The first unit entered the chemical industry.
Teaching emphasis (difficulty):
1, basic problems in chemical production.
2. Production principle of industrial sulfuric acid. Principle of equilibrium motion and its significance and function in the control of chemical production conditions.
3. Reaction principle of synthetic ammonia. Suitable conditions for synthetic ammonia production.
4. The production principle of ammonia-alkali method. Crystallization, separation and purification of solid matter in complex salt solution.
Knowledge induction:
1
Sulfuric acid production
reaction principle
Gasification: S+O2==SO2 (conditional heating)
Catalytic oxidation: 2SO2+O22SO3
Absorption: SO3+H2O = h2so 4 = 98.3% sulfuric acid absorption.
Selection of raw materials
Pyrite: FeS2 sulfur: S.
reaction condition
Exothermic reversible reaction of 2SO2+O22SO3 (low temperature and high pressure will increase the conversion rate)
Conversion rate, cost of control conditions, practical possibility. 400℃ ~ 500℃, normal pressure.
Vanadium catalyst: V2O5
Three wastes treatment
Exhaust gas: SO2+Ca (OH) 2 = = caso3+H2O caso3+H2SO4 = caso4+SO2 ↑+H2O.
Wastewater: acidic, neutralized with alkali.
Waste residue: pyrite waste residue-ironmaking, non-ferrous metals; Making cement and bricks.
Local circulation: make full use of raw materials
Utilization of energy
Heat exchange: using the heat released by the reaction to preheat the reactants.
2
Ammonia production
reaction principle
N2+3H22NH3 exothermic and reversible reaction (low temperature and high pressure will increase the conversion rate).
Reaction conditions: iron catalyst 400 ~ 500℃, 65438±00 MPa ~ 30 MPa.
production process
1. Gasification: N2: air (two methods, (1)) after liquefaction, nitrogen and liquid oxygen are separated by evaporation, with boiling points of N2- 196℃ and H2-183℃; (2) Combustion of oxygen into CO2, and then removal).
H2: Hydrocarbon hydrate (producing H2 and carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide).
2. Purification: avoid catalyst poisoning.
Except H2S: nh3h2o+H2S = = nh4hs+H2O.
Except that co: co+H2O = = CO2+H2K2CO3+CO2+H2O = = 2kHCO3.
3. Synthesis and separation of ammonia: the mixed gas is used to synthesize ammonia in the synthetic tower. 15% of the mixed gas is ammonia, and then it enters the condenser to liquefy ammonia, and the remaining raw gas is sent to the synthesis tower.
industrial development
1, purification of raw materials and feed gas. 2. Improvement of catalyst (magnetite) 3. environmental protection
Three wastes treatment
Exhaust gas: H2S-direct oxidation (selective catalytic oxidation), circulation.
Urea and ammonium bicarbonate that produce carbon dioxide.
Waste liquid: cyanide-containing sewage-biochemical, pressure hydrolysis, oxidative decomposition, chemical precipitation, backwashing furnace, etc.
Ammonia can be recovered from ammonia-containing sewage by distillation, and ion exchange can be used for low concentration.
Waste residue: waste residue generated from the gasification stage of hydrogen production raw materials. Coal cinder (coal), carbon black (heavy oil).
three
Soda production
ammonia-soda process
(Solvi)
1 and CO2 were introduced into saturated NaCl solution containing NH3.
NH3+CO2+H2O = = NH 4h co 3 NaCl+NH 4h co 3 = = nah co 3↓+NH4Cl
2、2NaHCO3Na2CO3+CO2↑+H2O↑
Disadvantages: CO2 comes from CaCO3, Cao-Ca (OH) 2-2nh3+CaCl2+2h2o.
The treatment of calcium chloride becomes a problem. However, cl- in NaCl is not fully utilized, only 70%. The utilization of CaCO3 is not sufficient.
Joint method
(Hou) according to
Combined with ammonia production:
NH3 and CO2 both come from synthetic ammonia process; In this way, NH4Cl becomes another product fertilizer. Comprehensive utilization of raw materials, reducing costs and environmental pollution, the utilization rate of sodium chloride reached 96%.
Information:
First, using sulfuric acid to produce chemical fertilizer.
Ammonium sulfate (commonly known as ammonium sulfate or fertilizer powder): 2h3+H2SO4 = (NH4) 2SO4;
And calcium superphosphate (commonly known as calcium superphosphate or calcium superphosphate): ca3 (po4) 2+2hso4 = ca (h2po4) 2+2caso4; Oxidation of concentrated sulfuric acid.
(1) 2Fe+6H2SO4 (concentrated) Fe2 (SO4)3+3SO2? +6H2O (same as aluminum)
(2)C+2H2SO4 (concentrated) 2SO2? + CO2？ + 2H2O
S+2H2SO4 (concentrated) 3SO2? + 2H2O
2P+5H2SO4 (concentrated) 2H3PO4+5SO2? + 2H2O
(3)H2S+H2SO4 (concentrated) = S+SO2? + 2H2O
2HBr+H2SO4 (concentrated) = Br2? + SO2？ + 2H2O
8HI+H2SO4 (concentrated) = 4I2+H2S? + 4H2O
(4)2NaBr+3H2SO4 (concentrated) = 2NaHSO4+Br2? + SO2？ + 2H2O
2FeS+6H2SO4 (concentrated) = Fe2(SO4)3+2S? + 3SO2？ + 6H2O
(5) When sulfuric acid is added to concentrated sulfuric acid, the concentrated sulfuric acid absorbs water, and the sulfuric acid is dehydrated to produce white precipitate.
Second, ammonia.
1. Raw materials in the nitrogen fertilizer industry react with acids to form ammonium salts.
2. The industrial raw material nitric acid can be catalytically oxidized to NO 4NH3+5O2=4NO+6H2O (Pt-Rh high temperature).
3. It is easy to liquefy when used as refrigerant, and absorbs a lot of heat when vaporized.
Third, soda ash
Caustic sodium (sodium hydroxide) is a soluble strong base. Along with caustic soda, it is called "two alkalis" in the industry. Both caustic soda and soda ash are soluble in water and strongly alkaline, and both can provide Na+ ions. 1, ordinary soap.
Sodium salts of higher fatty acids are usually made by saponifying oils and fats with a slight excess of caustic soda.
If fatty acids are directly used as raw materials, soda ash can also be used instead of caustic soda to make soap.
Unit 2 Chemistry and Resource Development and Utilization
Teaching emphasis (difficulty):
1, chemical principle of natural water purification and sewage treatment, application and significance of chemical reprocessing.
The softening of hard water. Application of neutralization method and precipitation method in sewage treatment.
2, seawater drying salt. Principle and simple process of extracting magnesium and bromine from seawater. Basic reaction principle of chlor-alkali industry.
Different methods and processes of obtaining useful substances from seawater.
3. New progress in comprehensive utilization of oil, coal and natural gas.
Knowledge induction:
way
principle
Purification of natural water
Coagulation method
Coagulants: alum, copperas, aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum, ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, etc.
Al3++3H2O3H++Al(OH)3
Flocculent colloid (adsorbing suspended matter); Positive charge (aggregation of colloidal impurities).
Purification process of domestic water: coagulation and sedimentation-filtration-sterilization.
Chemical softening method
Hard water: water containing more Ca2+ and Mg2+, and soft water with little or no water.
Not conducive to washing, easy to form scale, reduce thermal conductivity, local overheating, explosion.
Temporary hardness: hardness caused by Ca(HCO3)2 or Mg(HCO3)2. 1, heating mode
Permanent hardness: hardness caused by sulfate or chloride of calcium and magnesium.
2. Pharmaceutical methods: soda ash, quicklime and phosphate.
3. Ion exchange method: ion exchange resin, insoluble in water, but can be exchanged with ions with the same charge.
2nar+Ca2+= car 2+2na+ Regeneration: car2+2na+= 2nar+Ca2+
sewage disposal
physical law
Primary treatment: remove insoluble pollutants between grids and sedimentation tanks. Pretreatment.
(micro) biological method
Secondary treatment: remove degradable organic matter and some colloidal pollutants from water.
Chemical method
Tertiary treatment: neutralization-acidic wastewater (hydrated lime) and alkaline wastewater (sulfuric acid and CO2).
Precipitation method-industrial wastewater containing heavy metal ions (precipitant, such as S2-)
Redox method. (Experiment: Flotation Coagulation)
way
principle
Utilization of salt
Salt production from seawater
Evaporation method (saltworks method)
When the sun shines, the water in the seawater evaporates and the salt precipitates.
Conditions of Yantian: geographical location (beach, far from the estuary) and climate.
Salt field division: storage pool, evaporation pool and crystallization pool.
Bitter bittern: mother liquor from which salt is separated.
Utilization of salt
Electrolysis (chlor-alkali industry)
2NaCl+2H2O2NaOH+H2↑+Cl2↑
Anode: 2cl-2e-= Cl2 = cathode: 2h++2e-= H2 =
Extraction of bromine from seawater
Blowout method
1, chlorination: Cl2+2br-= 2cl-+br2.
2. Blow out: air (or water vapor) blows out Br2.
3. Absorption: Br2+SO2+2H2O=2HBr+H2SO4 and then use chlorine to oxidize hydrobromic acid.
Extracting magnesium from seawater
Specific process
Seawater-magnesium hydroxide-magnesium chloride-magnesium
Alkali (shell)/filtered hydrochloric acid drying/electrolysis
Extracting heavy water from seawater
Distillation, electrolysis, chemical exchange and adsorption.
Understand chemical exchange methods
chemical industry
purpose
petroleum
Fractionation (atmospheric pressure, reduced pressure) (physics)
Petroleum is divided into distillation products with different boiling points, and gasoline (C5~ 1 1), kerosene (c116) and diesel oil (C 15~ 18) are obtained.
Cracking (chemistry)
Get more light oil, especially gasoline. Broken chain.
Decomposition (chemistry)
Obtain important organic chemical raw materials: ethylene, propylene, butene, etc.
coal
Pay attention to this problem
Improve the combustion thermal efficiency, solve the pollution in the combustion process, and separate and extract chemical raw materials.
dry distillation
Insulate air for heating. Coke oven gas (H2, methane, ethylene, carbon monoxide, etc. Fuel), coal tar (further extracted aromatic compounds such as benzene), coke (metal smelting), etc.
gasify
Organic matter in coal is converted into combustible gas by air or oxygen. C+ water
liquefy
The process of converting coal into liquid fuel.
Direct liquefaction: mixing with solvent and reacting with hydrogen at high temperature and high pressure to obtain gasoline, diesel oil, aromatic hydrocarbon, etc. Coal-to-oil (Inner Mongolia).
Indirect liquefaction: first converted into carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and then catalytically synthesized hydrocarbons and alcohol fuels.
One carbon chemistry
Chemistry of synthesizing a series of chemical raw materials and fuels with compounds (methane, methanol, etc.). ) There is only one carbon atom in the molecule.
Carbon monoxide: coal methane: natural gas.
Electrolytic saturated brine.
The positive is lost, and the negative is gained.
Anode: active electrode, discharge sequence: S2->; SO32->； I-> br-& gt； cl->； Oh-> NO3->； SO42->； F-
Cathode: Ag+> Fe3+>; Cu2+>； H+ (acidic solution) > Pb2+> Sn2+>: Fe2+>； Zn2+>； (H+)& gt； Al3+>； Mg2+>； na+& gt； Ca2+>； K+
(1) In electrolytic saturated brine, the anode produces bubbles, the wet KI- starch test paper turns blue, and the gas with pungent taste turns blue. There are bubbles in the cathode, combustible gas.
(2) If the electrodes are interchanged: if all inert electrodes (graphite or platinum) are used, they can be interchanged (the reaction is unchanged); However, if the original cathode is made of iron bars, they cannot be interchanged. If interchanged, iron as anode: Fe-2e-=Fe2+, cathode: 2h++2e-= H2; The hydroxide ion generated by the cathode will react with the ferrous ion generated by the anode in the solution to generate ferrous hydroxide (white precipitate, which will immediately turn grayish green and eventually turn reddish brown).
(3) The cation exchange membrane has a special property, that is, only cations are allowed to pass, while anions and gases are prevented from passing, that is, only Na+ is allowed to pass, and Cl-, OH- and gases cannot pass. This can not only prevent the explosion caused by the mixture of H2 produced by the cathode and Cl2 produced by the anode, but also prevent the reaction between Cl2 and NaOH solution to generate NaClO, which will affect the quality of caustic soda.
(4) The anode is connected to the positive pole of the power supply, which will continuously absorb electrons, so only inert electrodes, such as carbon rods and Pt, can be hung. If you hang other electrodes, such as iron bars, electrons will be absorbed by the positive electrode of the power supply, and Fe will become iron ions, which will enter the electrolyte, and you will soon see that the iron bars are gone. As for why carbon rods are used instead of Pt, it is the price relationship. Carbon rods are very cheap.
The cathode is connected to the negative pole of the power supply, and the negative pole of the power supply is constantly generating electrons, so it doesn't matter what you hang. If iron is hung, it will protect iron from becoming iron ions. In fact, you can also hang a carbon rod on the negative electrode. In industrial production, iron mesh is generally used to replace iron bars in cathode to increase reaction contact surface. Carbon is not easy to be made into a mesh, so carbon rods are selected.
Unit 3 Development of Chemistry and Materials
Teaching emphasis (difficulty):
1, the particularity of silicon-oxygen tetrahedron, and the chemical principle of the production of some inorganic nonmetallic materials.
Form a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between chemistry and material development.
2. Metal smelting principle, metal corrosion principle and anti-corrosion method.
Principles of electrolysis and electroplating.
3. The production principle of common polymer materials.
Knowledge induction:
I. Inorganic nonmetallic materials
raw material
raw material
Production principle
Performance and use
Traditional silicate materials
Pottery and porcelain
clay
High temperature firing
Oxidation resistance, acid and alkali corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, insulation and easy molding. Contains articles and works of art
glass
Quartz sand, limestone, soda ash
Na2SiO3CaSiO3
Na2CO3+SiO2 2na2sio3+CO2 CaCO3 is similar.
Optical glass, corrosion-resistant glass, glass of different colors.
cement
Limestone, clay
Dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate and calcium iron aluminate
Grinding-calcining-adding gypsum, etc. -Grinding
Hydraulic, used as building materials.
Concrete: cement, sand and gravel.
new material
carborundum
Silicon dioxide, carbon
sic
SiO2+CSiC+CO↑
Structure similar to diamond, high hardness, high quality abrasive, stable performance, spacecraft coating material.
silicon nitride
High purity silicon, N2
Si3N4
3Si+2N2Si3N4
3 sicl 4+2 N2+6 H2 = si3n 4+ 12 HCl
High melting point, high hardness and stable chemical properties, used to manufacture bearings, gas turbine blades and engine heating surfaces.
Simple silicon
High purity coke and quartz sand
silicon (Si)
SiO2+2CSi+2CO↑
=SiHCl3+H2
Silicon chloride+sulfuric acid+hydrochloric acid
Semiconductor industry
diamond
methane
C
CH4 = = = C (diamond) ++2H2
abrasive
Other new materials
C60 (new hydrogen storage material), superconducting material, etc.
Second, metal materials.
Metal activity sequence table:
Method and scope of marking metal smelting:
raw material
equipment
principle
Smelting iron
Iron ore, coke, limestone, air
blast furnace
Generate reducing agent CO: C+O2==CO2 CO2+C==2CO.
Pig iron formation: Fe2O3+3CO==2Fe+3CO
make steel
iron casting
basic oxygen furnace
Reduction c%: 2c+O2 = 2c2fe+O2 = 2feofeo+c = co+Fe.
Impurity removal: FeS+CaO=CaS+FeO desulfurization.
Adding alloying elements: chromium, manganese and nickel.
Aluminium smelting
Bauxite, soda ash, lime, coal, fuel oil
electrolytic bath
Bauxite leaching: Al2O3+2NaOH = 2NALO2+H2O.
Precipitation of aluminum hydroxide: naalo2+CO2+2h2o = Al (OH) 3 ↓+nahco3.
Dehydration of aluminum hydroxide: 2Al(OH)3=Al2O3+3H2O
Electrolytic alumina: 2Al2O34Al+3O2↑ =
Cryolite (na 3 alf 6)- alumina melt contains a small amount of calcium fluoride.
Anode: 6o2-12e-= 3o2 = cathode: 4Al3++ 12e-=4Al.
Metal corrosion and protection:
classify
example
Principle of metal corrosion
chemical corrosion
Oxygen, chlorine, etc. , has a great influence on temperature. Iron and steel easily oxidizes a layer of oxide at high temperature.
electrochemical corrosion
Galvanic cell reaction, e.g. steel
Oxygen corrosion (mostly): cathode 1/2O2+H2O+2e-=2OH- anode Fe-2e-=Fe2+
Hydrogen evolution corrosion (acidity): cathode 2h+2e-= H2 anode Fe-2e-=Fe2+
Metal anticorrosion method
oxidation film
A dense oxide film is formed on the surface of steel and aluminum by chemical method.
electroplate
Chromium plating, zinc plating, nickel plating (metal that is not easy to change chemically in air, principle)
The rest
Improve the environment, sacrifice anode (negative electrode of primary battery) and external current.
Third, polymer materials.
Category: Natural polymers: starch, cellulose, protein.
Synthetic polymer: poly ××××
synthetic method
for instance
basic concept
Polyaddition
Polyvinyl chloride:
Polystyrene:
Monomer:
Link:
Degree of polymerization:
condensation polymerization
Polyester fiber:
Classification of plastics
structure
nature
for instance
thermal plasticity
Line shape
Soluble in some organic solvents, it will soften, melt and process in a certain temperature range.
polyethylene
thermoset
body type
Insoluble in organic solvents and will not melt when heated.
phenolic resin
Classification of polymer degradation: biodegradation, photodegradation and chemical degradation.
Reuse ways of waste polymer materials: (1) regeneration and modification to make useful materials and products; (2) preparing various chemical raw materials through thermal cracking or chemical treatment; (3) Recycling as fuel.
change
example
Production principle
nitrogenous fertilizer
urea
2 NH3+CO2 H2 NCO onh 4 H2 NCO onh 4 H2 NCO NH 2+H2O
ammonium nitrate
4 NH3+5o 24 NO+6H2O 2 NO+O2 = 2 NO 23 NO 2+H2O = 2 HNO 3+NO NH3+HNO 3 = nh4no 3
The rest: ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonia water, calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate, etc.
phosphate fertilizer
Calcium superphosphate/superphosphate
Sulfuric acid treatment. Ingredients: calcium hydrogen phosphate, H2O and calcium sulfate.
The rest: calcium superphosphate Ca(H2PO4)2, calcium magnesium phosphate, KH2PO4, etc.
potash fertilizer
Plant ash K2CO3, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate, etc.
complex fertilizer
Ammonium phosphate compound fertilizer, nitrophosphate compound fertilizer, ammonium nitrate, KH2PO4, etc.
Insecticide
example
Function, influence
Insecticide
Organochlorine (DDT, BHC, DDE), organophosphorus, carbamate, pyrethroid, etc.
Control pests and increase crop yield. Affect biological communities, soil, atmosphere, water, etc.
fungicide
Bordeaux solution (copper sulfate, lime), lime-sulfur mixture, herbicide, etc.
plant growth regulator
Ethephon, chlormequat chloride, etc.
soap
general formula
Soap composition
Higher fatty acid sodium (potassium)
RCOONa or RCOOK
Production principle
Oil hydrolysis/alkaline conditions
Decontamination principle
Ionization in water
RCOONa=RCOO-+Na+
Hydrophilic (hydrophobic)
RCOO-
hydrophilic group
sodium ion
major function
Soap, grease and water are soaked, emulsified and foamed.
Simple chart
Unit 4 development of chemistry and technology: 1. Chemical fertilizer supplements the necessary nutrients for crops, and the production principle of main chemical fertilizers; Understanding the composition, structure and properties of pesticides is the key factor to determine their pest control effect. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and their impact on the environment. 2. Understand the composition, characteristics, performance and production principle of soap and synthetic detergent. 3. Understand the production characteristics of fine chemicals through typical examples, and realize the irreplaceable role of chemical technology development in meeting the needs of production and life. Knowledge induction:
Sapide
Status: Washing powder liquid: washed clean.
major constituent
sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate
Production principle
Structure optimization
1. Determine the appropriate carbon chain length (12 ~ 18). (If it is too long, the water solubility will decrease; if it is too short, the water solubility will be too strong) 2. There are no branched hydrocarbon groups. (biodegradable) 3. Reasonable formula. Improve comprehensive performance, environmental pollution, whitening, fragrance, etc. )
Industrial monosodium glutamate: surfactant. Small dose can significantly reduce the interfacial tension (surface tension) between water and air or other substances, improve industrial production efficiency and improve product quality and performance.