37% of Russian mineral resources have been put into industrial development. In the difficult economic times, mining plays an important supporting role in Russia's economic survival. In 1990s, with the decline of mineral resources (excluding diamonds), Russia's mineral resources (including coal, nickel, cobalt, iron, rare metals, platinum, diamonds, apatite, potassium salt, etc. ) still accounts for a certain proportion of the world, and it is the world's largest exporter of major non-ferrous metals such as aluminum, copper and nickel. The export of mineral raw materials and their processed products (excluding oil and gas) accounts for more than 20% of Russia's foreign exchange income. Most of Russia's mineral resources are concentrated in Siberia and the Far East in the east. This region contains more than 80% proven mineral resources in Russia, with a potential value of 25 trillion US dollars, and is the most important mineral raw material base in Russia. Moreover, it is also the only remaining area in the world with a low degree of development and utilization of mineral resources.
Russia * * * has 7799 mineral resources mining institutions, 2 16896 production and processing enterprises, 44 16 1 electricity, gas and water production and supply institutions and 1204 1 employees.
In 2007, the output value of Russian mineral resources mining industry was 4,473 billion rubles, increasing by 1.9% compared with 2006, among which the output value ratio of fuel-powered mineral resources mining industry increased by 6.6% and increased by 1.9% compared with 2006. The output value of Russian mineral resources processing industry is 65.438+300.09 billion rubles, an increase of 9.5% over 2006; Compared with 2006, coke and petroleum products increased by 2.9%, chemical products increased by 6%, non-metallic mineral products increased by 10.3%, metal products increased by 2 1%, and the output value of electricity, gas and water production and supply institutions was 213.3 billion rubles. In 2007, the profit of Russian mineral resources mining industry was 2,765.729 billion rubles, and the profit rate was 18.6%.
88. The present situation of Russian mineral resources mining industry.
In 2007, the output value of Russian mineral resources mining industry was 4,473 billion rubles, and the average staff of mineral resources mining institutions was 965,000. By the end of 2006, there were 955 coke and petroleum products production institutions in Russia (compared with 795 in 2005). In 2007, the output value of coke and petroleum products production institutions was 65.438+0.426 billion rubles (in 2006, it was 65.438+0.940 billion rubles), and the average number of employees in the whole year was 65.438+0.33 million, which was profitable.
89 Russian mineral resources mining industry fixed fund amount
At the beginning of 2007, the fixed fund of Russian mineral resources mining industry was 408 10 billion rubles, the fixed fund of mineral resources processing industry was 42 18 billion rubles, and the fixed fund of institutions producing and supplying electricity, gas and water was 360.6 billion rubles.
90. Mining volume of major mineral products in Russia
In 2007, a total of 365.438+05 million tons of coal (306 million tons in 2006), 0.30 million tons of coal/kloc (654.38+04 million tons in 2006) and 496.5438+million tons of oil and natural gas condensate (486.5438+million tons in 2006) were mined. Commercial iron ore/kloc-0.05 million tons (2006/kloc-0.02 million tons), building materials 373 million cubic meters (2006 3/kloc-0.70 million cubic meters), and edible salt 2.2 million tons (2006 2.8 million tons).
9 1. Production of coke and petroleum products in Russia
By the end of 2006, there were 955 coke and petroleum products production institutions in Russia (compared with 795 in 2005). In 2007, the output value of coke and petroleum products production institutions was 65.438+42.6 million rubles (in 2006, it was 65.438+94.0 million rubles), and the annual average number of employees was 65.438+330 million.
92. Production of nonmetallic mineral products in Russia
By the end of 2006, there were 3562 other non-metallic mineral production institutions in Russia (13 182 in 2005), and the product output in 2007 was 828 billion rubles (569 billion rubles in 2006), with an average of 668,000 employees. The profit is 65,438+0,565,438+06.03 trillion rubles (8,592.7 trillion rubles in 2006), 68.9 million cubic meters of indoor glazed tiles (64.4 million cubic meters in 2006), 6.94 million cubic meters of ground glazed tiles (59 million cubic meters in 2006), and 65.5 million wall materials. Among them, 1, 3 1 100 million standard blocks for building (2006 1,10.6 billion standard blocks), 59.9 million tons of cement (547 billion tons in 2006) and 28.9 million cubic meters of reinforced concrete (25.6 million cubic meters in 2006).
93. Production status of Russian metallurgical industry
By the end of 2006, there were 65,438+07,754 metallurgical production institutions in Russia (65,438+06,565 in 2005), with an annual output value of 2,956 billion rubles (24,654,380.6 billion rubles in 2006) and an average of 6,556,000 employees.
94. Output of main products of Russian mineral resources processing industry
See table 3- 1.
Table 3- 1 Output of Main Products in Russian Mineral Resources Processing Industry
95. Electricity production in Russia
See Table 3-2.
Table 3-2 Russian generator set: 100 million kilowatts/hour
96. Major industrial areas in Russia
(1) St. Petersburg industrial zone. St Petersburg is the largest industrial zone in Russia. Also known as the central industrial zone. Mainly processing and manufacturing.
(2) Moscow Industrial Zone. Mainly used for processing and manufacturing.
(3) Novosibirsk Industrial Zone. Mainly oil and coal production and processing areas.
④ Urals. Mainly for the production and processing of ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals. It is the largest metallurgical industrial zone in Russia.
⑤ Dunbath. Mainly for coal-producing areas.
(6) Kuzbas. Mainly for coal and petroleum production and processing zones.
(7) Karaganda. Mainly for all kinds of non-ferrous metal production and processing zones.
(8) Eki Bastou。 Mainly for resource production and processing zones and oil and coal production and processing zones.
(9) the court. Mainly for the processing industrial zone.
(10) Kansk Achinsk. Comprehensive industrial zone of energy, resources and processing.
97. Russia's mineral resources mining industry introduces foreign capital.
In 2007, Russia's mineral resources mining industry actually introduced foreign capital of 65.438+05.860 billion US dollars, including direct investment of 65.438+03.670 billion US dollars, combined investment of 65.438+08 million US dollars and other investments of 265.438+07.2 billion US dollars. By the end of 2007, Russian foreign investment actually reached $220.595 billion, including direct investment of $65.438+003.060 billion, portfolio investment of $6.728 billion and other investments of $65.438+065.438+008.07 billion. By the end of 2007, Russia's mineral resources mining industry had introduced foreign capital of $4 1.28 1 .8% of the total foreign capital, including direct investment of $29.767 billion, securities investment of $62 million and other investments of $ kloc-0/.452 million. By the end of 2007, Russia's fuel-powered mineral resources mining industry had introduced foreign capital of 374,454.38+billion US dollars, accounting for 65.438+07% of the total foreign capital, including direct investment of 29.020 billion US dollars, securities investment of 55 million US dollars and other investments of 842/kloc-0.0 billion US dollars. By the end of 2007, Russia's non-fuel power mineral resources mining industry had introduced foreign capital of 3.785 billion US dollars, accounting for 6.5438+0.7% of the total investment, including direct investment of 747 million US dollars, combined investment of 700 million US dollars and other investments of 3.03/kloc-0.0 billion US dollars.
98. Policy Orientation of Russia's Energy Strategy in 2020
Maximize national interests through foreign economic activities, and at the same time evaluate the relevant consequences of export, import and transit transportation policies, as well as the participation of Russian companies in the world energy and capital markets;
Encourage the diversification of commodity export structure and increase the export proportion of high value-added commodities;
Open the energy sales market and expand the geographical scope of Russian companies participating in the international market on the premise of ensuring economic rationality;
Support projects that actively introduce foreign capital;
Developing new forms of international cooperation in the field of energy, including scientific and technological cooperation;
In terms of foreign trade control in the energy field, a coordination mechanism of national policies should be established.
It is of great strategic significance to consolidate Russia's position in the international oil and gas market, which will help to maximize the export capacity of fuel-powered complexes in the next 20 years, help to ensure national economic security, and make Russia continue to be a stable and reliable partner of European countries and the entire international community.
Before 2020, Russia will participate in ensuring international energy security as an important energy supplier, which will be a new factor in the international energy field.
It is in Russia's strategic interest to establish a unified energy and energy transportation infrastructure in the adjacent areas of Europe and Asia, develop an international energy transportation system, and ensure that energy transit transportation is not treated unfairly.
To this end, the state will encourage Russian joint-stock companies to formulate and implement large-scale international transportation projects for natural gas, oil and electricity, and implement such projects in the west and east.
In view of Russia's unique geographical and geopolitical position, the issue of energy transit transportation is of special significance to it. Russia is fully qualified to make energy transit transport not only ensure its own energy supply, but also ensure the effective export of energy, and at the same time earn income by playing the role of transit transport.
Russia is a big exporter of energy and a major exporter of energy to CIS countries. In the next few years, energy export is not only a key factor in the national economic development, but also a key factor in determining Russia's economic and political status in the world. According to the above foreign energy policy, Russia's international activities in the energy field will mainly be carried out in the following aspects:
Export energy;
Exploring and developing energy resources in other countries;
Strengthen the presence of domestic energy markets in other countries and share the energy distribution network and energy infrastructure in these countries;
Attracting foreign investment in Russian energy production, transportation and enterprise transformation;
Organizing the synchronization of power interconnection with neighboring countries;
Energy transit transportation.
99. Basic principles of energy policy in Russia's Far East and Transbaikal regions.
(1) tap the energy-saving potential;
(2) According to the characteristics of fuel shortage and huge hydropower potential in this area, hydropower stations will be developed as an important part of regional power industry;
(3) Developing and exploiting the fuel producing areas with regional and local significance is the main direction to ensure the internal fuel demand in the Far East and Outer Baikal;
(4) The new idea of district heating is to miniaturize heat sources, that is, to build small and medium-sized central thermal power stations by using steam, gas and gas turbines;
(5) Update the main equipment of power station, central thermal power station and boiler room with new, more energy-saving and ecologically pure equipment, including small and medium-sized power devices;
(6) Pay special attention to the energy supply in the north and traffic-blocked areas;
(7) Make the development and function of the fuel power sector in the Far East and Transbaikal more reasonably coordinated with East Siberia and neighboring countries;
(8) The implementation of energy policies in the Far East and beyond Lake Baikal should be guaranteed by corresponding economic, legal and organizational management mechanisms.
The sub-plan takes the development of oil and natural gas on the continental shelf of Sakhalin Island and Sakhalin Island (Yakutia) as the main project to develop the Far East fuel-power complex. The outline also puts forward the output target of the Far East Fuel Power Complex in 2005: the natural gas exploitation will reach 22 billion cubic meters; Oil production will meet the demand of 50% ~ 60% of oil products in the Far East (only 7% ~ 8% now); The coal output will reach 85 million tons, which can almost guarantee the demand for solid fuel in this area; The power department will put all brea hydropower stations into operation to generate electricity.