1895, Roosevelt became the police chief of new york city. He served for two years and carried out drastic reforms in the operation of the police station. At that time, the police in new york were very corrupt, and Roosevelt took severe measures: regularly checking fire control facilities; Annual physical examination of police officers; Recruiting new police officers is strictly based on physical and intellectual criteria, not political connections; Recruiting ethnic minorities and female police officers; Closing commercial facilities managed by the police that lead to corruption; Install telephones in all branches and so on. Roosevelt was fascinated by the navy and the history of naval battles since he was a child. During the civil war, both his uncles served in the federal navy. Roosevelt met with US Navy Colonel Mahan at 1880. The influence of sea power on history 1660- 1783, which was published in 1890 to study the relationship between sea power and the rise and fall of great powers. The idea of the supremacy of sea power profoundly influenced the leaders of various countries at that time, and strengthened Roosevelt's belief that only by rapidly expanding the naval power could President william mckinley appoint him as the Deputy Minister of the Admiralty from 65438 to 0897. John long, the secretary of the navy, was ill for a long time and was indifferent to politics, while McGinley was not interested in the navy, so Roosevelt monopolized the power. He devoted himself to the modernization of the navy and greatly improved the shipbuilding capacity of the United States. His work made excellent strategic preparations for the future Spanish-American War.
On February 1898 and 15, the American aircraft carrier Maine was sunk in Havana harbor. Roosevelt thought it was a godsend opportunity to expel Spanish troops from Cuba and the Philippines, although McGinley had no such ambition. The tenth day after the incident was Friday afternoon. John long was temporarily out of the office for some reason, so Roosevelt came forward and issued a combat readiness order to the commander of the naval Caribbean fleet and the fleet moored in Hong Kong. Minister Long has no intention to investigate this ultra vires behavior afterwards. On April 25th, the American Congress declared war on Spain, and the Spanish-American War broke out. The two main fleets of the US Navy are already ready to go, and it is time for Roosevelt to show his talents. The US Navy won decisive victories in Manila Bay and Santiago, Cuba, completely destroying the Spanish ocean fleet. Since then, Spain has become a small role among the great powers. Roosevelt was not content to watch the war from the rear. He quit his civilian job in the Admiralty and formed a legion, including old cowboys in the west and old Ivy League alumni in the east. He was called the first American Volunteer Cavalry Brigade, with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel Pei and was promoted to Colonel. Although he claimed to be a cavalry, Roosevelt was the only one in the army who let Kyle ride a horse. In the two battles in Cuba from 65438 to 0897, the brigade made outstanding achievements. In 200 1 year, Congress posthumously awarded him the Medal of Honor.
After Roosevelt returned from Cuba, he re-entered new york's political arena and was elected governor in 1898. In the general election of 1900, the Republican Party elected him as the vice presidential candidate of McGinley. McGinley won the election and Roosevelt followed him into the White House. However, the idle work of the vice president is obviously boring for people like Roosevelt. During this period, one of his impressive actions was to say a famous saying in a speech that can well reflect his work style: "Warm words are in your mouth, but a big stick is in your hand."
During the presidency
On September 6th, President McGinley was assassinated by anarchists, and he died on September 4th. Roosevelt ascended the throne and became the youngest president in American history. He is the only American president who has not been sworn in by pointing to the Bible. During his first term, he retained the cabinet and basic policies of the former president. After 1904 was re-elected, the political tendency began to lean to the left.
Mediation of coal mine strike
1902, the American miners' union launched a general strike of coal miners, threatening the supply of heating fuel in cities and triggering a national crisis. Roosevelt called a meeting of mine owners and labor leaders at the White House, reached a compromise, shortened working hours from 10 hours to 9 hours a day, and gave workers a salary increase of 10%, ending the 163-day strike.
even bargain
190 1 year, in Roosevelt's first speech to Congress, he asked Congress to legislate to impose reasonable restrictions on the business activities of trust companies. Congress did not take action, but Roosevelt initiated 44 legal proceedings against large enterprises, so people nicknamed him "trusting the animal trainer." His most famous anti-monopoly action was that Northern Securities Company, which monopolized the transportation within the operation scope of large railways including North Atlantic Railway, Quincy Railway and Chicago Railway, was sued. Finally, the Supreme Court ruled that the company violated Sherman's anti-monopoly law with a 5: 4 judgment.
In the presidential election of 1904, Roosevelt died of illness in * * * and his main opponent in the party, which made him easily nominated by the party and won the election.
Industrial standardization
At the beginning of the 20th century, the railway was regarded as a powerful force. Roosevelt believed that the government should strengthen the supervision of railway transportation and collapsed interstate trade, so that Congress passed the Hepburn Act in 1906, which authorized the Interstate Trade Commission to set the upper limit of railway freight, and also prohibited railway companies from transporting goods for their subsidiaries free of charge. At that time, no one expected the challenge of the booming automobile transportation industry to the railway in the future. The bill provided a certain degree of protection for consumers and commercial enterprises. In the same year, he also urged Congress to pass the Food and Drug Purity Act and the Meat Products Supervision Act, inspect livestock and meat processing enterprises and implement mandatory hygiene standards. Congress amended the bill to prevent substandard products from small slaughterhouses from harming the export and domestic markets.
environmental protection
Roosevelt was the first president who had a long-term view on environmental protection, and gained wide support among hunters and fishermen. 1On March 4th, 903, he established the first national bird sanctuary in Florida, which is also the embryonic form of the wildlife sanctuary system. 1905, he urged congress to establish the us forest service to manage state-owned forests and land. Roosevelt built more national parks and nature reserves than all his predecessors combined, with * * *1940,000 acres, and the world-famous Grand Canyon National Park is one of them. He often writes for Outdoor Life magazine, showing the concept of nature conservation and reporting the progress of national parks. He wrote in an article: "Our development is closely related to the resource protection of permanent wealth." He is not an extreme environmentalist and thinks that natural resources should be used effectively and waste should be avoided. 1906, Roosevelt convened a meeting of national governors at the White House to discuss the effective planning, analysis and utilization of water, forests and other natural resources. He ordered the killing of wolves in the kebab forest to protect the deer. Later, the wolves became extinct and the number of deer increased to 100000. However, a large number of deer destroyed the forest, which led to the rapid decrease of vegetation in the kebab forest and the increasing number of deer. A plague drastically reduced the number of deer to 4000. Roosevelt suddenly realized that the wolf he ordered to kill was the protector of the deer population, but he was powerless to save the sky.
diplomatic policy
The diplomacy of the Roosevelt administration was very active. In Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Panama Canal Zone, he used military medical departments to establish public health systems. He built local infrastructure through the army. Roosevelt dramatically expanded the size of the American navy. 1902, the Venezuelan government had financial problems and refused to pay its foreign debt. The Venezuelan crisis broke out when European countries dispatched navies to block their seaports. The American government pursues the Monroe Doctrine and warns European countries not to interfere in Western Hemisphere affairs. Roosevelt ordered the US Navy to patrol Venezuelan waters. Roosevelt introduced a more aggressive "Roosevelt policy" in 1904: in order to prevent third parties from taking action in Latin America, the United States must maintain order in the western hemisphere by itself, and if any country misbehaves, the United States has the right to intervene militarily.
From 65438 to 0905, when the Russo-Japanese War began, Lu Haijun defeated the strong with the weak. Although Roosevelt was uneasy about Russia's ambition in the Far East and greatly appreciated the fighting capacity of the Japanese army, he did not want Japan to dominate the Far East. Roosevelt convened representatives of the two countries to hold peace talks in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. He was fascinated by the role of mediator, coaxed and frightened, and finally made the two countries sign the Portsmouth Treaty. Roosevelt won a great international reputation and won the Nobel Peace Prize of 1906. Later, he arbitrated the distribution of power between Germany and France in Morocco. Some historians believe that these two actions of Roosevelt avoided the world war to some extent.
panama canal
Roosevelt's most outstanding diplomatic achievement was the construction of the Panama Canal, which shortened the waterway voyage between new york and San Francisco by 8,000 miles (about14,000 km). At that time, Panama was a province of Colombia. Colombia and Nicaragua compete for the location of the canal. 1902, Colombia negotiated a treaty with the American government, and the United States paid for the Panama Canal project from France. 188 1 year, France made a failed attempt in Panama.
After the signing of the treaty, the procedure for approval by the Colombian Senate was in trouble. Colombian Senate demands10 million dollars more than the treaty. The American government refused to renegotiate the price, so Colombian politicians put forward a new proposal, kicking out the French company of the third party in the treaty and giving the rest to Colombia. The Colombian Senate deliberately cheated in the negotiations, and Roosevelt was disgusted with cheating French companies.
1903, Roosevelt finally decided to support Panama's independence out of consideration for the interests of the Panama Canal. The war of independence lasted only a few hours, and Colombian soldiers accepted a bribe of $50 each and laid down their weapons. 1903165438+1October 3, the Republic of Panama was born, and the constitution drafted in advance by the United States was adopted. Soon, the United States signed a contract with Panama to own the development and use right of Panama Canal at the price of10 million dollars. The canal project started on 1904 and was completed on 19 14.
Ocean Fleet and Far East Policy
At the end of Roosevelt's second term, he sent a fleet of 16 state-of-the-art warships around the earth, starting from1February 6, 907 and ending at1February 22, 909. Roosevelt showed the world that the US Navy was capable of stepping onto the world stage. This voyage has exerted a subtle influence on the increasingly tense Japan-US relations. After imperial japanese navy defeated the Tsar's fleet in the Russo-Japanese War, the US Navy was weak in the Pacific Ocean. Roosevelt cleverly announced the control of the US Navy in this area. Roosevelt's naval strategy won the respect of the United States in front of the great powers.
1907 12.3 during the annual consultation, Roosevelt asked Congress to authorize the reduction and cancellation of the part of boxer indemnity that exceeded the actual losses, and used the surplus part to finance the education and students' study expenses in China. 1908, the United States returned half of boxer indemnity to China. Part of it was used to establish Tsinghua Preparatory School for Studying in the United States, the predecessor of Tsinghua University. After Tsinghua University founded the school, he named a gymnasium the Roosevelt Memorial Gymnasium.
White house years
Roosevelt has remained the same since he entered the White House. He likes hiking with friends and even cabinet officials, boxing in the White House, playing with children, reading aloud and so on. 1908' s boxing practice made his left eye permanently blind. He was so energetic and interested in many things that an ambassador said helplessly, "Remember, the president is like a six-year-old child." Roosevelt tried to promote the English spelling reform plan, forced the implementation of new pinyin in government documents, and ordered the government printing bureau to adopt new characters. Even the president's official documents on Panama Canal affairs are all in new pinyin. Thanksgiving notice written by new york World News in new pinyin: About three centuries ago, the first immigrants came to this country that has become a great republic. They faced not only hardships and hardships, but also terrible life risks ... kusum (clothing) has now become kum (national) and was abandoned by immune usaj (usage). This reform brought great trouble to the public, and finally he was forced to take back his life. This move has provided many humorous topics for the public.
Alice Longworth, the daughter of Alice Roosevelt, is a person with distinctive personality and is widely criticized. Friends sometimes advise him to take care of his daughter, but he says, "I can be the president of the United States and I can take care of Alice, but I really can't do two things at once." Like father, like daughter, Alice bitterly described her father as pushy. "I can't wait to be a bride at every wedding and a corpse at every funeral."
Set a precedent
Roosevelt set many precedents during his presidency. 190 1 year, a black man (booker T Washington) was invited to the White House for dinner for the first time; Oscar Strauss became the first Jew to be appointed as cabinet minister; After McGinley's assassination, Roosevelt became the first president to receive all-weather protection from the Secret Service. He was the first person to wear a tie on the official portrait of the president, and since then, it has become a dress convention for portraits of American presidents; He is the first person to succeed the president from the vice president and win re-election in the next general election. 1906, Roosevelt became the first American to win the Nobel Peace Prize. In the same year, he visited the Panama Canal Zone, setting a precedent for the current president to visit abroad.
A new member of the Federation
During Roosevelt's term, Oklahoma joined the Union. The Indian reservation in Oklahoma tried to join separately in the name of Sekuanya. 1906 A bill passed by Congress ruled that Oklahoma and Indian territories should join the Union as a state. At the same time, Arizona and New Mexico were ruled to merge into one state. But this part of the bill was rejected by the people of these two States.
Chinese Exclusion Act
After Roosevelt became president, the second decade of the Law on the Implementation of the Provisions of the China Treaty (the Chinese Exclusion Act) passed in 1882 expired. Driven by Roosevelt, the Chinese Exclusion Act was abolished in 1902 and became a permanent bill. It was not until 1943 was abolished under President Roosevelt, and on October 6th, 201654381that the United States Senate passed the belated apology bill to apologize to China people who were insulted and damaged a century ago.