Which party (parent company or subsidiary) is responsible for the violation of local laws by overseas subsidiaries of multinational companies?

Overseas subsidiaries of multinational companies are registered locally, and local laws apply, and locally registered subsidiaries bear legal responsibilities.

According to American overseas investment laws and regulations, if the parent company is listed in the United States and its overseas subsidiaries violate relevant American laws, such as commercial bribery, the parent company will face legal risks in the United States.