People, reclaiming wasteland and sending Han "agricultural teachers" to spread advanced production technology to Gaoshan people have accelerated the social and economic development of Taiwan Province Province. Shortly after Zheng Chenggong's death, his son Zheng Jing attacked the throne of Yanping County and appointed Zhu Shugui, the quiet king of the Ming Dynasty, as the army supervisor. The regime established by Zheng in Taiwan Province is also called "regime". Zheng Chenggong's anti-Qing forces have always been a menace to the Qing Dynasty. Some people even think that the emperor shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty was killed by Zheng Chenggong's cannon. [1 1] The Ming and Zheng forces in Taiwan Province really gave a glimmer of hope to the adherents of the Ming Dynasty in Chinese mainland. At that time, the famous poet Qu Dajun once wrote a poem: "China has more than one island, all in the new moon. Looking at the Huanglong boat, the sails are like duckweeds. " This is reflected in the book "Feeling the White Boundary through Yangjiang". Therefore, in order to eliminate the Ming and Zheng forces, the Qing Dynasty issued the order of "moving the border and forbidding the sea", forcing the coastal people to retreat 30 miles, burning all ships, stopping all maritime trade and "not allowed to go to sea"; Many times, people were sent to negotiate with Zhengming Group, but the negotiations broke down because some terms (such as shaving and changing clothes) were not agreed. The Qing government also attempted to collude with the Netherlands to carve up Taiwan Province Province. Together with the Dutch colonists, it slaughtered the soldiers and civilians of Siming House (now Xiamen). However, due to various reasons, it did not come true, so Zheng Ming also lasted for quite a long time. In the 12th year of Kangxi (1673, 27th year), Wu Sangui, Geng Zhongjing and Shang Zhixin, the Ming generals who had surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, rose up against the Qing Dynasty one after another, which was the so-called "San Francisco Rebellion". Wu Sangui went to Yunnan, Shang Zhixin went to Guangdong, Geng went to Fujian, and Zheng Jing also captured Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and Wenzhou. Wu Sangui and others are scum of the Han nationality. Their purpose was to divide the land with the Qing dynasty, so they could not get the support of the broad masses of the people. The rebellion in San Francisco lasted for eight years, which was put down by Qing soldiers, and Zheng Jing returned to Taiwan Province Province. In the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683, in the 37th year of Li Yong), the Qing government sent Shi Lang, a Han Chinese, to attack Taiwan Province on a large scale. Zheng Chenggong and Sun Zhengke both surrendered, and Zhu Shugui committed suicide. At this point, the 40-year anti-Qing armed struggle ended in failure. The Qing Dynasty finally established its rule in China.
Edit this memorabilia (1644—1683)
1644 (the 17th year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty, the first year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty) March: Li Zicheng invaded the capital, and Emperor Chongzhen of Ming Dynasty hanged himself, and the Ming Dynasty perished. April: The Qing army, led by Wu Sangui, marched into Shanhaiguan and defeated the peasant army in Li Zicheng. May: Wang Mingfu Zhu Yousong ascended the throne in Nanking, and was renamed as "Hong Guang". Nanming begins. September: Qing Dynasty moved the capital. 1645 (the second year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, the first year of Hong Guang in Nanming, and the first year of Longwu in Nanming) In January, the Qing army captured Xi 'an, and Li Zicheng fled to Huguang in the south. April: Qing army invaded Yangzhou, and Shi Kefa was killed. The Qing soldiers slaughtered Yangzhou, which was called "Yangzhou for ten days" in history. Li Zicheng died in Jiugong Mountain. Statue of Shi Kefa
May: The Qing army captured Nanjing and soon captured Zhu Yousong. June: The Qing court successively issued "Shaving Order" and "Dressing Order". The king of Lu, Zhu Yi, and the governor of Shaoxing. Zhu, king of the Tang Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor in Fuzhou and established the Yuan Dynasty of "Long Wu". June-August: People in Jiangyin, Jiading and other places held anti-Qing uprisings, all of which were massacred by the Qing army, known in history as "Jiangyin August 1st" and "Jiading Three Slaughters". 1June 646 (three years of Qing Shunzhi and two years of Nanming Longwu): The Qing army captured Zhejiang and destroyed the kingdom of Lu. August: The Qing army captured Fujian, and Emperor Zhu of Nanming was killed. October: Zhu Youlang, Wang Gui, Zhaoqing supervisor, soon proclaimed himself emperor and changed to "Li Yong". December: The Qing army captured Sichuan, and the queen mother Zhang was killed in Fenghuang Mountain. The Qing army captured Guangzhou and killed Zhu Yuyu, the emperor of Shaowu. 1648 (the fifth year of Shunzhi in Qing dynasty and the second year of Nanming dynasty), Hao, He Tengjiao and Qusi Army defeated the Qing soldiers in Yuezhou and Quanzhou successively and recovered Hengyang and Changsha. At this time, the peasant armies in Guangdong and Sichuan also rose to respond. Ming generals who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, such as Jin Shenghuan in Jiangxi and Li Chengdong in Guangdong, betrayed the Qing Dynasty. Behind the Qing army, Yuyuan Army, Luliangshan Rebel Army and Guanzhong Peasant Army all launched a large-scale offensive. The Hui people who participated in the peasant uprising also held an anti-Qing uprising under the leadership of Milla and Guodong Ding. The first anti-Qing climax occurred in Nanming. 1649 (six years of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty and three years of Li Yong in Nanming Dynasty) January: The Qing army captured Hunan and He Tengjiao was killed in Xiangtan. 1650 (seven years of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty and four years of Li Yong in Nanming Dynasty), Li Laiheng, Hao and others formed "thirteen schools in Kuidong" to resist Qing Dynasty. 1 1 month: the Qing army captured Guangzhou again and massacred it. The Qing army occupied Guilin and Qu Shizhen was killed. 1652 (the ninth year of Shunzhi in Qing dynasty and the sixth year of Li Yong in Nanming dynasty), Li Dingguo led the army out of Guangxi in the east, down to Guilin, counterattacked Hunan and entered Guangdong in the south. Ni Kan, king of Qing Dynasty, was killed, and Kong Youde, king of South China, set himself on fire. Liu Wenxiu sent troops to Sichuan, defeated Wu Sangui, recovered counties in southern Sichuan, and got in touch with the 13th Army of Kuidong. At this time, the anti-Qing teams led by Zhang Huangyan and Zhangming Town, who lived in the southeast coast, also began to fight back and accepted the title of Emperor Li Yong, forming the second anti-Qing climax. In winter, Emperor Li Yong of Nanming moved his capital to Anlong, Guizhou with the help of Sun Kewang. 1654 (11th year of Shunzhi in Qing dynasty, 8th year of Li Yong in Nanming dynasty) March: Sun Kewang made "eighteen prisons for monks", and the relationship between Li Dingguo and Sun Kewang deteriorated. 1656 (13th year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty and 10th year of Li Yong in Nanming Dynasty), Sun Kewang attacked Li Dingguo on a large scale, which was destroyed after the failure of Qing Dynasty. 1659 (16th year of Shunzhi in Qing dynasty and 13th year of Li Yong in Nanming dynasty) January: Wu Sangui led the Qing army to capture Yunnan, and Zhu Youlang, the emperor of Li Yong, went into exile in Myanmar. Li Dingguo was defeated by Wu Sangui at Mopanshan. July: Zheng Chenggong and Zhang Huangyan's Northern Expedition pushed Nanking and were defeated by the Qing army. 166 1 year (18th year of Qing Shunzhi and 15th year of Li Yong in Nanming) August: Qing army invaded Myanmar and Zhu Youlang was captured. 1February: Zheng successfully recovered Taiwan Province province. 1662 (in the first year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, in the sixteenth year of Emperor Li Yong of Nanming), Zhu Youlang, the emperor of Li Yong of Nanming, was killed in Kunming, and Li Dingguo and Zheng Chenggong died one after another. Nan Ming's regime in Chinese mainland ended. 1664 (the third year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty and the eighteenth year of Li Yong in Nanming Dynasty), the "Thirteen Kuidonghu" was captured and destroyed by the Qing army. The Qing army occupied Zhoushan and other coastal islands, and Zhang Huangyan was killed. 1674 (13th year of Qing emperor Kangxi, 28th year of Ming emperor Li Yong), Taiwan province and Zheng Jing launched a large-scale attack on Fujian, which was later repelled by the Qing army. 1683 (twenty-two years of Kangxi in Qing dynasty and thirty-seven years of Li Yong in Nanming dynasty), the Qing army captured Taiwan province, and Nanming forces fell. The Qing Dynasty completely established its rule in China.
Edit this massacre
Brief introduction of events
In addition to the three massacres in Yangzhou and Jiading on the 10th, according to historical records, the Qing army also carried out mass massacres in Guangzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangyin, Xiangtan, Datong, Nanxiong, Chaozhou and Changshu. Historical pictures of Qing soldiers killing Han people
In the sixth year of Shunzhi (1649), Qing soldiers entered Sichuan. "People and thieves are mixed, and jade is hard to distinguish. Or massacre, or slaughter men and leave women "; When we were trapped in Kunshan, the number of victims reached 40,000 a day. "There are thousands of women hiding in the monk's hut on the top of Kunshan, and the children are crying, being searched and slaughtered, bleeding profusely" [12]. "Generally speaking, four out of ten people in the city were slaughtered, two out of ten people fell into the river and threw themselves on the ring, two out of ten people were captured, and one out of ten people hid. In the sixth year of Shunzhi (1649), Zheng Qinwang Jilalang occupied Xiangtan and slaughtered Xiangtan; In the same year, the Qing army suppressed the anti-Qing struggle in Shanxi, led by Jiang Xiang, the commander-in-chief of Datong. " Build walls so that people in the city can't escape, and then break through with red artillery and kill them. "When Nanchang was captured," women were divided into different flags, and the campers stayed up all night "[14]" In addition to being killed by pottery, water and suicide, more than 100,000 people died in the camp. The first soldiers who arrived have been captured privately, and the plundered men and women have been sold together. At first he didn't want to die, but he hoped that the city would break or win, and he survived several times; I said goodbye to the village when I knew that I had been plundered and resold. I was so sad that I moved to the sky and decided to go. Floating corpses cover the river, and the sky is foggy "[14]. In the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650), Shang Kexi and Geng Jimao conquered Guangzhou. " If Guangzhou is broken again, the massacre will be miserable and there will be few residents ... pedestrians two or three miles away will look like snow. Because there is a big pit, it is called * * * Tomb [15], which is called the robbery of Geng Yin in history. "Shen Jia more surname, for seven years. He cares about the people, and he will suffer from the six poles. Blood splashed on the streets and ants gathered for food. Hungry birds peck at the intestines and fly north. The north wind bragged and piled up skulls. Or like a pagoda, or like a hill ... "[16]. When Nanxiong was captured," every swallow's nest was empty, and the corpse was like a mountain ... The blood was burnt to hide the beauty, and the orphan was still groping in his mother's breast "[17]. When Chaozhou fell, "soldiers slaughtered and plundered, leaving more than 100,000 corpses. "Slaughterhouse Changshu", streets and lanes, rivers by bridges, dilapidated houses and rotten wells are all littered with corpses. There are more than 5,000 people who can remember them, but the captured men and women are not counted. "[18]" The trees near the pond are full of people and villagers "[18]. The Qing army suffered the most casualties in Jiangyin, and the massacre was the worst after the city was broken. "Ji Shou, Jiangyin City" wrote the horror of the Jiangyin tragedy: "The whole city was killed, and then the knife was sealed ... There were few people in the city, hiding in the secluded place on the temple tower and the monk's seal, with a total of 53 people, large and small. It is also a service, guarding the city 8 1 day. More than 97,000 people died in the city and more than 75,000 people died outside the city. "In Kannonji, Jiangyin, the Qing soldiers plundered women and defiled the land." Monks hated their filth and set fire to the back room. The soldiers were furious and killed more than 100 people, and all the monks died "[19].
result
It was only thirty-nine years since the Qing army entered the customs, burning, killing and plundering. At that time, the anti-Qing struggle broke out in all provinces of the country, so the Qing soldiers slaughtered many people. The specific number is difficult to count and can only be calculated through some historical materials. China had a population of 60.69 million in the sixth year of the Ming Dynasty (1578), but at that time, taxes were levied according to the number of people, so a large number of people were hidden among the people. Therefore, many experts believe that the population peak in the Ming Dynasty was more than 1 100 million, and Professor Ge, a famous historical geography expert, believed that the population at the end of the Ming Dynasty was close to 200 million. Due to the plague, famine and peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty, a large number of people died, so the population of the Qing army when it entered the customs should be between 80 million and1.50 million. However, in the fifty years of Kangxi (17 1 1), the national population was only 24.64 million, and the total population at that time should be around 60 million. Therefore, it is estimated that the Qing army killed at least 50 million people when entering the customs, which may exceed 1 100 million at most. In other words, at that time, more than half of China's population died in the war. In the early Qing Dynasty, China was in ruins. Zhili is "the field is desolate at first sight" [20], Henan is "full of hazelnut shortage" [265,438+0], and Sichuan is even more "hazelnut tree-like" [22]. In the second year of Shunzhi (1645), Liu Mingying, an imperial envoy, said: "Since 2000, the fog has been quiet and the bare land is thousands of miles away, from southern Jilin and Shandong, everywhere." [23] In the eighth year of Shunzhi, Boluo, the prince of Shuoduan, described Shanxi as: "Fields, teeth are consumed, ... so is luck." Hubei "burns every acre, ... the village is an escape house" [24]. In the eighth year of Shunzhi (165 1), Xia Yie, the governor of Jiangxi, said, "The soil is fertile and the water is dry, and the grass is several feet deep [25]" [24]. John Nieuhoff, the Dutch envoy, mentioned in the book "The United East India Company Began to Work in the Imperial Court of Emperor Tatar Khan of China": "After the Tatars (according to: referring to the Manchurian army) entered the city, the whole city suddenly became a miserable scene, and every soldier began to destroy and take everything that could be obtained; Women, children and the elderly cry loudly; From165438+1October 26th to 65438+February 65438+May, all the voices heard in the street were the voices of Man Zi (referring to Han people) being tortured and killed. The whole city is full of wailing, killing and robbery. "
evaluate
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the entry war broke out, and the Manchu people swept the whole of China with no effort. Zhao Liewen, a member of the A Qing Dynasty, once said, "At the beginning of the country, it was too easy to start a business and the punishment was too heavy, so there was a man in the world. Heaven is hard to know, good and evil do not hide from each other, and the virtue of the first monarch is insufficient. "
The influence of editing this paragraph
politics
The entry of the Qing army into China marked the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the last feudal dynasty in China. After the Qing army entered the customs, the Qing government once put forward the slogan of "Man and Han families take care of each other", so a large number of Han people were hired as officials. Beijing officials are equally divided between Han and Manchu, and foreign officials are more Han than Manchu. However, most real power positions are in the hands of Manchu nobles, and Han people are in a subordinate position in the ruling class. All Han Chinese have to pay for Manchu, so after the Qing army entered the customs, Manchu nobles and Han Chinese were masters and slaves in the whole Qing society. After entering the customs, after accepting the political system of the Central Plains Dynasty (mainly the Ming Dynasty), the Qing Dynasty strengthened its imperial power. The establishment of Yong Zhengdi Military Department marks the peak of China's absolute monarchy. This made the imperial power, which was relatively weakened in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, expand again, which was another great strengthening of China's autocratic centralization after the early Ming Dynasty, with the deepest degree, the longest duration and the worst influence on later generations.
economy
During the Qing army's entry into China, the Qing army carried out bloody repression in various parts of the country, which brought great pain to the people of China, led to a sharp drop in the population of China, greatly damaged the social economy and productivity of China, and seriously destroyed the budding capitalism in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. China's economy basically recovered to the level of the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, until the Qianlong period. After the Qing army entered the customs, Manchuria was still in the stage of slave society. The productivity and mode of production were backward, so the Manchu people vigorously promoted the enclosure movement in Gyeonggi, China, and promulgated the "escape law". A large number of Han people have become slaves, and China society even tends to regress to a slave society. However, after the Qing army entered the customs, the Qing rulers ordered to stop enclosure and vigorously develop agricultural production. Therefore, China's economic base has not changed in essence, and its social form is still a feudal society. But this has seriously hindered the development of capitalism in China, which is a retrogression.
culture
When the Qing army entered the customs, the Manchu government violently carried out a series of ethnic oppression policies, such as shaving and changing clothes, and forced Han men to shave into the "suncus murinus tail" hairstyle that Manchu forced Han people to shave according to Manchu customs.
"suncus murinus tail" hairstyle (half shaved and half braided), and instead of wearing Hanfu which lasted for thousands of years, she changed to nomadic clothing. Later, in order to maintain their alien rule, China's ancient books were arbitrarily deleted. "There's really no place in Wenyuan that won't be ravaged" [26], which caused great disaster to China culture.
think
After the Qing army entered the customs, the Manchu rulers set up a literary inquisition in order to suppress the resistance and progressive thoughts of the Han people, and halved the brilliant ideological enlightenment since the end of the Ming Dynasty. According to this, some people think that the entry of the Qing army into the customs is one of the important reasons why modern China lags behind the world.
Edit the nature of the war in this paragraph.
Regarding the nature of the Qing army's entry into the customs, people of insight believe that the Qing army's entry into the customs is an unjust war in which the Qing army invaded China and destroyed China, marking the demise of China. Independence was not restored until the Revolution of 1911 (19 1 1). Therefore, this period is the period of China's national subjugation, which is the same as the previous Jin and Yuan Dynasties' entry into the Central Plains and the Japanese invasion of China. For example, the so-called "China-ization" of scholars in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties was nothing but the China-ization of minority cultures, while most of the Han and southern minority cultures were extinct. In order to rule the people of China more easily, the colonists studied a little confusing and tampering with history. The main purpose is to make people feel that the Ming Dynasty is bad and the Qing Dynasty is good, so "the emperors of the Ming Dynasty are all bad kings except Zhu Yuanzhang" and "Tangzi is a demon god, not a religion in the northern suburbs; It is not a stupid article to clear books in Mandarin. This is not a service. " [28] This view is mainly popular among some Han people with national justice. Moreover, Nurhachi's "seven hatreds" before the Qing army entered the customs showed that the Ming Dynasty and the post-Jin State (later the Great Qing Dynasty) were two countries, not two regimes within one country. Before that, Lu Xun seemed to hold this view. [29] (Lu Xun also said many times that China people were slaves of the Yuan and Qing Dynasties).