Palace is the toast. Deng's biological mother is so humble that even her surname has not appeared in the history books. Mrs. Wang, whom Sun Quan loves, gives birth to harmony, and Deng often makes harmony. Sun Quan died in Chiwu for four years (24 1 year). In the second year, Quan Lihe became a prince, and soon he was named King Lu. Power loves tyrants more than peace, and the treatment of tyrants is no different from that of princes. Therefore, ministers are divided into two parts. More decent ministers such as Lu Xun, Zhuge Ke, Gu Tan, Zhu Ju, Huang Qu, Teng Yin, historical records, Ding Mi, etc. Maintenance of the crown prince, and princess Lu Ban (the eldest daughter of Sun Quan's favorite wife, married to Quan Cong), Quan Ji, Yang Zhu, Wu An, etc. Want to rely on Lu Wang for political benefits. On one occasion, Quan was ill, so he sent his prince to pray at the Sun Ce Temple in Wang Huan, Changsha. His uncle's house is close to the temple, so he invited the prince to his house. Hearing this, Princess Luban paid tribute to Sun Quan, saying that the prince did not go to the temple to pray, but went to the princess's house to discuss it. Therefore, the competition between the ministers of the two factions is more intense. Sun Quan believes that "children are not at peace, subordinates are not at peace ... standing alone, peace is not chaotic". Is to abolish the prince and give Pakistan the death penalty. My beloved Mrs. Pan's children and grandchildren Liang was named Prince.
The above is not just a question of who is the prince, but a reflection of the complex contradictions within Sun Quan's ruling group. One of the most prominent examples can be illustrated by the relationship between Lu Xun and Sun Quan. As mentioned earlier, Lu Xun was a minister who followed Sun Quan for a long time and made great contributions. Sun Quan married Sun Ce's daughter to Lu Xun earlier. After Monroe's death, Lu Xun became the main pillar of resisting Wei and Shu. However, Sun Quan's reuse of Lu Xun was mainly in the military aspect, and he never gave Lu Xun military and political power. Finally, when Gu Yong was appointed as Prime Minister, he said verbally, "Those who have made outstanding contributions will be favored by Everbright, and those who are talented in civil and military affairs will bear the weight of the country.". But the fact is: Sun Quan did not listen to Lu Xun's repeated exhortations, did not protect the prince, did not surrender the king of Lu, and exiled Lu Xun's nephews Gu Tan, Gu Cheng and Yao Xin successively to punish my wife who was closely related to Lu Xun. Sun Quan is even more "tired of sending the middle duty to the son", making the son "angry and anxious to die". Forced Lu Xun to death.
The reason why Sun Quan forced Lu Xun to die is not only the problem of Xunzi protecting the monarch, but also the most important crux lies in Sun Quan's belief that Xunzi has threatened his rule. According to the situation at that time, all suspicious, forcing death for four reasons:
(1) Xun, a great family in the world, chose Cao Shangshu from Zukang, Lujiang Taishou, Kang and Yulin Taishou, and made great achievements. Sun, a captain of Jianwu, Yin, secretariat of Jiaozhou. Gu Shao is the son of Gu Yong, the satrap, and his nephew with outstanding achievements. Gu Shaozi Tan, the nephew of Lu Xun, was appointed as the left section chief and served as the conductor. Tan Dicheng, General Wei Fen. Sun's nephew, too diligent. It can be seen that Xun's in-laws are very prominent, which is one of the reasons why Sun Quan is jealous of Xun.
(2) After Monroe's death, Johnson has been guarding Wuchang and enjoyed a high reputation. Wu Guoquan, from Prince Deng to Buzhi, Zhu Gejin, Pan Jun and Zhu Ju. They all made friends with Xun, especially the monarch Gao Zhen. By the late period of Sun Quan's rule, the territory of the Three Kingdoms had been roughly demarcated. Although the strength of external attack was insufficient, there were many rules. Even without inferiority, you can cross the river to protect yourself. There is no great danger. So power only made Johnson prime minister for a few days, and then quietly forced him to death by establishing a prince.
(3) Sun Quan is a plan behind him, fearing that the heirs can't control Xun, so the more Xun and others support the prince, the more confused Sun Quan is. Just before forcing Johnson to die, cut off his pro-party. Later, although Sun Quan made his youngest son a prince, he chose Zhuge Ke, an expatriate family with shallow seniority and thin social relations. It can be seen that Sun Quan did not want to choose an assistant from the thriving Jiangdong family such as Lu and Gu. According to historical records, Sun Quan was deeply saddened by the deaths of Monroe, Ling Tong and Zhu Ran, who had low educational level. But he not only forced Xun to death, but also chased Xun Zi to resist. This is not because of doubt, or what?
(4) There is another factor that is not easy to be discovered, that is, when I was Sun Ce's husband, I had the right to marry my daughter at first, of course, in order to strengthen the relationship between the monarch and the minister, but when I was in charge of Gao Zhen, this marriage became a negative factor in the relationship between the two sides. The whole Jiangdong inheritance was originally inherited from the elder brother Ce, but the whole countermeasure was not treated like his own son, so Chen Shou thought that the whole countermeasure was abused. Shou commented in the Biography of Sun Ce: "The separatist regime in Jiangdong is the foundation of the policy, but the power has not been respected, and the son has stopped waiting, and it is easy to be frugal." Sun Sheng also defended this right, believing that it was to "vindicate the name, consolidate the foundation, make the noble and the humble extremely beautiful, and then the country would not be responsible for the mausoleum, and the heirs would be suspected". Sun Sheng's view is pedantic and impractical. He has the right to appoint Sun He as a prince, and he treats Sun Ba excessively, making him covet the throne of the prince. What else can we talk about "correcting the name and consolidating the foundation, making the position different" Although Sun Quan's sons were all kings when they were children, Ce Zi was a lifelong courtier. What is not mistreatment? At this point, even the whole oneself is not without guilt. The history book says, "King Wu was ill and sent a prince to pray at Wang Huan Temple in Changsha". All of them are sick, but they don't pray to their father, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, but rather pray to their brother, which shows how they feel in their hearts.