Peru * * * is one of the big countries in Latin America, with a land area of 654.38+0.285 million square kilometers, equivalent to Xizang Autonomous Region in China, ranking fourth in Latin America. The population is 27 million, of which Indians account for 46%, Indo-European mixed-race people account for 36%, whites account for 19%, and 96% of the residents believe in Catholicism. The capital Lima speaks Spanish, and the currency is the new sol (1 US dollar to 2.45 new sol).
Peru is located in the west of Latin America, bordering the Pacific Ocean in the west, Brazil and Bolivia in the east, Ecuador and Colombia in the north and Chile in the south.
The coastline of Peru's Pacific coast is 2780 kilometers long, and the coast is straight with few twists and turns, which has not formed a good natural harbor. From pisco to the south, the mountains are close to the coast, and there are not many places where a good harbor can be built. Peru is a mountainous country, and the mountainous area accounts for about half of the country's total area. The whole territory can be divided into three different geographical regions from west to east.
The western coastal area is a narrow strip along the Pacific coast. It is about 40 ~ 80km wide and about 1.900km long, accounting for 1.0 1% of the national territory, 43% of the national population and 1.3% of the cultivated land. More than 70% of industrial enterprises are concentrated in this area. The north is rich in mineral and oil resources. Therefore, the western coastal area is an important economic zone in Peru.
The central mountainous area is the Andes that runs through Peru. The average elevation of this area is 4,300 meters, accounting for 26.3% of the national territory, and 47% of the national residents live in this area. The Amazon River, the largest river in the world, originates here. There are many plateaus and basins in mountainous areas, and there are good pastures. The Andes are rich in mineral resources.
The eastern forest region is composed of virgin forests in the Amazon river basin, with gentle terrain and dense river networks. This area accounts for 62.7% of the land area, and its population only accounts for 65,438+00% of the total population in China. This area belongs to the tropical rain forest climate. There are abundant oil resources here, which have been developed.
The Andes are divided into three branches in Peru, namely, the East, West and Central Cordillera Mountains, which flow southward into the Central Andes and extend to Chile and Bolivia.
Rivers in Peru belong to two major river basins: the Pacific Basin and the Atlantic Basin, and there is also a lake titicaca basin named after interior drainage. The main watershed of Peru's rivers is the western Cordillera Mountains. Most rivers in the Pacific basin have short flow, fast flow speed and large drop, and all of them flow in the east-west direction. The rivers in the Atlantic basin are completely different: rich in water, long in flow and flowing from south to north. After they meet the river water originating in the equatorial Andes in the Amazon lowlands, they form a powerful current-the Amazon River, which flows eastward into the Atlantic Ocean.
Located at the junction of Peru and Bolivia, Lake Titicaca is the highest freshwater lake in the world, with an altitude of 3,860 meters and an area of 8,300 square kilometers, ranking 20th in the world. The lake is salty, but it is drinkable. Because it contains some salt, the lake won't freeze in winter.
2. Administrative divisions and economic zones
Peru is divided into 25 provinces (including the special state of callao). China has 150 states.
Peru is divided into four economic zones according to different geographical regions: central economic zone, southern economic zone, northern economic zone and eastern economic zone.
The Central Economic Zone includes seven provinces, including two coastal provinces: Yima and Ica. Five mountainous provinces: Vanuco, Hu Ning, Pasco, Huancavelica, Ayacucho, including the special state of callao. The total area of this area is 250,000 square kilometers, accounting for 18% of the total area of the country, and 47% of the population of the country live in this area. Lima, the capital of Peru, is the center of this region, and all provinces in this region are connected with Lima by railways and highways. The center line of this area is Lima-Oroa-Cerro-de Pasco railway and its extension Cerro-de Pasco-Vanuco-Tingomaria highway. The central line of this railway and highway connects Lima, Hu Ning, Pasco and Vanuco provinces, and its branch line attracts Huanca Villikka and Ayacucho provinces to the influence of the capital Lima.
At present, central Peru plays an important role in the national economic, political and cultural life. Lima, the capital, is one of the largest cities in Latin America, and its main port, callao, is located in this area. Enterprises in this area provide more than 70% of Peru's processing industrial products. The main centers of nonferrous metal processing and smelting, Hanrod Pasco and Oroya, and the only iron ore industrial center in Peru, Marcona, are located in this area.
The southern economic zone covers an area of 47,400 square kilometers, including Arequipa, Moquegua and Tuchner. Four mountainous provinces: Apurimac, Cuco, Puno and Madre de Dior. About half the population is Indian. The southern railway from the coastal area to the inland connects Arequipa, Puno and Cuzco provinces. All the important centers in Madre de Dios province have access to the southern railway station. The Pan-American Highway connects coastal provinces, and Apurimac Province is also connected with Costa Region and mountainous provinces by highway. The southern railway and highway transportation network in this area is relatively dense. However, there are only two transportation lines connecting southern and central Peru: one is the mountain road from Lake Titicaca to Lima via Cuzco and Abank, and the other is the Pan-American Highway.
The southern economic zone is roughly divided into coastal areas and inland areas. Arequipa is the most important economic center in the southern coastal area of Peru. The Southern Railway and Pan-American Highway from Molendo to Cuzco pass through Arequipa. The main industries in this city are wool spinning, leather and other light industrial products. Cuzco is the largest economic center in the inland area of southern Peru and the world-famous ancient Inca capital. Cuzco is connected with Bamba and Cirio in the upper reaches of Kayali River by railway, and also connected with Juliaca hub. Juliaca leads to Puno and another railway line leads to Arequipa.
The northern economic zone includes the provinces of Tombes, Piura, Lan Bajk, La liberta, Ankash and Cajamarca. Except Kahama Province, which is an inland province, all other provinces are coastal provinces, and their inland areas are connected with coastal areas by railways and highways. These coastal provinces are interconnected with the Pan-American Highway. Kahama Province also has railways and highways connected with the coastal ports, with the following routes: Cajamarca-Cherette (highway) and Cherette-Pakkas Ma (railway). The largest oil mine in China is located in the north of Costa region. Other minerals are coal, nonferrous metals, silver and gold. The water resources in this area are particularly prominent in the Maranyon River and Santa River. Like central Peru, this area has one of the highest population densities in Peru. Most of the population is concentrated in oasis areas. There are 7 major cities in China 19. Among them, Cekla and trujillo are the fourth and fifth largest cities in China respectively. At present, the northern economic zone of Peru is the main fuel base and ferrous metallurgy base in China. Because of the complex terrain and inconvenient transportation in this area, and the exploitation of second-rate mineral deposits can not make big profits, local and foreign entrepreneurs mainly invest in oil and plantation economy.
Oil ranks first in the mining and industrial sectors in this area. Piura province is the main oil-producing area. According to the statistics of the state-owned Peruvian oil company, the potential oil reserves are about 4 billion barrels, distributed in 8 million hectares of forests and continental shelf. Peru has two major oil fields. One is the old oil field in Piura mentioned above, called Northwest Oil Field, and the other is the northeast oil field in Amazon forest area, called Forest Oil Field.
The big cities in this economic zone are: Chimbote is the second fishing port in Peru, with developed fish processing industry and an important metallurgical city. The city is not far from the mouth of the Santa River. Metallurgical plants obtain iron ore by sea and land, and transport most of their products out. It is connected with Chukikala coal mine and Vallianka by railway. A hydropower station has been built in Cagniant-Delipato, not far from Vallianka, to supply power to the banks of Chimbote and Santa River. Tarara is the largest city in the north, an important production center of northwest oil fields and a major oil port in Peru.
The eastern economic zone includes the provinces of Amazon and San Martí n on the eastern slope of the Andes, Loreto in the Amazon lowlands and the newly established province of Ucaya. It covers an area of 390,000 square kilometers, accounting for almost 1/3 of the national area. The hot climate, abundant rainfall, overflowing rivers, dense forests and countless pests in this area, coupled with inconvenient transportation, have affected the development of this area and become the most backward economic zone in Peru. However, this area has vast arable land, large forest areas of industrial significance and rich underground mineral resources. Kaiali Valley is rich in oil, with large river flow and huge hydraulic resources, which need to be developed. Therefore, the region has great potential for economic development. Iquitos, the capital of Lori Province, is the political, economic and cultural center of the eastern region. Iquitos, located on the Amazon River, is an important water transport hub in the eastern region. Ships can reach Iquitos upstream from the mouth of the Amazon River, and most goods from eastern Peru and even some goods from eastern Ecuador are transported along the Amazon River through Iquitos. The western and southern parts of Peru can be reached along the Maranyon River and the Keali River, and the relatively convenient transportation makes it a military stronghold in the eastern region.
3. Traffic conditions
Peru's traffic development is slow. Up to now, the total length of Peru's railways is about 2,500 kilometers, and a unified railway network has not yet been formed. Although highway construction has developed, there is still no smooth highway connection in the eastern region. The total length of the highway is about 69,942 kilometers, of which only 10% is asphalt pavement, and only 12% of the road system is in good condition. Others are gravel roads and dirt roads. It is impassable in rainy season and the line is unsafe. There are not many state-owned motorcades. Like the unbalanced economic development, Peru's transportation layout is also unbalanced. Railways, highways, aviation and shipping are mostly concentrated in economically developed coastal areas. However, there are no undeveloped railways and highways in the eastern region, and only rely on air transportation to connect with coastal areas. The transportation equipment is relatively old and the technology is relatively backward. At present, most of Peru's railways were built from the second half of the 9th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Railway specifications are different, and the gauge is 60, 75, 76, 9 1, 100, 106,1/4 cm. In a word, the traffic situation is far from meeting the needs of economic development.
Shipping occupies a very important position in Peru, and it is the main artery of north-south traffic in Peru. There are 28 ports along the coast, but there are not many deep-water ports because most of the coastal areas are vast shallow waters. There are 65,438+03 ports for loading and unloading goods directly, and 9 are deep-water ports, namely callao, Salaveri, matala, Paita, Chimbote, Tarara, San Juan, San Nicolas and Ilo, among which the last 5 ports are dedicated to ore. Among all the ports, callao Port is the largest and most important. At present, the port's unloading volume accounts for 65% of Peru's total unloading volume, and the loading volume accounts for 40% of all exports.
Peru's inland river transportation business is only carried out on the Amazon River. The navigable inland tributary of the Amazon River system is about 8,700 kilometers, but the inland shipping and port facilities are not perfect, and the potential capacity has not been fully developed and utilized. Iquitos on the Amazon River is an important hub for inland water transport in the eastern region. To the east along the Amazon River, you can connect with the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west, you can reach the river port of borja on the Maranyon River and Yuri Maguas on the Valiaga River. Along another tributary, the Kaiali River, you can reach the port city of Pukalpa. Another important inland port is maldonado on the Madre de Dios River, where there are highways connecting the coastal areas and the central mountainous areas.
Inner lake transportation is only carried out on Lake Titicaca, which is the only waterway connecting Peru and Bolivia. Puno is a lake port city, with a Pan-American highway directly to Guaji, Bolivia, and a railway connected to the coastal port of matala.