International trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between different countries (and/or regions). International trade is the international transfer of goods and services. International trade is also called world trade.
International trade consists of import trade and export trade, so it is sometimes called import and export trade.
From a country's perspective, international trade is foreign trade.
2. How did international trade come into being?
International trade is produced and developed under specific historical conditions. The two basic conditions for the formation of international trade are:
(1) the development of social productive forces;
(2) the formation of the country.
The development of social productive forces produces surplus commodities for exchange, which are exchanged between countries and produce international trade.
3, the difference between international trade and foreign trade
Foreign trade refers to the exchange of goods, technologies and services between a country (or region) and other countries (or regions). Therefore, when referring to foreign trade, we should point out specific countries. For example, the foreign trade of China; Some island countries, such as Britain and Japan, also call foreign trade overseas. [Edit this paragraph] International trade classification 1. According to the direction of commodity movement, international trade can be divided into
1. Import trade: importing foreign goods or services to the domestic market for sale.
2. Export trade: exporting domestic goods or services to foreign markets for sale.
3. entrepot trade: the goods of country A are transported to the market of country B through the territory of country C, which is entrepot trade to country C. At present, WTO members do not engage in transit trade because transit trade hinders international trade.
Import trade and export trade are both export trade for both sides of each transaction and import trade for the buyer. In addition, goods imported into China become re-exported when exported; When goods exported abroad are imported into China, they are called re-import.
Second, according to the form of goods, international trade can be divided into
1. Tangible trade: the import and export of goods in kind. Such as machines, equipment, furniture, etc. They are all goods in physical form, and the import and export of these goods is called visible trade.
2. Invisible trade: the import and export of technologies and services without physical form. Transfer of patent use rights, transnational services provided by tourism, financial and insurance enterprises, etc. They are all goods without physical form, and their import and export are called invisible trade.
Three, according to the relationship between producing countries and consuming countries in trade, international trade can be divided into
1. Direct trade: refers to the behavior of commodity producing countries and commodity consuming countries buying and selling commodities without going through a third country. The exporting country of trade is called direct export, and the importing country is called direct import.
2. Indirect trade and entrepot trade: refers to the behavior of commodity producers and consumers buying and selling commodities through third countries. In indirect trade, producers are called indirect exporters, consumers are called indirect importers, and third countries are entrepot traders, and third countries are engaged in entrepot trade.
For example, there are some business opportunities in post-war Iraq, but the risks are also great. When some Chinese enterprises export goods to Iraq, most of them first sell the goods to neighboring countries of Iraq, and then re-export them to Iraq from neighboring countries of Iraq.
4. According to the content of trade, it is divided into service trade, processing trade, commodity trade and general trade. [Edit this paragraph] The main feature of international trade is that international trade in goods belongs to the scope of commodity exchange, which is not different from domestic trade in nature. However, because it is conducted between different countries or regions, it has the following characteristics compared with domestic trade:
1. International trade in goods involves possible differences and conflicts in policies, measures and legal systems of different countries or regions, as well as differences brought about by language, culture and social customs, and the issues involved are far more complicated than domestic trade.
2. International trade in goods is generally large in quantity, large in amount, long in transportation distance and long in performance time, and the risks borne by both parties to the transaction are far greater than those of domestic trade.
3. International trade in goods is easily influenced by the political and economic changes, bilateral relations and changes in the international situation in the countries where both parties to the transaction are located.
In addition to the two sides, international trade in goods also involves the cooperation and cooperation of transportation, insurance, banking, commodity inspection, customs and other departments, and the process is much more complicated than domestic trade.
Here is mainly to compare international trade and domestic trade. There are similarities and differences between international trade and domestic trade, and international trade is more complicated than domestic trade.
A, international trade and domestic trade * * * same sex
1, which has the same status in social reproduction;
2, there are * * * the same way of commodity movement;
3. The basic functions are the same, and they are all influenced and restricted by the laws of commodity economy.
Second, the difference between international trade and domestic trade.
1, different countries have different economic policies;
2. Different languages, laws and customs;
3. There are differences in currencies, weights and measures and customs systems among countries;
4. The commercial risk of international trade is greater than that of domestic trade.
To sum up, international trade is more complicated than domestic trade. [Edit this paragraph] International trade flow 1. Customer consultation.
2. Quotation negotiation.
3. Sign the order.
4. Release production notice
Step 5 check
6. Prepare basic documents: make export contracts, export commercial invoices, packing lists and other documents.
7. Handling commodity inspection
(The following is the delivery process)
8. Chartering and booking positions:
9. Arrange the towing cabinet and transport the goods to the freight forwarding warehouse.
10. Entrusted customs declaration:
1 1. Get the transport documents:
12. Prepare other documents: commercial invoice, official certificate of origin or general certificate of origin, shipping notice and packing list.
13. Presentation:
13. 1. If a letter of credit is used to collect foreign exchange, all documents should be prepared within the specified prompt time, and the documents should be carefully reviewed to ensure that they are correct before being submitted to the bank for negotiation.
13.2. If the remittance is received by telegraphic transfer, the payment shall be faxed to the guest immediately after obtaining the bill of lading, and the original bill of lading and other documents shall be sent to the guest after confirming the receipt of the balance.
13.3. If T/T collects foreign exchange, it is required to collect the full amount for the counter, and then arrange to tow the counter after collection. You can send the original to the guests as soon as you get the bill of lading.
14. enterprise registration: after each export business is completed, it should be registered in time, including computer registration and written registration, so as to facilitate future inquiry and statistics. [Edit this paragraph] Statistics and analysis indicators of international trade and foreign trade 1, trade volume and trade volume
The trade volume is the trade volume expressed in currency, and the trade volume is the trade volume after excluding the influence of price changes. Through the trade volume, we can compare the trade scale in different periods. There are three concepts to master here.
(1) The value of foreign trade is the sum of a country's total import and export in a certain period.
Generally speaking, it can be expressed in the national currency or in the internationally accepted currency; The foreign trade volume of countries in the world announced by the United Nations is expressed in US dollars; When countries count tangible goods, exports are calculated on FOB basis and imports are calculated on CIF basis; Intangible goods are not declared, and the customs has no statistics.
(2) International trade volume: (International trade value) is the synthesis of foreign trade value expressed in currency by countries all over the world, also known as international trade value. It is equal to the sum of export trade calculated on FOB price in a certain period.
(3) Trade volume: Trade volume is an index established to eliminate the influence of price changes and accurately reflect the actual quantity of international trade or a country's foreign trade. When calculating, dividing the trade volume in the reporting period by the price index determined based on a fixed year is equivalent to the trade volume calculated at constant prices (excluding the influence of price changes), which is called the trade volume in the reporting period.
Trade volume can be divided into international trade volume and foreign trade volume as well as export trade volume and import trade volume.
2. Trade balance
The trade balance refers to the difference between a country's total export and total import in a certain period (usually one year).
(1) trade surplus (trade surplus), also called "export exceeds import" in China: it means that the export volume exceeds the import volume in a certain period of time.
(2) The trade deficit, also called import is greater than export and deficit in China, means that export volume is less than import volume in a certain period of time.
(3) Trade balance: that is, the export value is equal to the import value in a certain period of time.
It is generally believed that trade surplus can promote economic growth and increase employment, so all countries pursue trade surplus. However, a large surplus often leads to trade disputes. For example, the Japanese-American automobile trade war.
3. International trade terms
International trade terms: refers to the comparative relationship between export commodity prices and import commodity prices, also known as import parity or exchange rate parity. Indicates how many units of imported goods can be exchanged for one unit of exported goods. Obviously, the more imported goods you bring back, the better. The change of terms of trade in different periods is usually expressed by terms of trade index, which is the ratio of export price index to import price index. The calculation formula is: the export price index is divided by the import price index and then multiplied by 100 (assuming the base term of trade index is 100).
During the reporting period, the terms of trade index was greater than 100, indicating that the terms of trade were improved compared with the base period.
The terms of trade index in the reporting period is less than 100, indicating that the terms of trade are worse than the base period.
4. Commodity structure of trade
The composition of trade is the proportion of various commodities in the total trade value. This involves a commodity classification problem, and there are generally two classification methods.
(1) Standard International Trade Classification of the United Nations Secretariat: Tangible goods are divided into 10 categories in turn, of which 0- 14 category is called primary goods, 5- 18 category is called finished goods, and the ninth category is unclassified other goods. The proportion of primary products and finished products in import and export commodities indicates the commodity structure of trade.
(2) According to the classification of production factors invested in the production of a commodity, it can be divided into labor-intensive commodities, capital-intensive commodities and other factor-intensive commodities.
5. Geographical direction of trade
(1) foreign trade direction
The geographical direction of foreign trade refers to the distribution of the countries of origin of imported goods and the countries of consumption of exported goods, indicating the degree of economic and trade ties between the country and various regions and countries in the world.
For example, in 2003, China's top ten import sources were Japan, the European Union, Taiwan Province Province, ASEAN, South Korea, the United States, Hong Kong, Russia, Australia and Brazil. In 2003, China's top ten export markets were the United States, Hongkong, European Union, Japan, ASEAN, South Korea, Taiwan Province Province, Australia, Russia and Canada. Based on this, in 2003, China's top ten trading partners (in terms of total import and export volume) were Japan, the United States, the European Union, Hong Kong, ASEAN, South Korea, Taiwan Province Province, Russia, Australia and Canada.
(2) the geographical direction of international trade.
It refers to the regional distribution of international trade and the flow of goods, that is, the status of various regions and countries in international trade. It is usually expressed by the proportion of their exports (or imports) to the total export trade (or total import trade) in the world.
For example, in 2003, the top eight countries or regions in world commodity exports were the United States, Germany, Japan, France, China, Britain, Canada and Italy. In 2003, the top eight countries or regions in the world were the United States, Germany, Britain, Japan, France, China, Italy and Canada.
6. Trade dependence
Dependence on foreign countries is a basic index to measure the degree of extroversion of a country's national economy. Refers to the proportion of foreign trade in the country's national income or gross national product. [Edit this paragraph] Exploitation hidden in the exchange rate mechanism in international trade Liu Zhou, a young scholar, discovered the exploitation contained in the current international exchange rate mechanism in his article The Biggest Capital in the Capital Age. Revealed the secret of exploitation hidden in the international exchange rate mechanism. This paper holds that:
The current international exchange rate mechanism is an important part of the current unequal international economic and trade order. It is an exchange rate mechanism that is beneficial to "a few countries that exploit the world".
For example, convert US$ 65,438+0 into 7.5 yuan RMB. It is not unusual for an American to have $8,000. However, this American took this $8,000 to China and changed it into RMB, which is 60,000 RMB. In the case of extremely low prices in China and extremely high prices in the United States, the physical value purchased with 60,000 yuan in China is many times higher than that purchased with 8,000 dollars in the United States. That is to say, the American came to China with this $8,000, without production, labor and any investment risk. This $8,000 has realized the double appreciation of capital and the double profit of capital. Where does this value-added profit come from? It was bought for free with the blood and sweat of the people of China. This is the relationship between China and the United States, and so is the relationship between all developing countries in the world and western developed countries-that is, developing countries have low prices and low currency exchange rates, while developed countries have high prices and high currency exchange rates (the situation in Japan is different, the yen exchange rate is low, but Japanese prices are extremely high, so people from Europe and the United States feel that they have no money when they come to Japan. People from Europe and the United States, when they come to a developing country like China, feel very rich, because on the one hand, they can exchange their own currencies for the currencies of other countries, on the other hand, the prices of the countries they go to are horribly lower than their own. So they can only buy one match in their own country, and they can buy a box of matches or more in developing countries. This is the basic reality of this era). Therefore, the current international currency exchange rate mechanism is an extremely reactionary exchange rate mechanism and a very hidden tool for western developed countries to exploit developing countries. The real foundation of its existence is international power relations, and its basic content is determined by the colonial predatory relationship in the colonial era and gradually evolved. Together with other parts of the unequal international economic and trade order, it has become a tool for developed countries to plunder developing countries peacefully, and this so-called peaceful plunder is the continuation of armed plunder in the colonial era. (A truly equal exchange rate mechanism should basically take the price index of each country as the main basic indicator. Because the lower price means that its currency contains more physical objects, its exchange rate should be relatively high; A higher price means that its currency contains less physical objects, so its exchange rate should be relatively low. This is the most obvious truth).
The article also believes that capitalists in developed countries (especially those in multinational consortia) obviously rely on their own capital and management methods to make profits in the international market. But most of their profits are actually realized mainly through the unequal international trade mechanism. We know that the current unequal international trade mechanism is formed by history. It is the product of military conquest by colonial countries in history, and it is still maintained by force until now. Therefore, there is no doubt that when the capitalists in developed countries make peaceful profits in the international market, they are essentially engaged in a peaceful plunder; When they are carrying out this hypocritical peaceful plunder, they are essentially carrying out an armed plunder in a new sense, and they are essentially participating in a bloody and dirty plunder war that spans the historical era. Capitalists are the beneficiaries and messengers of this dirty war. Their profits depend on the historical force of their respective countries, and also on the current force, so in the final analysis, they are making money by force, and they are still making war money. So the biggest capital in the capital era is not capital but violence.
History of international trade:
1. Formally, international trade during the industrial revolution was dominated by direct export of goods, while foreign direct investment became the mainstream after World War II;
2. From the content point of view, the international trade during the industrial revolution had occasional, simple and one-sided labor export or commodity export, and most of the commodities involved in trade were industrial finished products and primary raw materials. After World War II, international trade has various forms and rich commodity levels, covering three major industries;
3. Organizationally, there was no international trade organization during the industrial revolution, and most of the exports were amateur and accidental. At that time, there were few companies specializing in trade conversion, and the division of labor was not fine. After World War II, the WTO was established to coordinate trade between countries and formulate trade principles. Multinational companies basically monopolized international trade and had a fine division of labor.
4. From the scope, the international trade during the industrial revolution was often confined to colonies, suzerain countries and capitalist countries, and the scope involved was narrow (referring to people). After World War II, the whole world was affected, and no country was isolated from international trade.
5. Ideologically, mercantilism prevailed during the industrial revolution, and capitalist countries occupied colonies; After World War II, despite the Cold War, the trade between the two camps did not communicate with each other and basically achieved free trade.
Reason:
1, the progress of productivity and the refinement of division of labor have greatly improved the production efficiency, and there are still surplus exports after meeting the national demand;
2. The continuous progress of science and technology, including transportation, refrigeration technology and heavy cargo ships, provides the necessary conditions for long-distance trade;
The two world wars broke the original colonial system and established the United Nations and WTO, which created conditions for free competition among countries.
4, the continuous progress of human thought, including economic theory and human rights theory.
The main contents of international trade:
1, the basic content of international trade
2. Relevant statistical indicators of international trade
3. RMB value and import and export trade
4. Classical trade theory
5. The transition from classical trade theory to modern trade theory.
6. Modern trade theory
7. New trade theory
8. Tariff (1)
9. Tariffs (2)
10, non-tariff measures
1 1, unfair trade
12, regional economic integration (1)
13, regional economic integration (2)
14, international trade in services
15, international science and technology gold trading
16, the historical origin of WTO
17
18, WTO (World Trade Organization)
19, basic principles of the WTO
WTO and China.
2 1, Opportunities and Challenges of China's Entry into WTO
22. International trade practice [edit this paragraph] Overview of international trade settlement Payment settlement often occurs in international trade to settle the creditor-debtor relationship between buyers and sellers. This kind of settlement is called international trade settlement. International trade settlement is a tangible trade settlement based on the transaction of goods and currency.
Bill type
Bills used in international trade include bills of exchange, promissory notes and checks, and bills of exchange are mainly used.
draft
It is a written unconditional payment order issued by one person to another, asking the other party (the person who accepts the order) to pay a certain amount to someone, a designated person or a ticket holder immediately or regularly or at some time in the future. Bills of exchange can be divided into the following categories:
Depending on the drawer-bank draft, commercial draft.
A bank draft is a draft in which both the drawer and the payer are banks.
A commercial bill refers to a bill in which the drawee is an enterprise legal person, company, firm or individual and the drawee is another firm, individual or bank.
According to whether there are documents attached, it is divided into clean bills and documentary bills.
Clean bills/bills of exchange are not accompanied by shipping documents, and bank bills are mostly clean bills.
Documentary draft, also known as letter of credit and bill of lading, is a kind of foreign exchange that can only be paid by bills of lading, warehouse receipts, insurance policies, packing lists, commercial invoices and other documents. Commercial bills are mostly documentary bills, which are often used in international trade.
According to the time of payment-sight draft, time draft
Sight bill (demand bill) refers to the bill that the holder pays immediately after presenting the bill to the payer, also known as sight bill.
A time draft (forward draft) is paid after a certain period or a specific date. In a time draft, a certain date is recorded as the maturity date, and if it is paid on the maturity date, it is a time draft, and if it is paid within a certain period after the date of issue, it is a time draft; If payment is recorded within a certain period after sight, it is a promissory note; If the par value is divided into several parts and the maturity date is specified respectively, it is an installment bill.
According to the acceptor-commercial acceptance bill, bank acceptance bill
A commercial acceptance bill is a long-term bill with any enterprise or individual other than a bank as the acceptor.
Bank acceptance bill (bank acceptance bill) The acceptor is the bank's time draft.
According to the circulation area-domestic draft and international draft.