In 770 BC, he moved the capital to Luoyi, and in 476 BC (the Chronicle of Twelve Governors in Historical Records is the first 477 years, and Zhou Benji in Historical Records is the first 478 years), and Zhou was named after the historical period of China's demise because the Spring and Autumn Annals recorded the history of this stage. Because Zhou moved eastward, predecessors also called this period the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
After Zhou Dong moved, his strength was greatly weakened. The whole country is in a state of division. There are about 120 countries in Zuo Zhuan. Among them, Ji has the most surnames, including Jin (now Houma, Shanxi), Lu (now Qufu, Shandong), Cao (now Dingtao, Shandong), Wei (now Qixian, Henan, and later moved to Puyang, Henan), Zheng (now Xinzheng, Henan), Yan (now Beijing), Teng (now tengxian, Shandong) and Yu (now Pinglu, Shanxi). Jiang surnames are Qi (now Linzi, Shandong Province), Xu (now Xuchang, Henan Province), Shen (now Nanyang, Henan Province) and Ji (now Shouguang, Shandong Province); Won surnames are Qin (Fengxiang, Shaanxi), Jiang (northwest of Luoshan, Henan), Huang (Huangchuan, Henan) and Xu (Sihong, Jiangsu); Mi surnamed Chu (in Jiangling, Hubei); Surnames are Song (Shangqiu, Henan) and Dai (Lankao, Henan); The surname of the company is Qi (formerly Qixian County, Henan Province, and later moved to Weifang, Shandong Province); Gui surnamed Chen (in Huaiyang, Henan Province today); Cao Zhu (in Zouxian County, Shandong Province) and (in tengxian, Shandong Province); Ren surnamed Xue (in present-day tengxian); The man surnamed Deng (in present-day Xiangfan, Hubei). There are also small countries such as Feng, Ji, □ and Yan. The most powerful countries are Jin and Chu, followed by Qi and Qin, followed by Zheng, Song, Lu, Wei, Cao and Zhu. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, wuyue rose. In addition to the large and small countries dominated by the Huaxia nationality, there are many Rong, Di, Man and Yi intertwined. In the long-term melee, many small countries were annexed by powerful countries. The number of 120 countries found in Zuo Zhuan was only one third of the original by the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.
Tsukiji
Well-field system and agricultural farming situation During the Spring and Autumn Period, well-field system was widely implemented in various countries. According to Zuo Zhuan, the Chu people "have wells and bird's nests", Zheng "has chapters" and "the fields are sealed, and the wells in Lu have Wu". The so-called minefield is to divide the field into small pieces, and the ridges and ditches in the field become the dividing line between the fields. When Qi Huangong was mentioned in Mandarin, Guan Zhong thought that "if a man is reasonable, he will not regret it". This is to eliminate farmers' dissatisfaction. Therefore, it is emphasized that the site must be divided into equal areas. On the other hand, it is out of the need to tax farmers. At the same time, farmers were organized. For example, "Guoyu Qiyu" says that Qi is "the capital of 30 cities, which has departments, ten cities are pawns, pawns are handsome, ten pawns are townships, townships are handsome, three townships are counties, counties are handsome, ten counties are genera, they are doctors, and five genera are therefore five doctors". Incorporating many scattered farmers into such rural organizations and sending officials to manage them can play a role in consolidating the rule. The village system under the later county system evolved from this.
The highest ownership of the mine field belongs to the state or nobility, and farmers only have the right to use it. The mining area has public land and private land. Small plots of private land are cultivated by each farmer, and the harvest belongs to himself. Public land is jointly managed by everyone, and the harvest belongs to the state or the nobility. However, with the development of economy, farmers' enthusiasm for cultivating public land is declining, which affects national income. Therefore, countries have also revised the tax formula accordingly. In Qi Huangong, an acre of land was taxed. In the fifteenth year (before 594), Lu announced the "one-acre initial tax", and the long-term forced labor rent was replaced by the real tax paid on one acre.
In addition to land taxes, farmers have to pay military taxes to the state in case of war. Military tax collects grain, forage and livestock through wells. Due to frequent wars, the state has continuously increased taxes, such as Zheng's tax and Lu's "land tax", which are all new measures that violate the old system and increase the burden on farmers.
In addition to the land divided into ore fields, there are scattered land that has not been drilled. Zhou Li, for example, said that there are Guantian, Shi Tian, Jiatian and Ueda near Guodu. Guantian and Jiatian were given to small officials working for the government, Lutian to industry and commerce, and Shi Tian to families of scholars. Mencius said that "scholars have valuable fields" refers to these fields with irregular shapes. The highest ownership of these lands also belongs to the state. At that time, although the land could flow between the Qing Dynasty and Dafu, there was a lack of land ownership between the small nobles and the civilians, especially the phenomenon of buying and selling land. The Book of Rites said: "There are no crops in the field", which is consistent with the actual situation at that time. Farming situation During the Spring and Autumn Period, agricultural tools were still mainly made of wood and stone products, and most of them were made of wood. There are few bronze farm tools. It was only in the late Spring and Autumn Period and today that many copper farm tools appeared in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Because the tools and technology are not far from the Western Zhou Dynasty, farming still needs to cooperate with each other, and coupled farming has not disappeared until the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.
Because agriculture is limited by tools, fertilization and other conditions, the land still needs to be fallow in turn. "Zhou Li" said: "A hundred acres of fertile land, 200 acres of ex situ, 300 acres of ex situ." In other words, Fields' leisure time ranges from two years to one year, and there are also people who don't need leisure, but the number is small. The "field" mentioned in Zuo Zhuan is similar to the field of clothes and hot clothes in Zhou Li, which shows that leisure fields are everywhere.
Bronze pottery fan unearthed in Houma, Shanxi Province
Handicrafts and commercial handicrafts unearthed in Yaojiagang, Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province are divided into folk and official. Textile between people is only a sideline of the family. The scale of government industry is relatively large, and the types of work mentioned in Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji include wood tapping, gold tapping, skin scraping, earth shoveling, etc. The iron smelting industry appeared at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, but it developed rapidly.
The similarity between the commerce unearthed in Yaojiagang, Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province and the handicraft industry lies in that, except for the mutual transactions among the people, they are all businesses operated or controlled by the government. "Mandarin" says that "industry and commerce eat officials", which reflects the characteristics that handicraft industry and commerce are mainly run by the government. Among all countries, Zheng's business is relatively developed, probably because of its geographical location. According to literature records, there are a lot of information about Zheng merchants, and their footprints are all over Zhou, Jin and Chu countries. Businessmen must obtain the permission of the government when selling valuables, which shows that businessmen still lack independent economic status. In big cities, there are cities specially set up for communication. For example, Zuo Zhuan mentioned four cities: Zheng, Lu, Qi and Jin. At that time, the folk transactions were still based on barter, but cloth, silk and the like have been used as universal equivalents and played the role of money. The use of metal coins is relatively late. According to Guoyu, in 524 BC, Zhou Zhu made a large sum of money. Now some copper cast short cloth was made in the late Spring and Autumn Period.
Shu Ren, an industrial and commercial slave, Shu Ren, or Zhong Zhong, is a large number of ordinary people who make a living by farming, also known as villains, to distinguish them from aristocratic gentlemen. "Mandarin" says: "Gentlemen work hard, while villains work hard". Shu Ren lived in the wild, so he was also called a barbarian, or □. Shu Ren is different from your family. There is only a small family, and there is no family organization, so there is no surname. At that time, people called Shu Ren an ordinary woman.
Shu Ren's labor income, part of which should be turned over, has become the main source of national or ethnic financial revenue. In addition to taxes, Shu Ren is also responsible for heavy labor. They want to build roads, cities and palaces for the country or nobles. Shu Ren is usually tied to land and lacks freedom of movement. Although Shu Ren's social status is very low, they can own a little property, including a small amount of livestock.
Shu Ren takes farming as his occupation, and sometimes he can be a humble official in the government. People who have served in military service have the right to enter official positions. When there is no road, ordinary people can discuss politics. Zuo Zhuan said: "The country will be rich and strong, and listen to the people's words", that is, it is believed that the monarch can listen to the people's words, and the country can prosper and develop. Because the people have an important position in a country, wise monarchs and politicians in various countries attach great importance to the people and put forward political ideas such as benefiting the people. The social status of industry, commerce and Shu Ren is relatively close. At that time, the so-called businessmen mainly referred to craftsmen and businessmen who served the government, which was different from those who later had independent economic status. The industry and commerce itself is given by the government, but their families still have to cultivate the "Jiatian" issued by the government to live.
Industrial and commercial residence, hereditary status, can not change careers at will. But like Shu Ren, it enjoys certain political rights. When the government demands nothing, industry and commerce often rise up to resist, especially to defend the country. In the late spring and autumn period, due to economic development, industry and commerce gradually got rid of the shackles of the government and became rich by running independently. For example, at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, wealthy businessmen in Jincan "cherish their cars, but make mistakes in their clothes." Vietnamese Fan Li finally gave up his official position and went into business. "In 19 years, he made a fortune three times." . Zi Gong, a disciple of Confucius, traded between Cao and Lu and became the richest disciple of Confucius. This unprecedented phenomenon laid the foundation for the post-Warring States period to enter the stage of developed commodity-currency relations.
Slaves have different names, generally called servants and concubines, also called servants, standing or grazing, squatting. There are many slaves in Dr. Qing's family, and slaves often come from rewards. For example, Duke Jing of Jin once awarded Wei Huanzi, who was meritorious to Ke Di, "Chen Di moved". Besides private individuals, there are many slaves in the government, especially criminals. The so-called "Xi", "Sinful Lee" and "Xu Mi" refer to such slaves. "Mandarin" says: "Making a gift has a position", that is, a guilty servant is supported by an official because of his position.
Male and female servants are generally engaged in domestic service, and shepherds and shepherds are slaves who specialize in herding cattle and horses. There are some skilled slaves in the government. For example, in Zuo Zhuan, Lu bribed the Chu people to "hold a hundred people", that is, carpenters, sewing workers and weavers. "Mandarin" said that there were so-called slave owners at that time. Even if they got fertile land, how much they earned had nothing to do with themselves. They were government slaves engaged in farming. Because Shu Ren is the main labor force of agricultural labor. Therefore, slave labor is not dominant in production.
political system
The national and wild spring and autumn periods are similar to the Western Zhou Dynasty. In a kingdom or a state, it is divided into two parts: the state and the wild. The country is the capital and its suburbs, and it is the area directly ruled by the monarch; Going to the border outside the suburbs is wilderness, or wilderness. The monarch subcontracted part of the wilderness to Dr. Qing, who ruled it.
People living in this country are China people, including scholars, workers, businessmen or other civilians. For example, Qi divided junior high schools into 21 townships, namely, the fifteenth township for scholars and the sixth township for industry and commerce. Scholars are the lowest among nobles. They have served in the military for generations and served as soldiers when they went out. They can also be promoted, and the state grants them a small piece of land as a salary, so "Mandarin" says: "Scholars eat fields". Scholars are the main body of China people and have an important political position. China people, including scholars, often become decisive forces in the event of riots or coups. Therefore, monarchs or nobles often "salute" or "treat" China people. If they can win the support of the people of China, it will be an important guarantee for consolidating the political power. In the wilderness, there are large minefields and some cities. For example, the state of Qi set up a royal family in the wilderness, with ten counties in each family, three townships in each county, ten soldiers in the countryside, ten cities in each country and thirty in the city. Zhou Li said there were six wild ones. The land in the "genus" or "ear" is classified as a mine field, which is cultivated by farmers, and its harvest belongs to the state and becomes the main source of national finance. The capital and county are aristocratic fiefs. Jin called the fief a county, and Lu called it a capital. A small part of Dr. Qing's fief income should be given to the monarch in the form of tribute.
People who live in the wild are called savages or Shu Ren and Iraq. At the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period, the savage had a low social status, refused to perform military service, and only assumed the obligation of paying taxes and corvee. By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the savage was also a soldier, and his status changed. But no matter when, the savage still belongs to the civilian class and has the identity of a free man.
Clans and Politics During the Spring and Autumn Period, the ruling groups in all countries were composed of people of the monarch or a few nobles with different surnames. "Zuo Zhuan" said: "The emperor founded the country, the princes established the clan, and the Qing set up a side room with two doctors." From Tian Zi to Doctor Qing, the eldest son inherited and the second son was enfeoffed. In the vassal States, after the eldest son succeeded to the throne, the second son or illegitimate child was the son of the son, and the son of the son was Gongsun. This son and Gongsun Sheng's family are called Gong Zu. Because of its aristocratic status passed down from generation to generation, it is also called clan. Nobles with the same surname or different surnames have their own surnames (see surnames) and enjoy fiefs and fields. The number and size of cities or fields vary from country to country. For example, the Qing of Wei can have a hundred cities and 60 doctors, while the Jin people have the fields where the Qing of a big country goes and the fields where doctors die. At that time, official wealth corresponded to land. Where there is an official, there is soil, and there is wealth. Owning a large field is the material basis for Dr. Qing to have strong political strength.
Doctor Qing established a relatively complete set of ruling institutions on his fief. In the Qing Dynasty, castles called capitals were built on fiefs, some of which were even as big as capitals. There are also internal dynasties and officials who govern affairs. The governor of the capital is an urban butcher. In charge of other specific affairs are Ma Zheng, Sima, Gong Shi, Jia's official positions. Nobles also have the right to slaughter or punish guilty people or courtiers. For the safety of the fief, there are generally private armed soldiers (or private families). When the monarch went out to war, the nobles often followed their soldiers. It can be seen that in the metropolis of Qing dynasty, there are not only farmers who provide taxes and labor for nobles, but also troops, courts and officials. Therefore, this kind of capital is actually a shrinking shadow of the state of Hou.
At that time, this powerful QingDafu family was called a strong family. Every country has some powerful countries (clans), which occupy an important position in the ruling group of the latter countries. Without public support, it is difficult for the monarch to maintain his rule. But public power is too strong, which will weaken public power. Especially in the late Spring and Autumn Period, powerful families with the same or different surnames became more and more powerful. For example, the Jin family is "rich in half the government and half the army" and the Lu family is "rich in the duke of Zhou", and the monarch has long existed in name only. This phenomenon of "big things will eventually fold, but big things will not fall off" was very common at that time, leading to the end of power going to the office and politics at home. So it didn't take long, there was a three-point world of Jin and Tian. In the official system and military system of the royal family or vassal state, the most important position is Qing history and is the assistant of the monarch. At that time, it was referred to as Qing. Generally, senior officials are filled by doctors, and those doctors who can master state affairs are called Qing. Most people in your position are childe and gongsun. The situation in the state of Jin is slightly different, and Qing is often served by a doctor with a different surname.
Besides being in charge, Qing served as a general in the battle. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, Qi Zhiguo and Goyle, the left and right aristocrats of Zhou Wang family, served as the commanders of the left and right armies respectively. After that, the number of ministers gradually increased. For example, there were six ministers in the Zheng and Song Dynasties, and as many as twelve ministers in the Jin Dynasty, and one or two of them were in power. They are called Zhengqing and □ Qing, while Zheng is called "governing the country" to distinguish it from other ministers. There were still specific official positions in Qing Dynasty, such as Lu Sanhuan, who served as Stuart, Sima and Sikong respectively. Song Zhengqing is the right teacher, Fu, Zuo Shi and Tai Zai. Chu Erqing is your Yin, Sima. The official position of the Qing dynasty was often hereditary, so it was called "Shi Qing" at that time.
The official positions in charge of specific affairs in various countries are Stuart, Sima, Sikong (see three things) and Sikou, and the names of these four official positions may all have a "big" in front of them. Slaughter is also a common official name, or Taizai, which plays an important role in some countries. The officials subordinate to the Master are a surname, Shao Shi and a teacher. The above-mentioned official positions are often held by Qing. In addition, there are official positions such as Zhu, Zong, Bu and Shi. Then there are pedestrians who are responsible for receiving distinguished guests, Tadashi and Weishi who are responsible for managing prisons, Chu and Gong Shi who are responsible for managing markets and handicrafts, Heng, Zu and Yu who are responsible for managing mountains and rivers, and local feudal officials, county magistrates or tunnel officials. Chu's official name is quite special. The Qing of the Chief Executive is Ling Yin, and other people who manage various physical affairs are also surnamed Yin, such as,, Lian Yin,. Qin also has official names that other countries do not have, such as Shu Chang and Bu Geng.
When fighting, chariots are the main battle, so many countries have a large number of personnel carriers. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, Jin had four or five thousand chariots, and other countries such as Chu and Qi also had thousands of chariots. At the time of the war, the army was divided into three armed forces: the center, the left and the right. China's army is generally commanded by the monarch, while the left and right armies are led by Qing. In the early Spring and Autumn Period of the Jin Dynasty, the commander-in-chief of the Qing and Han armies was called Marshal or General, and Jin was in power at the same time. Soldiers in the army are mainly composed of petty aristocrats, and there are also expeditions in Shu Ren, pastoral areas and villages, but they are not the main force in the army. Zhong Jun is a king or a pawn, that is, the clan of the monarch. At that time, he was called a national scholar and was an elite of the three armed forces. The left and right armies are composed of the clan of Doctor Qing. Under the military division, Jin has military doctors, military commanders, Sima, Hou and other official positions.
Iron Sword with Copper Handle Unearthed from Jingjiazhuang, Lingtai
In addition to chariots, there are foot soldiers. For example, in order to fight against Rong Di, the State of Jin once said that "destroying a car is a line", and "line" is an infantry, while Zheng called the infantry a disciple. But by the end of the spring and autumn period, the car war was still more important than the step war. Wu Yue is an important force in water attack.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were five punishments, including Jimo, Nuo, Gong, gouge out and kill. Killing is the death penalty, and the rest are corporal punishment that causes damage to a certain part of the prisoner's body. Special punishment was a common punishment at that time. Zuo Zhuan said that at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi lived a life of "low life and high life", which showed that many people were gouged out. Some nobles were also punished, and Qi's was dug out. The lighter punishment is flogging, and officials who have flogging are also flogging. Prisoners can also use armor, shields or copper blocks to make atonement. Others punish prisoners or their families as slaves. Zhou Li said, "Husbands are among criminals, and women are among criminals."
By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, due to social and economic changes, the criminal law also needed corresponding changes. In 536 BC, the state of Zheng "cast the book of punishment", that is, cast the provisions of the criminal law on the tripod. In 5 13 BC, the state of Jin cast a tripod to spread the torture book written by john young. In 50 1 BC, Zheng killed Deng and used his bamboo torture. Prior to this, the so-called "procedural rules" meant that judges often made punishment standards in the face of the situation and lacked the basis of written materials. However, after the publication of the criminal law provisions, the arbitrariness of officials or nobles was restrained, which had certain progressive significance in history and had a far-reaching impact on the perfection of the criminal law provisions in the Warring States period.
Hegemonic activities of powerful countries
At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Dong moved the capital, and the vassal state was powerful. Because of the destruction of war and natural famine, Guanzhong became very depressed, and the weak Zhou royal family could no longer stand in Haojing area. In 770 BC, with the help of Jin and Zheng governors, King Ping moved eastward to Luoyi.
After moving eastward, Zhou still occupied eastern Shaanxi and central Henan at first. Later, these areas were gradually occupied by Qin, Guo and other countries, and Zhou's control was limited to the surrounding areas of Luoyi. With the shrinking territory, Zhou lost the ability to command the princes, and the princes no longer reported and paid tribute to the emperor regularly, which reduced the income of the Zhou royal family. Zhou often asked the princes for cars and money, losing his former dignity, just like a small country in general.
Zheng, a neighbor of Zhou, also moved from Guanzhong to Xinzheng, Henan Province at the weekend in the west, but he was a leader among small countries and China in the Spring and Autumn Period. Especially in Zhuanggong, Zheng's power was very strong, which not only defeated the Rong people, but also destroyed them. In 707 BC, King Huan of Zhou defeated Zheng, and Zheng was defeated. Since then, the king of Zhou never dared to conquer the princes by force, but the ambitious Zheng Zhuanggong was interested in dominating the Central Plains. Apart from Zheng, countries such as Song and Lu are very strong. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the situation that "rites and music were conquered by emperors" was replaced by "rites and music were conquered by princes".
Qi Huangong's hegemony was relatively advanced in economy and culture, and it was an eastern power in the Spring and Autumn Period. In the early years of the Spring and Autumn Period, civil strife broke out one after another and there was no time for diplomacy. After Huan Gong succeeded to the throne, he appointed Guan Zhong as an assistant, which stabilized the domestic situation and paid attention to economic development, greatly enriching the national strength. So Huan carried out foreign activities, first wooing Song and Lu, and then wooing Zheng. At that time, Beirong and Dirong were powerful, and the small Chinese country suffered greatly. In 66 BC1year, Tipo Star (now Xingtai, Hebei); The following year, Di Powei (now Qixian County, Henan Province) left only more than 5,000 adherents. Qi Nai sent troops to rescue Xing Cunwei and moved Xing to (now Liaocheng, Shandong) and Wei to Chuqiu (now hua county, Henan). History calls it "moving home" and "protecting your family and forgetting your death". Because Qi joined forces with other governors to destroy the border areas of the southern expedition, Xing and Wei turned the corner and established high prestige among the Central Plains countries.
The Chu State in the south was not strong in the early Spring and Autumn Period, but after painstaking efforts of King Wen, the Chu State gradually became strong, destroying Deng, Shen and Zhou successively, and its influence gradually developed to the north. When he became king, Chu intended to get closer to the Central Plains, but with the rise of Chu, some small countries, such as Jiang and Huang, always belonged to Chu and turned to Qi. This made Chu very dissatisfied, so he attacked Zheng year after year as revenge. In 656 BC, corresponding actions were also taken, leading the four divisions of Lu, Song, Chen and Wei to crusade against Cai who followed Chu. Cai was vulnerable and defeated, so Qi Sui continued to attack Chu. Not to be outdone, Chu sent someone to ask Qi Shi. In the end, the two countries could not overwhelm each other, so they joined forces in Zhaoling (now Yancheng, Henan). Although the State of Qi did not win Chu this time, the plan of Chu moving northward met with resistance.
Map of Middle and Lower Reaches of Yellow River and Yangtze River in Spring and Autumn Period
In 65 1 year BC, Yu Kuiqiu (now Henan), a member of the Hui Dynasty, was attended by representatives from Shandong, Song, Zheng, Wei and other countries, and Zhou also sent people there. At the meeting of the alliance, it was stipulated that all allied countries should not invade each other and must also be with the enemy. Through this alliance, Qi Huangong became the overlord. Overlord is to replace the emperor and become the leading force among the princes.
After the death of Huan Gong, hundred schools of thought contended and civil strife continued. Qi lost its hegemony. Although the reign of Qi was not long, it played a certain role in preventing the invasion of Rongdi and curbing the northern Chu.
In the era of Song Xianggong, the Song State, with its strong military strength and belligerence, was eager to take advantage of the decline of Qi State to become the overlord, but it was soon destroyed by Chu State.
In the early Spring and Autumn Period, the rise of Jin State and the hegemony of Wen Gong were relatively weak. Its territory only includes Jinnan, Fenhe and Huihe river basins, and its capital is Yong (now Yicheng, Shanxi). "Guoyu" says that the state of Jin is "the mountains and rivers think of the city, and fen, river, Sui and Yue think of the canal." "Zuo Zhuan" said: "Jin lives in the deep mountains, and Rong Di lives next door." Because the state of Jin is "mountains and rivers are outside", it has the advantage of being difficult to attack and easy to defend, but such a geographical environment is quite unfavorable to the communication between the state of Jin and the Central Plains. In 745 BC, Emperor Zhao of Jin established his brother Uncle Huan in Quwo (now Wenxi, Shanxi). Uncle Huan's strength surpassed that of 8 Jin Army, and the two sides launched a constant fierce struggle. In 679 BC, Uncle Huan's grandson won the battle and became the king of Jin because of his strong martial arts. When his son paid tribute to the public, Jin changed the first army into the second army to strengthen his own strength, and then destroyed three small countries: Geng (in Hejin, Shanxi), Huo (in Huoxian, Shanxi) and Wei (in Ruicheng, Shanxi), and Guo (in Shanxian, Henan) and Yu (in Pinglu, Shanxi). The territory of gold extends from the north bank of the Yellow River to the south of the Yellow River. This is of great significance to the development after the Jin Dynasty.
When Kim provided services, he began to become strong. The philosophers sacrificed their lives, fought for power and profit, and there was internal chaos. In inheritance, Gong Hui and Huai Gong were incompetent, so they always obeyed the Qin Dynasty. Kim has been in a state of turmoil for a long time.
In 636 BC, the son who had been in exile for 19 years returned to China to succeed to the throne with the help of Qin. He has a taste of "difficulties and obstacles", so he can work hard after he acceded to the throne, appointing talented Zhao Shuai, Hu Yan and others, and attaching importance to developing agriculture and handicraft production. After Wen Gong came to power, the Jin regime was not only consolidated, but also appeared a situation of "officials and people enriching the people and making poor use of money".
In the same year, there was civil strife in the Zhou royal family, and King Xiang of Zhou took refuge in Zheng. In 635 BC, Jin Wengong took advantage of this opportunity to send troops to pacify the chaos and escort Wang Xiang back to China. In order to reward Wen Gong's contribution, he gave all the fields of Wen, Wen, Yuan and Zanmao (now Jiyuan and Wuzhi in Henan). By recruiting and being diligent, Wen Gong not only got the land, but also improved the prestige among the former governors of Kim Jae Jung.
Since the decline of Qi Ba, Chu has taken advantage of it again, and some small countries in the Central Plains are also under its control. At that time, not only Lu and Zheng succumbed to Chu, but also a big country like Qi was threatened by Chu. Due to the prosperity of Jin, the dispute between Jin and Chu is inevitable. In 632 BC, the battle of Chengpu occurred in Chu Jin, and the Chu people were defeated. Jin Wengong's land under construction (now Yuanyang, Henan Province) formed an alliance with the monarchs of Qi, Lu, Song and Wei, and was ordered by the King of Zhou. That winter, Zaiwen (now wen county, Henan Province) became a vassal, and the king of Zhou was also called to attend the meeting, and Jin became the overlord of the Central Plains.
When Wen Gong dies, Xiang Gong dies. "xianggong" relied on a group of old ministers under Wen Gong, which not only stabilized the interior, but also defeated the Qin people, so that Jin could still maintain its hegemony.
When Zhou Dong moved to Xirong, Qin Xianggong was made a vassal for his meritorious service in escorting Wang Ping. The State of Qin used to live in Longdong, and after moving the capital, it occupied the land in the west. De Gong Ju Yong (now Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province). In the period of Mu Gong, the State of Qin gradually became stronger. Qin and Jin are married, so they are closely related, and the two countries often have conflicts because of border issues. After his death, Mu Gong took advantage of Jin's funeral to send troops to the east to levy Zheng. Later, he came back because Zheng was well prepared. However, when passing through □ (now Mianchi, Luoning, Henan), it was ambushed by gold, and the Qin Division was completely annihilated, and the third division was captured. Since then, Qin has been competing with Jin. For example, in 625 BC, the State of Qin conquered the State of Jin and fought (now Baishui, Shaanxi), and the State of Qin was defeated; A year later, Mu Gong personally led the troops to attack Jin. After crossing the Yellow River, he burned the boat. Jin people saw that Qin had the heart to fight to the death and did not dare to fight. Because Qin's national strength is not as good as Jin's, it often fights with Jin, and there are few gains. Jin just blocked the eastward passage of Qin, and it was difficult for Qin to enter the Central Plains. For the above reasons, Qin had to develop westward and defeat the nearby Rong people to enhance its strength. History says that Mu Gong "benefited twelve countries, and then ruled Xirong". At the same time, Qin strengthened its ties with southern Chu. From Mu Gong to the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Qin stood with the State of Chu and became the enemy of the State of Jin.
During Hexiang's victory over the State of Jin, Chu did not dare to compete with the State of Jin. In the period of King Chu Mu, the State of Chu constantly provoked struggles with the surrounding small countries, and successively eliminated such small countries as Jiang (now Runing, Henan), Liu (now Lu 'an, Anhui) and Guo (now Gushi, Henan). Since Xianggong's death, Jin's power has fallen into his hands. In order to establish his own power, crowd out dissidents and stifle the spirit of the people, Jin relaxed his hegemonic activities abroad. At this time, the national strength of Chu was in full swing. Dan Fan, a Chu man, said to Mu Wang, "The Jin army is few, not a vassal, but the north can make plans." Seeing the weakness of the Jin State, Chu wanted to establish hegemony in the Central Plains, but Mu Wang died soon.
King Zhuang is the heir of King Mu. In the early years of King Zhuang, the situation in Chu was very unstable. Aristocratic riots broke out one after another, and natural disasters struck. At the same time, the mobs and Bai Pu, who are adjacent to Chu, also took the opportunity to harass Chu. Zhuang Wangping set a chaotic situation and made some reforms in internal affairs, so that rewards and punishments were clear, and nobles of different sizes used their own functions, so that "the ministers were in harmony"; It also benefits the people. Even after sending troops frequently, the country can "be invincible in commerce, agriculture and industry". Because Wang Zhuang ruled the country well, the national strength of Chu became stronger and stronger.
In 606 BC, wang zheng Zhuang took the honor of Luhun (now Yichuan, Henan Province), observed soldiers in the suburbs of Zhou, and sent someone to ask Zhou about the weight of Jiuding to show his intention of swallowing Zhou. In 598 BC, Chu conquered Chen's capital; The following year, another soldier surrounded Zheng. Because the city was broken, he was trapped in March and surrendered to Chu. The State of Jin was embarrassed, so the State of Jin sent Xun to lead an army to save Zheng, and the two armies fought in □ (now Zhengzhou North, Henan Province). At this time, the decrees of the state of Jin were not smooth, and the generals were at odds, especially the deputy governors, who were headstrong and refused to obey orders. As a result, the State of Jin was defeated by the State of Chu and fled in confusion. The Battle of □ was the first major victory of Chu in the Central Plains. In 594 BC, Chu besieged Song Da in September, and Song was in a hurry. Kim was afraid to send troops because he was afraid of Chu. Song, Zheng and other countries surrendered to Chu, and Zhuang Wang became the overlord of the Central Plains.
With the decline of Jin, Qi, who often stood with Jin, gradually looked down on Jin. During the reign of Qi Qinggong, Qilian tied the knot with Chu and continued to fight against Lu and Wei. Besides, I don't respect Kim's special envoy. In 589 BC, the two countries, Lu and Wei, turned to the State of Jin for help because of their invulnerability, and the State of Jin sent □ grams to attack the State of Qi. The two armies fought fiercely in Anshan (now Jinan, Shandong Province), and Qi was defeated. Qi made an alliance with Jin and promised to return the land occupied by Lu and Wei. This campaign shows that although Jin is not as strong as before, Qi is still no match for Jin.
After the Jin army won the pommel horse war, Chu became hostile to the Jin army. This winter, Chu started his career in the name of saving Qi. Then the State of Chu held an alliance meeting in Shu (now Tai 'an, Shandong), which was attended by ten countries including Qi, Qin, Song, Zheng and Wei, and the momentum was quite huge. Kim dare not come out to fight Chu. Of course, Chu did not dare to attack Jin, and the two great powers were at loggerheads.
In 580 BC, Jinli became a public institution. Gong Li was interested in rectifying the state of Jin, and defeated Ren Di and Qin people at the beginning of his reign. Qi, Qin, Di and Chu were called "four great generals" by Jin people, and all of them were destroyed by the State of Jin except Chu.
In 579 BC, Jin and Chu made peace under the mediation of Song Huayuan, but both countries lacked sincerity and could only temporarily ease their contradictions. In 576 BC, Chu first broke the contract and attacked Zheng and Wei. The following year, the state of Jin attacked Zheng on the pretext that Zheng obeyed Chu, and Zheng asked Chu for help. King Gong of Chu led the army to save Zheng, and the two armies of Jin Chu fought in Yanling, and Chu was defeated. After the battle of Yanling, Jin was slightly superior to Chu in strength and conditions, so it was complacent. The following year, "I want to go to a group of doctors", killing □ to go, □ to go, □ to strengthen the imperial system. However, it was difficult to reverse the situation that the Jinshi was weak and the power was in the hands of Qing Dafu, so Gong Li was killed by the powerful ministers such as Luan Shu and Bank of China the following year.
After the death of mourning for the public in the Jin Dynasty, the dispute between ministers and doctors in the Jin State tended to ease, so during the mourning period, the Jin State was revived.
In dealing with the Rong people, Aigong adopted the strategy of cooperating with Rong, that is, exchanging wealth and goods for the land of Rong people to replace the simple military war in the past, so as to free up some troops to strengthen the hegemony of the Central Plains.
In 57 1 year BC, Jin forced Zheng in Hulao Pass (now Henan-Shuicheng). Zheng Bei Chu, Jin. At this time, both Jin and Chu were in decline, but in contrast, Jin had a slight advantage and Chu did not dare to compete with it. This is why hegemony can be restored for public mourning. Of course, Kim's hegemony has come to an end. In 546 BC, Xu put forward the idea of defending troops after Huayuan, and the four major countries of Jin, Chu, Qi and Qin agreed. In June and July of that year, fourteen countries including Jin, Chu, Qi, Qin, Song, Wei, Zheng and Lu met in Song. Chyi Chin is a big country, and Zhu and Teng are vassals of Qi and Song Dynasties. These four countries are not parties to the Covenant. At the meeting, it was stipulated that the followers of Jin and Chu must meet each other, that is to say, the servant countries of the two countries should face Jin and Chu at the same time, and at the same time recognize Jin and Chu as hegemons, so there was an unprecedented phenomenon that the two powers shared hegemony equally. In the decades after the war, due to the connection between the two powerful forces of Jin and Chu,