development bank
Development Bank is a professional bank that provides investment loans for economic development. Development Bank is an important professional bank, which can be divided into three types: international, regional and domestic. The International Development Bank is jointly established by several countries, the most famous of which is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, or the World Bank for short. Regional development banks are mainly established by member countries in the region, such as the Inter-American Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank. The domestic development bank is established by the state in China to serve the development and development of the domestic economy, and its capital source is mainly bonds issued in China.
investment bank
Investment banks are banks specializing in long-term investment business. Although investment banks are called "banks", they cannot handle the traditional business of commercial banks, and they are also different from trust companies or investment companies. The name of investment bank is very popular in the United States and some continental European countries. In addition, it has many names, such as British commercial banks, French industrial banks and Japanese securities companies.
Investment banks mainly raise funds by issuing their own stocks and bonds. Investment banks are not allowed to take deposits. Although some countries allow investment banks to take deposits, they mainly take time deposits. In addition, investment banks can also obtain loans from other financial institutions or other financing channels, but this does not constitute their main source of funds. Investment banks mainly serve as intermediaries between securities issuing companies and securities investors, and their specific businesses mainly include:
(1) underwriting the issuance of securities.
(2) Brokerage business is to conduct securities trading as a broker on behalf of clients;
③ Self-operated business, that is, securities trading with its own funds;
(4) Toll banking, that is, engaging in M&A consulting, securities economic research and other forms of financial consulting activities.
In addition, some investment banks also engage in medium and long-term loans, gold, foreign exchange transactions and leasing business.
agricultural bank
Agricultural Bank refers to a professional bank specializing in agricultural credit. Because agriculture is greatly influenced by natural conditions; Farmers are scattered, the demand for funds is small, the term is long and the interest burden is limited; The centralized management of collateral is difficult, and most lenders only rely on personal reputation, so agricultural credit is risky, with long term and low income. General commercial banks and other financial institutions are reluctant to operate agricultural credit. To this end, many western countries have set up agricultural banks with the main responsibility of supporting and promoting agricultural development to meet the needs of policy financing.
The main sources of funds of the Agricultural Bank are government grants, deposits and the issuance of various stocks and bonds. The loan business of China Agricultural Bank is very extensive, including almost all the capital requirements in the process of agricultural production. Because of the high risk, long term and low income of agricultural loans, most western countries give discount or tax preference to agricultural bank loans. Agricultural Bank has different names in different countries, such as the Federal Land Bank of the United States, the Agricultural Credit Bank of France, the Agricultural Mortgage Bank of Germany, and the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Financial Pool of Japan.
Ex-im Bank
The Export-Import Bank is a professional bank specializing in foreign trade credit, generally government financial institutions, such as the Export-Import Bank of Japan and the Export-Import Bank of the United States. The export-import banks in some countries are semi-official, such as the French Foreign Trade Bank. Because the Export-Import Bank has a strong official color in its operating principles and loan interest rates, it is essentially a policy bank.
The main business of the Export-Import Bank is to provide various export credits. There are usually two ways of export credit: one is seller's credit, that is, the credit provided by the exporter's bank; The other is buyer's credit, that is, the exporter's bank provides loans to foreign importers or importers' banks to buy domestic equipment. The development of a country's international trade is often inseparable from the support of the Export-Import Bank.
Savings bank (savings bank)
Savings bank refers to a professional bank that specializes in residents' savings and takes savings deposits as the main source of funds. Savings banks have many names, such as mutual savings banks, savings and loan associations, national savings banks, trust savings banks, credit associations and so on.
Although the amount of savings deposits is scattered, the deposit term is relatively long and the liquidity is relatively small. Because the balance of savings deposits is relatively stable, it is mainly used for long-term credit and long-term investment, such as issuing mortgage loans and investing in government bonds, corporate bonds and stocks. Some countries explicitly stipulate the proportion of government bonds that savings banks must invest in. In the past, the business activities of savings banks were subject to many restrictions, such as not being able to operate checking deposits and general industrial and commercial loans. However, with the relaxation of financial control, the business of savings banks has been expanding. For example, the Garn Saint-Germain Act of the United States 1982 expanded the savings and loan association (S&; L) types of investable assets.
Mortgage bank (mortgage bank)
Mortgage bank is the abbreviation of "real estate mortgage bank", which refers to a bank specializing in long-term loan business with real estate such as land and houses as collateral. Real estate banks have different names, such as French real estate credit bank, American federal housing loan bank, German private mortgage bank and public mortgage bank. There are three forms of mortgage banks: public, private and public-private partnership. The main source of funds for mortgage banks is to issue real estate mortgage securities to raise funds. Its long-term loan business can be divided into two categories:
One is a long-term loan with land as collateral, and the loan target is mainly land owners or farmers;
The other kind is loans based on urban real estate, and the loan target is mainly the owner of the house or the capitalist who runs the building.
Because the real estate collateral is often difficult to sell when handling, it is easy to occupy funds, so there are not many specialized mortgage banks. Therefore, commercial banks participate in real estate mortgage loans in large quantities, and many mortgage banks also start to operate general credit business. This mixed operation shows a trend of strengthening.