1, indicators reflecting whether the financial structure of the enterprise is reasonable are:
(1) Net assets ratio = total shareholders' equity/total assets
This index is mainly used to reflect the financial strength and debt repayment safety of enterprises, and its reciprocal is the debt ratio. The ratio of net assets is directly proportional to the financial strength of the enterprise, but if the ratio is too high, it shows that the financial structure of the enterprise is not reasonable. Generally, this indicator should be around 50%, but for some super-large enterprises, the reference standard of this indicator should be lowered.
(2) ratio of net fixed assets = net fixed assets/original value of fixed assets
This index reflects the old and new degree of fixed assets and production capacity of enterprises. Generally, it is better for the index to exceed 75%. This index is of great significance to evaluate the production capacity of industrial enterprises.
(3) Capitalization rate = long-term liabilities/(long-term liabilities+shareholders' equity)
This indicator is mainly used to reflect the proportion of long-term interest-bearing liabilities that enterprises need to repay in the whole long-term working capital, so this indicator should not be too high, and should generally be below 20%.
2, reflect the enterprise debt security and solvency indicators are:
(1) current ratio = current assets/current liabilities
This indicator is mainly used to reflect the ability of enterprises to repay debts. Generally speaking, the index should be kept at 2: 1. Excessive current ratio is a kind of information reflecting the unreasonable financial structure of enterprises, which may be:
(1) Weak management of some links in the enterprise leads to high accounts receivable or inventory;
(2) Out of conservative management consciousness, enterprises may not be willing to expand the scale of debt management;
(3) The funds raised by joint-stock enterprises through issuing stocks, increasing capital and allotment or borrowing long-term loans and bonds have not been fully put into production; Wait a minute.
But on the whole, the high liquidity ratio mainly reflects that the funds of enterprises have not been fully utilized, while the low liquidity ratio indicates that the security of debt repayment is weak.
Quick ratio = (current assets-inventory-prepaid expenses-prepaid expenses)/current liabilities
Because the current assets of an enterprise include a part of less liquid inventory and prepaid expenses, in order to further reflect the ability of an enterprise to repay short-term debts, people usually use this ratio to test.
So this ratio is also called "acid test". Under normal circumstances, the ratio should be 1: 1, but in practical work, the evaluation standard of this ratio (including current ratio) must be judged according to the characteristics of the industry and cannot be generalized.
3. Indicators reflecting shareholders' equity in the net assets of an enterprise mainly include:
Net assets per share = total shareholders' equity/(total share capital × par value of shares)
Extended data:
In the process of confirming the value composition of fixed assets, the most important principle is: according to the different sources of fixed assets, determine their different value composition, as follows:
(1) The purchase of fixed assets that can be used without the construction process shall be accounted for according to the actual purchase price, packaging fee, transportation fee, installation fee and related taxes paid. Foreign-invested enterprises purchase domestic equipment and obtain the value-added tax refunded by the tax authorities, which offsets the recorded value of fixed assets.
(2) Self-built fixed assets shall be accounted for according to the expenses incurred before the construction of the assets reaches the intended usable state.
(3) Fixed assets invested by investors shall be recorded at the value confirmed by all investors.
(4) Fixed assets leased by financing shall be accounted for according to the lower of the original book value of the leased assets on the lease start date and the present value of the minimum lease payment. If the proportion of financial lease assets to the total assets of the enterprise is equal to or less than 30%, the enterprise may also take the minimum lease payment as the recorded value of fixed assets on the lease start date.
(5) If the original fixed assets are rebuilt or expanded, the book value of the original fixed assets, plus the expenses incurred before the assets reach the intended usable state due to the renovation and expansion, minus the incomings occurred during the renovation and expansion, shall be taken as the entry value.
(6) If the debtor uses non-cash assets to offset debts or exchanges creditor's rights receivable for fixed assets, the book value of creditor's rights receivable plus relevant taxes payable shall be taken as the entry value. Where premium is involved, the recorded value of the transferred fixed assets shall be determined in accordance with the following provisions:
(1) If the premium is received, the book value of the creditor's rights receivable shall be deducted from the premium, and the relevant taxes payable shall be increased as the entry value.
(2) If the premium is paid, the book value of the creditor's rights receivable plus the premium paid and relevant taxes payable shall be taken as the entry value.
(7) Fixed assets exchanged by non-monetary transactions shall be accounted for according to the book value of the exchanged assets plus relevant taxes payable. Where premium is involved, the recorded value of the converted fixed assets shall be determined in accordance with the following provisions:
(1) If the premium is received, the book value of the exchanged assets plus the income to be recognized and the relevant taxes payable minus the premium shall be taken as the entry value.
(2) If the premium is paid, the book value of the exchanged assets plus the relevant taxes and premiums payable shall be taken as the entry value.
(eight) donated fixed assets shall be determined according to the following provisions:
(1) If the donor provides relevant credentials, the amount indicated on the credentials plus the relevant taxes payable shall be taken as the entry value.
(2) If the donor is unable to provide relevant vouchers, the recorded value shall be determined in the following order:
① If there is an active market for the same or similar fixed assets, the amount estimated according to the market price of the same or similar fixed assets, plus the relevant taxes and fees payable, shall be taken as the entry value;
② If there is no active market for similar or similar fixed assets, the present value of the estimated future cash flow of donated fixed assets shall be taken as the entry value.
(3) If the donated fixed assets are obsolete, the value determined according to the above method, minus the value loss estimated according to the old and new degree of the assets, shall be regarded as the recorded value.
(9) The remaining fixed assets shall be accounted for according to the market price of the same or similar fixed assets, minus the value loss estimated according to the new degree of assets.
(10) Fixed assets approved for free transfer shall be accounted for with the book value of the transferred unit plus transportation fees, installation fees and other related expenses.
In addition, we should also pay attention to the following points: the recorded value of fixed assets should also include the deed tax, farmland occupation tax, vehicle purchase tax and other related taxes paid by enterprises to obtain fixed assets.
Whether the loan interest expenses and related expenses incurred by enterprises to obtain fixed assets are included in the cost of fixed assets is an important issue in the valuation of fixed assets. Generally, the capitalization of borrowing costs should be based on whether the fixed assets are delivered or not.
Instead of handling the final accounts of completion, that is, the borrowing costs incurred before the delivery of fixed assets should be included in the cost of purchased fixed assets, and the subsequent ones should be included in the current profits and losses. If the process of purchasing and constructing fixed assets is interrupted, the borrowing costs shall be handled according to different situations:
(1) If the purchase and construction of fixed assets are abnormally interrupted for a long time, the borrowing costs incurred during the interruption period shall not be included in the cost of the purchased fixed assets, but shall be included in the current profit and loss until the purchase and construction are resumed. Capitalization will continue after the purchase and construction restart.
(2) If the interruption is a necessary procedure to make the purchased fixed assets usable, the expenses incurred during the interruption shall still be included in the cost of the purchased fixed assets.
Baidu encyclopedia-total assets