Analysis:
The Huanghuaihai region starts from the Great Wall in the north, reaches the northern foot of Tongbai Mountain and Dabie Mountain in the south, borders Taihang Mountain and Funiu Mountain in the west, and borders Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea in the east. Its main body is the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain (North China Plain) alluvial by the Yellow River, Huaihe River, Haihe River and their tributaries, and the hills in the south-central Shandong Peninsula adjacent to it. The scope of administrative divisions roughly includes all the three provinces and cities of Beijing, Tianjin and Shandong, most of Hebei and Henan provinces, and Huaibei area of Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, with 53 jurisdictions.
Figure 1 1. 1 map of Huanghuaihai region
376 counties (cities, districts). The total land area of the whole region is 469,500 square kilometers, and the total population of 1995 is about 278 million, accounting for 4.89% of the total land area and 22.95% of the total population respectively. The area is densely populated, with an average population density of 592 people per square kilometer, which is about 3.7 times of the national average population density. It is not only a densely populated area of population, industry and towns in northern China, but also the seat of the national political, economic and cultural center, which has a very important strategic position in the national economic development pattern.
Section 1 Comprehensive Analysis of Regional Development Conditions
I. Advantages
1. Excellent geographical position and outstanding location advantages.
Huang-Huai-Hai region is located at the junction of North China, East China and Central China, with both land and sea, facing Northeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, backed by the "Three North" region, and located in the southern half of China's northern coastal circular economy industrial belt. Most of the areas belong to Bohai Economic Zone, which is another "hot spot" for cross-century open development and construction along the eastern coast of China after the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta. The whole region is centered on megacities such as Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Jinan and Zhengzhou, relying on the vast hinterland of the central and western regions and the energy base of Shanxi, Shaanxi and Mongolia, with the economic and technological development zones of coastal cities such as Tianjin, Yantai, Qingdao and Lianyungang as the frontiers, with the coastal port groups such as Qinhuangdao, Tianjin Xingang, Yantai, Qingdao, Rizhao and Lianyungang as the frontiers, and Beijing-Guangzhou, Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Kowloon, Jingshan, Ji Jiao, Xinshi and Lianyungang as the frontiers. It has not only become an important base and window for the northern part of China to connect with the international economy and participate in economic and technological cooperation in Northeast Asia and the Asia-Pacific region, but also an important channel and seaport for the vast inland areas in the central and western regions to open to the outside world and introduce foreign resources into China, and it is playing an increasingly important role.
2. Rich and diverse resources, with a material basis for developing a variety of industries.
Huanghuaihai region is rich in land, minerals, oceans, agricultural and sideline products, tourism and other resources in the eastern coastal areas of China. All kinds of resources are not only large in reserves, but also close to traffic lines and consumption places, with superior development conditions. They are an important material basis for the development of agriculture, energy and raw material industries, processing industries, marine industries and tourism, with great potential for comprehensive development of resources and broad development prospects.
First of all, it is flat and rich in land resources. The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain covers an area of more than 320,000 square kilometers, with 30 million mu of wasteland suitable for farming and 5.5 million mu of coastal beach resources. The plain area has deep soil layer, high soil fertility and rich light and heat resources, and the light, heat, water and soil resources match well in the same period of rain and heat, which is conducive to the comprehensive development of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, and is one of the key areas for comprehensive agricultural development in China.
Secondly, there are hundreds of mineral resources in the region, among which the reserves of gold, natural sulfur, diamond, gypsum and crystal rank first in the country, and the reserves of oil, coal, iron, bauxite, graphite, magnesite, rock salt, fluorite, marble and limestone rank first in the country, and the sea salt resources in coastal areas are inexhaustible. Among the above mineral resources, energy, iron ore and building materials play the greatest role in the economic development of this region. From 65438 to 0990, the coal reserves in this area were about 77 billion tons, accounting for 7.6% of the whole country. Kailuan, Fengfeng, Pingdingshan, Yanzhou, Tengzhou, Xuzhou, Huaibei and Huainan are famous coalfields in China. In the Yellow River Delta, Central Hebei and Northeast Henan Plain and along the Bohai Bay, Shengli, North China, East Hebei, Central Plains, Dagang, Bohai and other oil and gas fields with national significance are concentrated. Jidong Iron Mine, with proven reserves of 5.6 billion tons, is one of the three major iron ore areas in China. Building materials resources in this area are widely distributed and have large reserves, among which limestone, gypsum, marble, granite and quartz sand are the most important. In addition, the coastal area of this area is a famous salt field in China, and abundant underground sodium salt mines have been discovered in recent years. Only in the Yellow River Delta in northern Jiangsu and Huaiyin-Xuzhou area, two super-large salt mines with proven geological reserves of 580 billion tons and 400 billion tons have been discovered.
There are mountains, seas, rivers, lakes and springs in the Huang-Huai-Hai region, with beautiful natural scenery, rich cultural relics and tourist resources. There are world-famous Badaling Great Wall, Shanhaiguan, Palace Museum, Yuanmingyuan and Summer Palace, Ming Tombs, Qing Dongling, Qing Xiling, chengde mountain resort, Dongyue Taishan, Beidaihe, Changli, Yantai, Weihai, Qingdao, Lianyungang and other seaside tourist attractions, as well as Penglai Pavilion, a maritime fairyland, Laoshan, Jinan and Qufu's "Three Holes" (Confucius Temple, Confucius House and Confucius Forest). Beijing, Tianjin, Zhengzhou, Jinan, Qingdao, Qufu, Zoucheng, Kaifeng, Luoyang, Xuzhou, Huai 'an, Bozhou, Anyang, Shangqiu and other 18 cities are also famous historical and cultural cities in China, with broad prospects for development and utilization.
Agriculture has a long history and is an important commodity grain, cotton, oil, meat and fruit base in China.
Huang-Huai-Hai region has a long history of farming, and it is one of the earliest areas where primitive agriculture developed in China. 1995, the cultivated land area in the whole region was 3 1 365 mu, accounting for 22.02% of the total cultivated land area in China, but it produced 27.9% grain, 40.8% cotton, 24.4% oil, 3 1.8% fruit and 25./ At present, this area is the most concentrated area in China's major counties producing grain, cotton and oil. 1995, there were 34 counties (cities) in this area among the counties (cities) with the top total agricultural added value in China 100; There are 35 counties (cities), 40 counties (cities) and 6 100 counties (cities) in this area. Among the total output of pigs, cattle, mutton, aquatic products and fruits in 65,438+000 counties (cities), there are 33 counties (cities), 22 counties (cities) and 40 counties (cities) in this area. The per capita grain, cotton, oil, fruit and meat in the region all exceed the national average (for example, the per capita grain in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong and Henan provinces and cities in the region is 4 13. 1 kg, which is 27.8 kg higher than the national average grain), and it is an important production base of commodity grain, cotton, oil, meat and fruit in the country.
4. The industrial foundation is strong, but the development of light and heavy industries is not coordinated enough.
Huang-Huai-Hai region is one of the main comprehensive industrial bases in China, with a solid industrial base and many large-scale backbone enterprises, forming a large-scale and complete industrial production system. The total industrial output value of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong and Henan provinces 1995 reached 21169.78 million yuan (current price), accounting for 23.04% of the national total industrial output value. Among them, the industrial output value of township and above is 65.438+0.44996 billion yuan, accounting for 265.438+0.84% of the total industrial output value of township and above. The original value of industrial fixed assets reached 748.942 billion yuan, accounting for 22.4% of the country.
In the industrial sector structure of this area, heavy industry accounts for a high proportion. The ratio of heavy industry to light industry is 58.75: 4 1.25 in the total industrial output value of the above five provinces, cities, townships and above. Heavy industry is dominated by basic industries such as energy, steel, chemicals and building materials, among which the output of raw coal accounts for 20.72% of the whole country, crude oil accounts for 365,438 0.63%, power generation accounts for 265,438 0.50%, steel accounts for 25.58%, cement accounts for 26.84%, fertilizer accounts for 23.42% and soda ash accounts for 47.44%. 18967.8686316 cotton yarn and cotton cloth accounted for 365,438+0.65, 438+0% and 28.4% respectively, beverages and wine accounted for 27.9%, and machine-made paper and cardboard accounted for 33.23%. Generally speaking, the industries in this region are still dominated by traditional industries. Except for a few mega-cities such as Beijing, Tianjin and Qingdao, which are still in their infancy, technology-intensive industries and high-tech industries with high technology content and high added value account for a small proportion.
5. The infrastructure is perfect and the investment environment is good.
In addition to the advantages of energy resources, the Huanghuaihai region is also close to the largest energy base in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Mongolia, and is an important channel for "transporting coal from the west to the east" and "transporting coal from the north to the south". The main energy sources in this area are generally self-sufficient. North China Power Grid based on this area is the largest power grid in China, in which the installed capacity of thermal power plants accounts for about 1/3 of the whole country. The transportation in the area is convenient, with the "three verticals and four horizontals" railway trunk lines (the "three verticals" are Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Kowloon and Beijing-Guangzhou lines, and the "four horizontals" are Daqin (Huangdao) line, Ji Jiao-Shide line, Xinshi and Longhai line) as the skeleton, the expressway network extending in all directions as the network, and the connected coastal ports and Beijing and Longhai lines as the network. The post and telecommunications industry in the region has developed rapidly, and the optical cables of North Coast, Beijing-Hangzhou-Guangzhou, Beijing-Jiujiu, Jingning, Xú Zhēng and other countries all originate or pass through the region, which is very convenient for communication at home and abroad. The relatively perfect infrastructure and its good combination make this region one of the few regions with excellent investment environment in China, which provides extremely favorable conditions for further opening up and accelerating the development of export-oriented economy at the end of this century and the beginning of the next century.
6. Science and technology education is developed, and talents and intelligence advantages are obvious.
Huanghuaihai area is the most concentrated area of scientific research institutions and universities in China, with high intelligence density. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 1 100 natural science research and development institutions in the whole region, accounting for 21.5% of the national total; There are 247 institutions of higher learning, accounting for 27.4% of the country. From 65438 to 0992, there were 5,968,300 professional technicians in the whole region, accounting for 22.7% of the whole country, and the number of scientific and technological talents per 10,000 population was also significantly higher than the national average. The relatively developed advantages of science and education and talents' intelligence are extremely important factors to promote the sustained and rapid economic and social development in this region in the future.
Second, the limiting factors.
1. Natural disasters are frequent and the agricultural ecological environment is fragile.
Huanghuaihai region is located in the mid-latitude monsoon climate zone. Due to the influence of geographical location and natural conditions, natural disasters such as drought, waterlogging, saline-alkali and sandstorm are frequent in history, the agricultural ecological environment is fragile, and the agricultural output is low and unstable. Over the past 40 years, through continuous comprehensive management and development and construction, the impact of various natural disasters has been alleviated, but hidden dangers still exist, mainly as follows: ① The potential threat of drought and flood disasters is still great. Among them, drought in spring and waterlogging in summer are the most serious, which often appear alternately in a year. According to statistics, since the early 1950s, the area of drought and flood disasters in this area has accounted for more than half of the country, making it one of the most frequent areas in China. ② Saline-alkali soil, aeolian sandy soil, sand ginger soil and other low-yield soils have a large area, and the task of control and transformation is still arduous. According to the statistics of relevant departments, there are 34.99 million mu of saline-alkali land, 22.99 million mu of aeolian sandy soil and 39 million mu of sand ginger soil in this area, accounting for about 30.9% of the existing cultivated land area, which is an important restrictive factor affecting the sustainable and stable agricultural production in this area. (3) Environmental deterioration and ecological disasters have intensified, mainly including serious water pollution, soil erosion in mountainous and hilly areas, wind erosion in plain areas, storm surges and seawater intrusion in coastal areas.
2. Water resources are in short supply, and the contradiction between supply and demand intensifies.
The precipitation in the Huang-Huai-Hai region is less, unevenly distributed during the year, with great interannual variation, and water resources are in serious shortage. According to statistics, the total water resources in this area is only142.77 billion cubic meters, accounting for 5.03% of the total water resources in China. The per capita water resource is 79 1 m3, and the average water resource per hectare is 7,635 m3, which are only 34. 1% and 25.8% of the national average respectively. Especially in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area, Shandong Peninsula and southern plain of Hebei Province, where population and economy are concentrated, the problem of water shortage is more prominent. According to the analysis of water supply and demand balance, under the existing engineering facilities, the available water supply in Huanghuaihai Plain in the middle drought year is 610.35 billion cubic meters, the water demand is 69.55 billion cubic meters, and the annual water shortage is about 8 billion cubic meters. In the future, with the economic and social development of the whole region, the demand for water resources will continue to increase. It is predicted that by the end of this century, the annual water shortage will reach1172 million cubic meters, and the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources will be further aggravated.
3. Compared with developed areas, the degree of reform and opening up is poor and the economic growth is relatively slow.
Most of the Huang-Huai-Hai region is located in the northern coastal areas. Compared with the economically developed areas along the southeast coast, especially with the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and the "Golden Triangle" areas of Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Quanzhou in southern Fujian, the ideological concepts of cadres and the masses in most areas are still old and conservative, which cannot meet the needs of deepening reform, further opening up and accelerating development. Outstanding in the market concept, competition awareness, efficiency awareness, open awareness, the current enterprise system reform and functional transformation progress is slow. Except for Shandong province, the economic growth rate of the whole region is obviously lower than the average level of coastal areas in other four provinces and cities. For example, from 1979 to 1995, the average annual growth rate of GDP at comparable prices is 10.24% in Hebei Province, 10.87% in Henan Province and11.. Except Beijing and Tianjin, the per capita GDP of Hebei, Shandong and Henan provinces195 was 3,376 yuan, 4,473 yuan and 2,475 yuan respectively, which were all lower than the national average of 4,754 yuan.