The value of products produced by enterprises in a certain period and expressed in money constitutes c+v+m, which includes both materialized labor C and newly created value v+m of labor. That is, the total value of products and services produced and provided by enterprises in a certain period of time.
The calculation formula is as follows: total output value = value of finished products in the current period+value of labor services in the current period+(value of products in process and semi-finished products at the end of the period-value of products in process and semi-finished products at the beginning of the period), where the value is calculated at socially constant prices.
Gross output value can be used to measure the business output of enterprises with long construction period, but its shortcomings are also obvious:
First, according to the formula, it is easily influenced by the difference between the beginning and the end of the period, which will induce enterprises to invest blindly;
Second, the output value is easily influenced by the transfer value;
Third, as far as the whole society is concerned, the total output value will be calculated repeatedly, which cannot objectively and effectively reflect the real output value of society.
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Basic conditions for a company to go public:
1, the company meets the listing qualification of joint-stock companies; The company has been in business for more than three years;
2. The company applying for listing has been making profits continuously for nearly three years, and there is no major illegal act, no false record in the financial accounting report, no false capital contribution in the registered capital, and no phenomenon of withdrawing capital contribution;
3. The registered capital of a listed company is at least 30 million yuan, the total amount of the company exceeds 50 million yuan, the publicly issued shares account for more than a quarter of the total shares of the company, the total share capital is at least 400 million yuan, and the publicly issued shares account for more than 65,438+00%;
4. The company's shares are approved by the State Council Securities Company and publicly issued to the public;
5. The company can be listed only after completing the proposed listing plan, improving the company's organizational structure, hiring certified public accountants to complete the audit work, and arranging relevant legal documents by lawyers.
What's the difference between listing and not listing?
1. The ownership structure of listed companies and unlisted companies is different.
Non-listed companies don't need to manage enterprises according to a complete management structure and system, and listed companies can't. They need a complete system of shareholders' meeting, a complete system of board of directors, board of supervisors and secretary general, and a complete corporate governance structure. Non-listed companies do not need to disclose financial information on time, and listed companies should disclose information on time.
2. Differences in property rights mobility between listed companies and non-listed companies.
Compared with unlisted companies, the property rights (stocks) of listed companies are highly mobile. If there is no listing, there will be no liquidity in the company's equity. Listed companies are different. After listing, his equity can actually be bought and sold, which is very convenient.
3. The financing channels of listed companies and unlisted companies are different.
Listed companies have more financing channels than unlisted companies. When a listed company goes public for the first time to raise funds, it is called IPO, and it must sell some shares to obtain funds from new shareholders. What IPO gets is small money, because there is still a big head behind it, that is, it can be issued continuously, and you can get a capital injection every time you issue it.
In addition to stocks, listed companies can also issue bonds for financing. Of course, non-listed companies can also issue bonds, but in proportion, listed companies issue bonds much more. If you don't go public, financing is relatively inconvenient. Stocks can't be traded publicly, but they can only raise funds directionally, which is not attractive to listed companies.
Moreover, listed companies are easier to merge than non-listed companies, and many companies are more difficult to list, so they will indirectly absorb merged listed companies. The shares of listed companies can be traded on exchanges and can be realized. It is difficult for non-listed companies to realize the realization of shares, and the return on shares is far less than that of listed companies.
4. The popularity of listed companies and unlisted companies is different.
Listed companies are publicly traded on the exchange, and their popularity is greatly improved. Many brands went public, and their popularity increased rapidly.