With the progress of science and technology and the increasing difficulty of oil and gas resources development, oil and gas exploration and oil and gas field development increasingly need multidisciplinary and professional cooperation. In order to meet this need, some leading large-scale petroleum technical service companies have gradually developed horizontally, specialized in various functions and become multifunctional comprehensive oilfield service companies.
(1) development history of petroleum technical service company.
Throughout history, the development of the world petroleum technology service industry has roughly experienced four stages.
① From the birth of the petroleum industry in 1859 to the first year of the 20th century in 10, the oilfield service industry was initially formed.
The United States is the birthplace of the world oil industry and oilfield service industry. 19 In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the oil exploration boom in Pennsylvania gradually spread to many parts of the United States. At that time, oil exploration was neither guided by geological theory nor complicated technology. People buy (or rent) land near the oil outcrop (oil and gas seedling) on the ground, hire drilling teams to drill wells, and leave without pumping oil. When they pump the oil, they install a steam pump to pump it out and put it in wooden barrels (beer barrels) to transport it away. Later, there were oil (gas) pipelines connected by bolts, and gradually developed a number of drilling rigs (drilling) and drilling tool manufacturers, drilling contractors and pipeline builders. This is the original oilfield service industry. Dreiser Company has invented, manufactured and sold leak-proof joints for gas pipelines since 1980s of 19. Smith Company developed from blacksmith shop to repair and manufacture drill bits in the early 20th century. Countries that discovered oil during this period, such as Russia, Romania, Mexico, etc. At first, I bought a drilling rig from America and hired a drilling team.
At that time, oil companies were also small-scale enterprises, and the risk of finding oil was great. It is not necessary and impossible for them to establish their own rig manufacturers and drilling companies while looking for oil. As for Rockefeller Standard Oil Company, which monopolized the American oil industry at that time, it did not enter the upstream field until after 1885. Its oil production share is as high as 30%, and its focus is on refining and sales, but it is not interested in oilfield service industry. Therefore, the oilfield service industry has been separated from oil companies since its birth.
② During the 1920s and 1950s, the world oilfield service industry developed rapidly and formed a relatively complete system.
This stems from the worldwide petroleum technology revolution, with the focus on the breakthrough of petroleum exploration technology. First, gravity exploration technology is formed by using torsion scales; second, refraction and reflection seismic exploration technology appears and matures gradually; third, practical application of resistivity ground exploration technology and downhole measurement logging technology. As pioneers of geophysical exploration technology, American Geophysical Service Company (GSI), French General Geophysical Company (CGG) and German Prak 1a were born. Schlumberger of France (SCH1Umber) is a pioneer of logging technology.
The revolution of drilling technology is to replace percussion drilling with rotary drilling. With the development of drilling depth from one hundred and twenty meters to two or three kilometers, drilling rigs, drilling tools and drill bits are becoming more and more complicated. The drilling technology ranges from clean water drilling to various drilling fluids, from land drilling to shallow water drilling, and a number of manufacturers of drilling tools and drill bits have been developed accordingly, among which Beker, Hughes and other companies are outstanding. At the same time, specialized drilling fluid companies, such as Browder, were born.
The development of oil field has changed from blind intensive well arrangement to taking the oil field as a whole, rationally arranging wells, controlling production and scientific exploitation. The secondary development of water injection has been widely used, and the completion technology has been paid attention to. Hydraulic fracturing, acidification and other technologies have appeared one after another, which has become an important means to increase oil production. Halliburton Company (Ha 1 1iburton) is famous for this.
In this way, with the formation and progress of exploration and development technology, an oilfield service industry centered on the United States and spread all over the world has developed and expanded.
At the same time, another set of petroleum industry system and system was formed in the former Soviet Union, whose main feature is "big and comprehensive". Oilfield service industry was born in oil and gas exploration and development industry, and it is subordinate to and attached to oil and gas enterprises. Every oil field (oil region) is an oil and gas enterprise (bureau), and each oil and gas enterprise has its own set of technical service institutions. They only serve the parent enterprise and take it as their responsibility to complete the planned tasks of the parent enterprise. There is only competition among oilfield service enterprises in China, but there is no competition. Foreign oilfield service companies can't get in without going in.
③ In 1960s, the world petroleum technology service industry entered a new period of great development.
In 1960s, there was another technological revolution in the world oil industry. Geophysical exploration technology and logging technology have developed from tape simulation to digitalization and then to numerical control. Seismic technology has developed from two-dimensional to three-dimensional and four-dimensional, from application to exploration to oil and gas field development. The appearance of measurement while drilling (MWD) and logging while drilling (LWD) has achieved a major breakthrough in drilling technology, from drilling straight wells to drilling directional deviated wells, horizontal wells, extended reach horizontal wells, multi-lateral wells and multi-bottom wells. Reservoir description and reservoir numerical simulation technology greatly improve the success rate of exploration wells and the development level of oil and gas fields. With the rapid development of marine engineering technology, the depth of drilling and mining has developed from tens of meters to thousands of meters. The technical content of oilfield services is constantly improving, and it is rapidly developing in the direction of automation and intelligence. In addition to drilling companies, several drilling technology service companies with their own strengths have also been formed. With the progress of science and technology and the increasing difficulty of oil and gas resources development, oil and gas exploration and oil and gas field development increasingly need multidisciplinary and professional cooperation. In order to meet this demand, some leading large-scale service companies have gradually developed horizontally, specializing in multiple functions and becoming multifunctional comprehensive oilfield service companies.
④ Since 1990s, the world petroleum technical service has entered a new stage of combining specialization with comprehensive service.
Entering this stage, the petroleum technology service industry is facing a series of new situations. On the one hand, the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the implementation of reform and opening up in China, the planned economy system was replaced by the market economy system. The world oilfield service market has expanded unprecedentedly. A number of oilfield service enterprises in China, the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries have successively changed their systems, entered the market and participated in the competition. The competition in the world oilfield service market is more intense. On the other hand, a brand-new production relationship-"alliance" has been formed and developed between big oil and gas companies and big oilfield service companies. In the past, every exploration or development project of oil and gas companies had to organize a team of one person to make plans and schemes, find partners for each operation process, negotiate and sign contracts, organize the connection between processes, and coordinate the relations between all parties, which was a heavy workload. Now every project is cooperated by a comprehensive service company, and the two sides form a multidisciplinary joint team. From planning to implementation, benefit sharing and risk sharing. Big service companies are more in-depth exploration and development, follow-up services, and are committed to giving full play to the company's comprehensive strength and overall advantages, which is more conducive to occupying the market. In this situation, the world oilfield service industry is further divided and reorganized.
(2) The basic pattern and structure of petroleum technology service industry.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the world's five major oilfield service industries were formed: Schlumberger, halliburton, Dreiser, Baker Hughes and Western Atlas. At the end of 1990s, they merged and reorganized into the "top three" in the field of petroleum technical services in the world-Halliburton, Schlumberger and Bexheus.
(1) halliburton (HA 1 1 I Burton)-a growing giant in mergers and acquisitions.
Halliburton Company started from cementing, and today, it has become an "all-round" comprehensive oilfield service company except geophysical exploration. Its downhole operation (from completion to stimulation measures) ranks first in the world; Logging can occupy the second and third position; Drilling technical services, mud, bit world-class; Engineering construction is the strongest in the world.
As early as 1934 and 1949, Halliburton Company became the backbone service provider of acidizing and fracturing technology through technology transfer, which also marked its development from a single specialized cementing service company to a preliminary integrated cementing and completion service company.
In the following years, through a series of M&A activities, halliburton's business field and professional level have been greatly developed. 1957 acquired We 1ex logging company, and increased electric logging and perforation business. In the same year, we merged with the Perforation Research Center and became a leader in the field of perforation. 1959 merged Otis engineering company to increase cable testing business; 1962 merge brown root (brown &; Root) company, which became a strong company in engineering construction, also laid the foundation for the subsequent entry into submarine pipeline projects; 1972 bought IMC drilling fluid company; 1986, cooperating with Dresser Company in M-I Mud Company; 1988, Gearhart industrial company was merged, including its logging business (one of the world's three largest logging companies) and geophysical exploration business (its subsidiary, Geosource, is one of the world's three largest geophysical exploration companies), and subsequently acquired GSI (Geophysiea1Service Inc.); 1989, Sirra Geophysical Exploration Company was acquired and merged into HGS, becoming the world's leading geophysical exploration enterprise and entering the top three in logging. 1994, Halliburton Company sold HGS to Litton Industrial Group and merged it into Atlas Company in the west due to the loss of HGS year after year. 1996, it was optimistic about the information and software industry and bought Landmark, an elite enterprise in the geophysical software industry at that time.
1998, Halliburton merged Dreiser Industries, the world's third largest oilfield service group, and absorbed several strengths of Dreiser, such as Magcober, Security, Titan, etc., so as to strengthen their own strength in these areas and realize complementary advantages.
Facing the challenge of the new era, Halliburton Company will simultaneously promote the overall development strategy and technical development strategy.
The company has established the strategic goal of "leading technology, excellent operation, innovative business and energetic employees". Its overall business strategy is: seek strategic development opportunities in oilfield services and engineering construction services on a global scale, improve the competitiveness of core business through internal development and external mergers and acquisitions, and at the same time continuously expand the scope of services and explore new businesses; Adjust the company's business scope in time according to the changes of customer demand, and maintain the rationality of the company's business layout; Continue to promote the research and development of new technologies; Use the company's products, services and technologies to create greater value for customers, employees and shareholders.
In terms of technology investment, Halliburton has established four research centers around the world to implement its technology leading strategy, which are Carlton Research Center (in Texas), Duncan Research Center (in Oklahoma), Houston Research Center (in Texas) and Reddorp Research Center (in the Netherlands). According to the specific needs of the company, the four research centers conduct their own research or cooperation, and actively seek the best solution for customers.
② Schlumberger (Sch 1 umberger)- "Be the first if you want to do it".
Schlumberger Company started with electrical exploration, and 1932 established a professional logging company, which is the "elder" and "leader" of the world logging industry.
1954 acquired Forex drilling company, 1984 acquired Sedco drilling company, and acquired Sedco—Forex, a drilling contracting company with strong technical strength in the field of offshore drilling in the world. Dowell Company (Dowell11+0) bought from Dow Chemical Company twice before and after 1960, which made downhole operation become a strong point after Halliburton. 1985, the British geophysical exploration company mar 1 was merged; 1986 and 1989 merged the Norwegian Geco Geophysical Exploration Company in two steps; 199 1- 1992, the seismology of Prak 1a in Germany was merged. 1992, acquired the British SSL company and merged them into kopra Kela (GECO-PRAK 1A) company, which became a strong company in the field of geophysical exploration. 1992 software company Geoquest System merger. 1970 acquired Ana 1yst logging company to innovate and develop MWD technology. In 1990s, this Anade Lear Company (Anadri 1 1) became one of the world-renowned drilling technology service companies. 199965438+February, Schlumberger separated the drilling contracting business and merged Sedco-Forex with Transocean to become the largest offshore drilling contractor in the world. In the same year, Schlumberger took out the mud business of its Dowe 1 1+0 company outside North America and merged with Smith's M-I Swaco company to form M-I company, with Schlumberger holding 40% of the shares. In 2000, Schlumberger merged its GECO- Prak 1A Geophysical Company with Baker Hughes' Western Geophysical Company (Western Geophysical Company 1) to become the largest geophysical company in the world, with Schlumberger holding 70% of the shares.
In this way, Schlumberger Company has become an "all-round" comprehensive oilfield service company except engineering construction. The ability of logging business and geophysical exploration business ranks first in the world; Its drilling technical services (Anadri 1 1) and mud (M-I) are also world-class; Underground work ranks second in the world.
In addition, Schlumberger keeps up with the progress of the world information industry and gives full play to its advantages in electronic technology and instrument technology while developing oil field services horizontally. Since 1980s, Schlumberger has become one of the largest information companies in the world through continuous M&A activities, especially the acquisition of SE-MA by 200 1.
Schlumberger's overall development strategy is to become a global supplier of petroleum technology solutions. The guiding ideology of its technical development is to provide oil and gas companies with various low-cost and high-efficiency products, services and comprehensive solutions, and to protect the environment and realize the asset appreciation of oil and gas companies by safely carrying out various operations at the well site; Implement the technology leading strategy, that is, pursue technology leading and product leading on a global scale to ensure competitive advantage. Schlumberger's spirit is "Be the first if you want to do it".
Schlumberger currently has two major businesses, one is oilfield technical services, and the other is geophysical exploration business of WesternGeco. Oilfield technical services include comprehensive services for oil and gas exploration and development, as well as instrument manufacturing and electronic communication technology development serving core businesses, including earthquake, drilling, cementing, completion, logging, well testing, downhole operation, formation evaluation, enhanced oil recovery, consulting, software development, information management and IT infrastructure services. WesternGeco is a joint venture company established by Schlumberger and Baker Hughes in 2000. It is the largest seismic exploration company in the world, and can provide customers with advanced data acquisition and data processing services. Schlumberger owns 70% of its shares, while Baker Hughes owns the remaining 30%. It has become the focus of Schlumberger's current development to establish an appropriate organizational structure and core business structure, and adjust and optimize them in time.
Another key point is to increase investment in science and technology to ensure technological leadership. In recent 20 years, Schlumberger's annual investment in scientific research accounted for 3% ~ 8.6% of the total operating income of that year, of which 1998 was $568 million (accounting for 8.6%), in 2000 it was $540 million (accounting for 5.3%), and in 2004 it was $41600 million (accounting for).
(3) Baker Hughes-winning with first-class technology. Baker Hughes Company is the product of the merger of Baker and Hughes Oil Tools Company in 1986. Carl baker 1903, 1907, 19 13 successively invented the eccentric bit, casing shoe and cement adapter, and founded baker Oi 19 13. Hughes Oil Tools Company was founded by howard hughes in 1909, and started with the invention and manufacture of roller bits. 1978 bought Brown Tools Company. After the merger of Baker Hughes 1986, it has great advantages in global drilling and production of downhole tools. But in the early days, its advantage was only in "hard" technology, and now it is developing to "soft" technology.
Baker Hughes merged a large number of oilfield service companies with leading technology in the development process, including Brown OI 1 ooo 1S, CTC, EDECO and Elde Oil Tools, Mi 1Chem and Newpark, which are engaged in drilling fluid production and service. EXLOG company is engaged in mud logging business, Eastman Christencen company and Drex company are engaged in directional drilling and diamond bit production business, Dri 1ex company is engaged in testing while drilling business, Tri-State company and Wi 1son company are engaged in fishing tool manufacturing and related services, Aquaness company, Chem 1ink company and Petro 1ite company. During this period, Lane Well Company and Western Geophysical Company were also indirectly merged into Baker Hughes Company.
In this way, Baker Hughes became the third multifunctional integrated oilfield service company. It is world-class in geophysical prospecting, logging, downhole tools, drilling and production technical services, drill bits and other fields.
The strategic goal of Baker Hughes Company is to establish a high-quality corporate culture, maintain the best product system, centralize and unify the allocation of resources, and seek development opportunities for various business departments within the company.
Leading technology and integrated solutions make today's petroleum technical service companies an indispensable supporting force in the petroleum industry and a winning guarantee for the efficient development of major oil and gas projects.