The first symptom of plague in Moscow was at the end of 1770, and177/kloc-0 became an epidemic plague in the spring of. At that time, the government took a series of measures, such as setting up isolation zones, destroying polluted property and closing public baths. The great plague caused great panic and anger among the citizens. The whole city's economy is paralyzed, mainly because many factories, markets, shops and administrative buildings have been closed. Then there was a serious shortage of food, which led to the lower and lower living standards of most Moscow people. In order to avoid the plague, nobles and rich people left Moscow in succession. 1771September17 in the morning, about 1000 people once again gathered in Yemenkou, spassky, demanding the release of captured anti-government militants and the release of isolation. The army tried to disperse the crowd, but failed. In the end, we can only suppress the riots again. About 300 people were imprisoned. On September 26th, a government official under Carracin orlov was sent to Moscow to restore social order. In order to alleviate the impact of the plague, the government took some measures, such as providing jobs for citizens and distributing food to them, which finally calmed the dissatisfaction of Moscow people.
Plague in Marseilles (1720–1722)
1720, Marseille was hit by a plague, which was the worst disaster in the city's history and one of the worst plagues in Europe at the beginning of 18 century.
1720, a plague broke out in Marseille, France, affecting the whole city and surrounding cities, causing 654.38+10,000 deaths. The plague came and went quickly, and Marseille quickly recovered from it. In just a few years, the economy recovered and developed rapidly, and the trade expanded to the West Indies and Latin America. By 1765, the population growth has returned to the level before 1720. The destructive power of this plague is not as good as that of the Black Death in14th century.
The rapid end of this plague is not unrelated to the tough measures taken by the French government. The government stipulates that if Marseille citizens have any contact or communication with people in Provence and other places, they will be sentenced to death. In order to strengthen the isolation, a plague wall was also built.
The "Antony Plague" in ancient Rome (A.D. 164- 180)
The "Antony plague" in ancient Rome was caused by infection. According to historical records, the symptoms of this infectious disease are: severe diarrhea, vomiting, sore throat, ulceration, high fever, hot hands, gangrene or gangrene, unbearable thirst and skin suppuration.
Soldiers who fought in the Near East returned to the Roman Empire, bringing smallpox and measles to the people of Antony. Infectious diseases killed two Roman emperors. The first is Lucius Verus, who died in 169. The second is his successor, Kyle Aurelius Antoninus, who was the emperor of 180, but was also doomed by infection.
The plague broke out again nine years later. According to Dioka, a Roman historian, 2,000 people died in Rome one day, equivalent to a quarter of those infected. The total death toll is estimated to be as high as 5 million. In some places, the plague killed a third of the total population and greatly weakened the Roman army.
The plague also had a great impact on the society and politics of the Roman Empire, especially in the field of literature and art. The remains in the pit above are the bones of the victims of infectious diseases, which is shocking.
The plague in Athens (430-427 BC)
From 430 BC to 427 BC, there was a great plague in Athens, nearly 1/2 people died, and the whole Athens was almost destroyed. Some experts believe that this epidemic is a plague. The plague in Athens is a devastating infectious disease, which attacked the whole cities of ancient Greece and Rome.
The Greek historian Thucydides described the plague that destroyed Athens like this. "People who are strong and healthy are suddenly attacked by a severe high fever. Their eyes are red, as if they are spraying flames. Their throats or tongues begin to get congested and give off an unnatural stench. They vomited and diarrhea, and their thirst was unbearable. At this point, patients' physical pain and inflammation turn into ulcers, and they can't sleep or endure the touch of the bed. Some patients wandered naked in the street, looking for water to drink until they fell to the ground and died. Even dogs died of this disease, as did crows and vultures who ate human bodies lying everywhere. Those who survived either lost their fingers, toes and eyes, or lost their memories. "
It was the second year of the Peloponnesian War, and the victory of Athens was within reach. It is said that the plague was introduced into Athens from Piraeus, the port city of Athens and the main source of food and daily necessities. Sparta and some parts of the eastern Mediterranean were also attacked by diseases.
This plague revived twice in the winter of 429 BC and 427 BC. Modern historians disagree that plague was the reason why Athens lost in the Peloponnesian War. But it is generally believed that the defeat of the war paved the way for Macedonia's victory, and finally, the Roman Empire was established. According to historical records, there are various forms of plague outbreaks, including typhoid fever, smallpox, measles, toxic shock syndrome and so on.
Milan plague (1629–1631)
From 1629 to 163 1, a series of plagues broke out in Italy, usually called Milan plague. Including rumba and Venice, this plague claimed about 280,000 lives. The great plague in Milan is the last great plague among all plagues since the beginning of the Black Death.
1629, German and French soldiers brought infectious diseases to mantua. During the Thirty Years' War, the Venetian army was infected with this disease. When they retreated to north-central Italy, they spread the disease to the local people. At that time, the total population of Milan was 6.5438+0.3 million, and the number of people who died of illness in this plague was as high as 60,000.
American plague (16th century)
Before the arrival of Europeans, there were 4 million to 5 million indigenous people living here, most of whom died in the decades of16th century. Some historians even call it "the greatest genocide in human history". However, the most direct killer who killed Indians was not the guns of Europeans, but the plague they brought. By the time Columbus arrived in the New World, Europeans had experienced the catastrophe of deadly infectious diseases many times and found ways to treat some infectious diseases. However, America was isolated from Eurasia for a long time before this, and Indians were almost completely isolated from these diseases. After Columbus's first trip to America, European diseases began to spread to the New World. Mumps, measles, smallpox, cholera, gonorrhea and yellow fever, which Europeans have adapted to for a long time, are extremely lethal to Indians because their immune systems are almost immune, especially measles and smallpox. Therefore, even though the Aztecs and other Central American natives had walls that Europeans could not break, they were defeated by foreign plagues.
The plague destroyed the Aztec. 152 1 year, when the army of Mexican colonists began to besiege the fortress of Aztecs, they met with tenacious resistance and the attack was repelled again and again. The Spanish who suffered heavy losses thought that the Aztecs would take the opportunity to launch a deadly counterattack, but the troops in the castle were slow to see any action. This gave Spain time to breathe. On August 2 1 day, they launched a new offensive, but they did not encounter any resistance. The situation in the castle made them unbelievable: there were dead bodies everywhere and the smell of rotting bodies everywhere. A force more deadly than the Spanish army swept through the city, and that was the plague.
Some people once thought that backward weapons and technology made American Indians lose to western colonists. Because in the traditional concept, the advanced weapons of Europeans have always been the key to their victory, while the western muskets at that time were not advanced. Indians soon found that although muskets were powerful, it was not easy to aim at them, and their fear of new weapons disappeared. And the long-range power of Indian bows and arrows is not inferior. /kloc-In the 5th century, Inca culture in Latin America reached its peak. They built fields, had a clear social division of labor and created a prosperous economy. Their knowledge of astronomy and geography is enough to surprise modern people. However, such a plague has made such a not backward race on the verge of extinction in just a few decades.
In fact, the spread of infectious diseases in Europe completely exceeded the speed of colonists advancing to the American continent, and most Indians who learned of the arrival of Europeans from coastal residents were also infected with new diseases. Therefore, when the colonists arrived in Chile in the 1920s of 16, the Inca civilization here had been severely damaged by smallpox, and almost all the royal families were killed by the plague. The new battle for the throne split the whole country in two, which gave the Spaniards an opportunity.
Resistance to disease was also the reason why the plague prevailed at that time. Infectious diseases are mostly mutated from animals, first transmitted to people and then spread among people. Because Europe has a long history of agriculture and a large number of livestock, frequent contact with germs has formed adaptability for thousands of years; On the other hand, Indians are not. The underdevelopment of agriculture makes them congenital lack of experience in contact with livestock. Their bodies rarely encounter such germs, so they have no immunity at all, so they are defeated in the face of smallpox. On the other hand, Africans have similar immune system and resistance because of their earlier contact with Europeans. The spread of disease can also be two-way. At that time, the only disease introduced into Europe from America was syphilis, which claimed the lives of a large number of Europeans.
Great plague in London (1665- 1666)
The Great Plague in London refers to a large-scale plague that occurred in England from 1665 to 1666. In this plague, 75,000 to10,000 people died, more than one-fifth of the total population of London at that time. Historically, it was identified as a large-scale black death caused by bubonic plague, and Yersinia pestis was infected by people through fleas. 1665 this infectious disease is the last large-scale outbreak of bubonic plague in England.
There are two theories about the source of the plague. One is from France. 1665 In April, two French sailors fainted at the intersection of Trulli Street and Longacre in West End of London. Later, the virus they carried caused a wide range of infections. Another theory is that the plague virus came from the Netherlands, and the disease spread locally in the Netherlands from 1599. St Gilles parish in London was the first area to be hit by the plague. From the end of 1664 to the beginning of 1665, there were already cases there, but it was not until the spring of 1665 that the disease spread rapidly and on a large scale due to the massive increase of population and the sharp deterioration of sanitary conditions. By July 1665, the plague had spread all over London. At that time, King charles ii and his family were forced to leave London for Oxfordshire, but the mayor and counselor remained at their posts. Some clergy, doctors and pharmacists were busy all summer. The streets are full of doctors in charge of plague, although many of them have no licenses.
Because the plague spread very fast, people had to block the houses where the sick people lived and draw a red cross outside the closed door, which read "God bless". No one is allowed in or out. Only for a limited time every day, food and water are delivered by special personnel through the window. Thousands of patients died tragically under such harsh conditions, and at most, more than ten thousand people died in a week. By the beginning of September, the bustling city of London had completely turned into a silent dead city. All the shops are closed, there are few pedestrians in the street, and the roadside is covered with lush weeds. The only job in the city that can break the silence from time to time is to transport bodies. Every night, the corpse truck "Gollum, Gollum!" The sound of wheels and the shrill ringing of cars are creepy. At first, the burial work only took place in the middle of the night. Later, there were so many dead people that they had to do it day and night. The bodies of the deceased were scattered on corpse trucks and transported to burial pits everywhere. There, the workers in charge of burying bodies often cover their faces and ring the bell and say, "rest in peace!" " "Pour the body into the pit in a hurry, cover it with thin soil and leave in a hurry.
Records show that the death toll in London keeps rising from 1000-2000 to 1665 in September, with an average of 7,000 deaths per week. In late autumn, the situation was controlled to a certain extent. By February 1666, the city was considered safe enough to welcome the king. At the same time, the plague spread to France due to business contacts with the European continent. From then on, until September 1666, the plague was still moderately prevalent. On September 2 and 3, a fire broke out in London, which destroyed most of the infected houses, which was the beginning of the improvement. Another possible reason is that most of the infected people have died. Since then, the city of London has been rebuilt on the basis of the fire and reborn after the plague.
Justinian plague (54 1-542)
Justinian plague refers to the first large-scale plague that broke out in the Mediterranean world from 54 1 to 542, which caused extremely serious losses. However, the plague destroyed the Byzantine Empire to a great extent, and its extremely high mortality rate led to a significant decline in the population of the Byzantine Empire, a sharp drop in the labor force and the army, a serious disruption of the normal life order, and a far-reaching negative social consequence, which also had a far-reaching impact on the historical development of the Byzantine Empire, the Mediterranean and Europe.
After the 4th century AD, the once prosperous Roman Empire gradually split into two parts: East and West. The emperors of Byzantine Empire in the far east have always regarded themselves as the orthodox heirs of the Roman Empire, so they have been trying to recover lost ground, reunify the Roman Empire and reproduce their former glory. In the 6th century, Emperor Justinian of Byzantine Empire decided to take action to realize this dream. Thus, Justinian launched a conquest war against the western Mediterranean world in 533 AD. However, just as he swept across North Africa and conquered Italy, and was about to reappear the glory of the Roman Empire, an unprecedented plague came unexpectedly, which made the dream of reviving the Eastern Roman Empire come to nothing. In 54 1 year, the plague broke out in Egypt, the territory of the Eastern Roman Empire, and then quickly spread to the capital Constantinople and other regions.
At that time, there were many strange and horrible scenes: when people were talking to each other, they began to tremble involuntarily and then fell to the ground; When people are shopping, standing there talking or counting change, death will come unexpectedly. Poor people sleeping on the street were the first to get infected with the plague. At the worst of the plague, 5,000 to 7,000 people died in one day, and even tens of thousands of people died unfortunately.
In extreme fear, officials had to report to Justinian that the death toll soon exceeded 230,000, and there were not enough burial sites. Bodies had to be piled up in the street, and the whole city smelled of corpses. Justinian himself almost caught the plague. In fear, he ordered the construction of many huge graves that could bury tens of thousands of bodies, and recruited workers to dig holes to bury the dead with heavy money to stop the further spread of the plague. Results A large number of corpses, men, women and children, were covered with nearly 100 layers and buried together. The plague killed 40% of the residents of Constantinople. It raged for half a century until14 of the Roman population died of the plague. The famine and civil strife caused by the plague completely shattered Justinian's ambition and weakened the Eastern Roman Empire to the point of collapse.
Black Death (1347- 135 1)
The Black Death is one of the deadliest plagues in human history. It is generally believed that it is caused by a bacterium called plague. But recently, some people think it is caused by other diseases. The origin of plague has caused widespread controversy among experts. Some historians believe that the Black Death began in China or Central Asia in the1420s and1430s. In the following years, it was taken to Crimea in southern Russia by businessmen and soldiers. 1In the 1940s, the epidemic spread from Crimea to Western Europe and North Africa. The Black Death caused 75 million deaths worldwide, including 25 million to 50 million deaths in Europe.
One symptom of the Black Death is that there are many black spots on the patient's skin, so this special plague is called "Black Death". For people infected with this disease, painful death is almost inevitable, and there is no possibility of cure.
The pathogen that caused the plague was carried by fleas hidden in the fur of black mice. /kloc-in the 0/4th century, there were many black mice. Once the disease occurs, it will spread quickly. From 1348 to1350,25 million Europeans died of the Black Death. However, the epidemic did not stop there. Over the next 40 years, again and again.
Before Yersinia pestis broke out again in the 1920s, it had been lurking in the Gobi Desert in Asia for hundreds of years, and then it quickly spread around with the blood in fleas on rats, and spread from China to Central Asia and Turkey along the caravan trade route, and then it was taken to Italy and entered Europe by ship. The dense population in Europe has become a powder keg for this disease. In three years, the Black Death ravaged the whole European continent and then spread to Russia, resulting in the death of nearly one third to half of the Russian population.